ation of Relations and rn eae PTreiiate Functions tive tify a relat and a function, od of Construction Take a drawing board. Fi of board pins wo sets A= (a, b,c, hand B= (1, 2, 3, 4) rele figure (i), write a, b, cand d inside it. \d write 1, 2, 3, 4 inside it. x the white paper sheet on it with the half Take tw Draw two circles. In first ci Now draw second circle figure (ii) an’ Join a to 1, bto2 and cto 3 with arrows as shown in figures (i) and (ii). 5. Draw two circles again, figure (li) and (iv). Write a, b, ¢, d inside circle of figure (ii) and write 1, 4 inside circle of figure (iv) A 8 wer Rx (aii) tiv) Write a, b, ¢, dinside circle of figure (ii) and write 1, 2, 3, 4 inside circle of figure (iv). Join ato 1, and 3, cto 4 and d to 4, with arrows. Draw again two circles as shown in figure (v) and (vi). Write 1, 2, 3, 4 inside circle (v) and a, inside circle figure (vi). A 8 w (vi) Join a to 1, bto 1, cto 2 and d to 3 with arrows as shown in figure (v) and (vi).6. Draw again two cireles as shown in figure (vi) and (vii). A (wii) (witty Write a, 6, ¢ dinside left side circle and 1, 2, 3, 4 inside right side circle. Join ato 1, bto2, ctog Demonstration 7 1. Set A= (1, 2, 3, 4) shown in left circle represent domain and set B = {a, b, c, d} shown represents co-domain. . Ifeach number a, b, ¢, d has been joined to 1, 2, 3, 4 only by one arrow and no element: Jeft without joining it with some element of co-domain, then it is a function otherwise it is In figures (i), (i), each number a, b, chas been joined to 1, 2, 3, by one arrow but d has not: with no element of set B. Therefore figures (i) and (ii) represent a relation and not a . In figures (iii) and (iv), number b of domain has been joined to co-domain by two arrows B, Hence this is also a relation and not a function. . In figures (v) and (vi), each number a, b, c, d of domain A has been joined with co-domain B arrows and no element of domain A has been left without joining by some number of c therefore this is a function. It is also a relation. . In figures (vii) and (viii), each element a, b, c, dof domain A has been joined with co-domain arrows and no element of co-domain A has been left without joining to some number of co-d Therefore this a function. This function is relation also. Observation 1. In figures (i) and (i), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3). These ordered pairs constitute and not a function because element d of domain A has been left without. joining. . In figures (iii) and (iv), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 2), (b, 3), (c, 4), (d, 4). This is a relation function because in ordered pairs (b, 2) and (b, 3) first number repeats. In figures (v) and (vi), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 1), (¢, 2) and (d, 3). This is a function relations because no element of domain has been left without joining to some element of and no first number of any ordered pair is repeating therefore it is a function. . In figures (vii) and ( ), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 2), (¢, 2), (d, 4). Here also no element. ‘has been left unpaired, no first entry in any ordered pair a repeats, therefore this is a io as relation. Application ‘This activity can be used to decide whether as given relation is a function or not, W Viva Voce 1. Define a relation from set A to set B. Ans. A relation R from set A to set B is any subset of A x B. 2. Define a function from set A to set B. Ans. A function F is a relation from set A to set B in which every element of set A has only one it 8. Is every function a relation? Ans. Yes every function is a relation. 4. Is every relation a function? Ans. No, every relation is not a function.ctivity3.2 Graph of Trigonometric Functions ective = on the same coordinate plot the graph of sin x, sin 2x, 2 sin xand sin > thod of Construction 1. Take a drawing board and fix the white paper sheet on it with board pins. 2. Draw two lines X'OX and YOY’ perpendicular to each other and intersecting at O. The line X'OX is x-axis and YOY’ is y-axis, 3. Graduate the two axes as shown in figure, 4, Prepare a table of ordered pairs (2, sif'!"[e Wn'zy) (22 Mit a (ssin seat an interval of = 15+, 8 shown in the following table 5 eo ee oe Fcmtion) O° aa | eae a egies alee sinx | 0 | 0.26 | 0.50 | 0.71 | 086 | 0.97 | 14 sin2x | 0 | 0.50 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.50! 0 | -o5 |-0.86| -1.0 |-086|-050) 0 2sinx | 0 | 0.52 | 1.00 | 1.42 | 1.72 | 1.94 | 2.00 | 1.94 | 1.72 | 142 | 100 | 052! 0 0 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.00 in = eae Demonstration 1, Plot the ordered pairs of the points (x, sin x), (x, sin 2x), (x, sin ) and (x, 2 sin xj on the following 2 ‘same coordinate axes and join these points by free hand curves in different colours.Observations Graph of sin x and sin 2x and 2 sin xare of same shape but the maximum height of the grag is half of the maximum height of the graph of 2 sin x. The maximum height of sin 2x is 1. Itis at x= > The maximum height of2 sin xin 2. tis at x= % x x x cr in * is at = ‘The maximum height of sin > is 1. Itis at > = > x aut At x= Oand x, sin x= 0, at x= and 5, sin 2x= 0 and at x= 0, sin ae In the interval [0, x], graph of sin x, 2 sin x and sin 5 are above the x-axis and some graph of sin 2x lies below the x-axis Graph of sin x and sin 2x intersect at x= 3 in the interval (0, x). 8, Graph of sin xand sin * intersect at x & in the interval (0, m). Application This activity can be used to draw graph of all the t-ratios of different angles. ¥ Viva Voce 1. Are the heights of the graphs y= sin xand y = sin 2x same?. Ans. Yes, graph of y= sin x and y= sin 2x have same height. 2. Are the heights of the graph y= sin 5 and y= sin same? ‘Ans. Yes, heights of graph of y= sin > and y~ sin > have same height. 3. If graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x are drawn on the same axes within the interval (0, n), they intersect. ‘Ans. These curves will intersect at x= 5.4, Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations errr ere) eee tive jinterpret geometrically the meaning of = V thod of Construction 1. Take the drawing board and place it on a table. Fix the white paper sheet on it with board pins. 2. Draw XOX and YOY two perpendicular lines intersecting at O. Here XOX is eaxis, YOY is y-axis and O is the origin, The plane is an argand plane (Plane on which complex number can be plotted) Here x-axis is real axis and y-axis is imaginary axis. Draw a circle of unit radius and as centre, This circle cuts x-axis at A, and A, and y-axis at A, and Ag. see the fig. and its integral powers. monstration 1. In the argand plane OA = 1, OA, = i, OA, =-1, OA, =~ OA,=1 . OA, =i= 1*,0A,=-1=ix i= #, OAy=~i= ix ix i= i, and soon. Hereeach time OA has been located by 90° and this step is equal to multiplication by i Therefore iis multiplying factor for ratio of 90". vation . On rotating OA through 90°, it coincides OA, = 1 i= i On rotating OA through an angle of 180° (2 right angles) coincides OA, = 1 * ix i=-1 On rotating OA through 270° (3 right angles) it coincides OA, = 1x ix ixin-i 4. On rotating OA through 360° (4 right angles) it coincides OA, = 5. On rotating OA through n right-angles of OA, = 1x ixixi x ...n times = i" Application Tita activity may be sed to evaluate any integral power of Vv Viva Voce xixixixi=1 1, What is the value of i? Ans. i= J-1 2. Is ia real number? Ans. No iis not a real number, it is an imaginary number. 3. Can you define a complex number? ‘Ans. A sum or difference of a real number and an imaginary number is called a complex number, It is denoted by z= x + yi. Here xis a real number and yiis an imaginary number.OC t ely 5.1 Graphical Solutions of Linea Inequalities in Two Variable To verify that the graph of a given inequality by Sx + 4y— 40 < 0 of the form ax + represents only one of the two half planes, Method of Construction 1. Take the drawing board, fix the white paper sheet on it with board pins. 2. Draw two perpendicular lines X'OX and YOY’ intersecting at O, on the white paper sheet, Here X’OX is x-axis and YOY’ is y-axis. Graduate the x-axis and y-axis. 3, Take the equation of the line 5x + 4y~40 = 0 from the inequation Sx+4y-40<0 Sx+ 4y=40 ‘To draw its graph, make table of points satisfy by the equation 5x + 4y = 40 x[o]s8 vy [10 fo Plot the points A(0, 10) and B(8, 0) and join them with a line. Line AB is the graph of the linear equation corresponding to the given linear inequation.. 4, Make two half planes | and Il as shown in the fig. 5. Mark some points 0(0, 0), A(1, 1), B(3, 2), C(4, 3) and D(-1, -1) in half plane I. Mark some other points E(4, 7), F(8, 4), G(9, 5), H(7, 5) in other half plane II. Demonstration 1. Put the coordinates of the point 0(0, 0) in the left hand side of 5x + 4y~40 <0. 5 *0+4 x 0-40 =-40 < 0 (Tru). j The coordinate of the point O(0, 0) lies in plane I and satisfy the inequation 5x + 4y - 40 <0, 2. Put the coordinates of the point A(1, 1) in the left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y~40 «| Itgives: 5 x 1+ 41-40 =-31 <0 (True) Hence the coordinates of the point A(1, 1) lies in plane I satisfy the inequation 5x + 4y~40<tthe coordinates of the point B(3, 2} in the left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y = 40 <0. gives: § «34.4 «2-40 = 15+ 8-40 =-17 <0 (True} Jence the coordinates of the point B(3, 2) lying in plane 1 and satisfy the inequation Sx + 4y 40 < o, ut the coordinates of the point C4, 3) in the left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y - 40 <0, gives: 5x 444 x 3-40 = 20+ 12-40 =-8 <0 (True) lence the coordinates of the point C(4, 3) lying in the plane I satisfy the inequation 5x+ 4y 40 < 0. the coordinates of the point D(-1, ~1) in left-hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y 40 < 0 gives: 5 x (-1) +4 * (1) - 40 = -5 4-40 = -49 <0 (True) jence the coordinates of the point D-1, ~1) lying in the plane 1 satisfy the inequation 5x + 4y ~ 40 < the coordinates of the point E(4, 7) in left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y~ 40 < 0 It gives: 5 « 4 +4 x 7-40 = 20 + 25-40 = 48-40 = 8 > 0 (False). the coordinates of the point F(8, 4) in the left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y-40 < 0. It gives: 5 « 8 + 4 « 4-40 = 40 + 16-40 = 16 > 0 (False) jence the coordinates of the point F(8, 4) lying in the half plane If does not satisfy the Sx + 4y-40 <0 Put the coordinates of the point G(9, 5) in the left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y— 40 <0, It gives: 5 x 9 +4 x 5-40 = 45 + 20 - 40 = 65 - 40 = 25 > 0 (False) Hence the coordinates of the point G(9,5) lying in the half plane Il does not satis Sx+4y-40 <0, Ina similar way, we can show that the point H(7, 5) also does not satisfy the inequation 5x+4y-40 <0. Hence all the points 0, A, B, C, and D satisfy the inequation 5x + 4y— 40 <0 and hence lie in the half plane I and all the points E, F, G, H, which do not satisfy the linear inequation 5x + 4y - 40 < 0 lie in half plane Il Hence graph of the given inequation represents only one of the two corresponding half planes. inequation isfy the inequation vation The coordinates of the point A(1, 1) satisfy the given inequation and lies in the half plane I. ‘The coordinates of the point O(0, 0) satisfy the given inequation and lies in the half plane I. . The coordinates of the point B(3, 2) satisfy the given inequation and lies in the half plane I. ‘The coordinate of the point C(4, 3) satisfy the given inequation and lies in the half plane I, ‘The coordinates of the point D{-1, ~1) satisfy the given inequation and lies in the half plane I. The coordinates of the point E (4, 7) does not satisfy the given inequation and lies in half plane Il. . The coordinates of the point F(8, 4) does the satisfy the given inequation and lies in half plane Il. The coordinates of the point G(9,5) does not satisfy the given inequation and lies in half plane Il. The coordinates of the point H(7, 5) does not satisfy the given inequation and lies in half plane Il, lication activity can be used to find the half-plane, a given inequality represents. v Viva Voce |. Write two inequations. (a) 4x-3y-30>0, () 5x+4y+7>0.= selected from given five cards. o h three cards can be Jo find the number of ways whicl i es Nh it on the table and cover it te eminem ie Tthcrd pin ae ee ce it five identical cards of convenient 9, Take the card board sheet and cut Ot wine from it Mark these cards a8 A. B, C, D and E with white tit be card A. Then the other two ¢¢ Demonstration card from the five cards. Let : CE and DE. Include card A with all 1. Let us select the first the remaining four cards can be BC, BD, BE, CD, selection. It giv 2, Now let us assume 4 cards are: AC, AD, 6 selection. It gives: BAC, BAD, BAE, BCD, BCE and BDE- 3, Now again we assume that first selected card be 4 cards are: AB, AD, AE, BD, BE and DE. Now ini 6 selection. It gives: CAB, CAD, CAE, CBD, CBE, CDE. 4. Again let us assume that first selected card is D. Then the other two cards from the rem naehB, AC, AE, BC, BE, CE, Now include the first selected card D with the above 6 It gives: DAB, DAC, DAE, DBC, DBE and DCE. Now assume that first selected card be E, Then the other selection from the remaining 91 ‘AB, AC, AD, BC, BD and CD. Now include the first selected card E in the above 6 selection It gives: EAB, EAC, EAD, EBC, EBD and ECD. 4 6. Record the above selection on the same sheet. ag look at the table where you have record above selection. Therefore total selection are Saale ctuaacierien ert thrice. Therefore, the number of distinct Observation 1. ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB and CBA represent same selection. 2. ABD, ADB, BDA, BAD, DAB, DBA represent same selection. (6 cases) ‘Then the other two cards from the ABC, ABD, ABE, ACD, ACE and ADE ( the first selection of card B with. that first card selected is B. ‘AE, CD, CE and DE. Now include C. Then the other two cards from the clude the first selection of card C x 3. BAE, ABE, EBA BEA and AEB represent the same selection. 4. BAE and ABC represent different selection.‘Among CAE, ADC, ECD, DBE, BDC, ACE, CAE:- CAB, ACE and CAE represent the same selection, ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB and CBA represent the same selection. This activity can be used for understanding the general formula for finding out number of selection when r objects are selected from given n-distinct objects ie, "c, ="! a= shis W Viva Voce . Can you define combination? ‘Combination is selection of a group of r objects from n objects. It is worked out by the formula, nt mn=ni nc, yhere rs n . In combination the grouping ABC, CBA, BCA are same? . Yes, all the above groups give same combination.Ee STE Objective construct a Pascal's triangle and to write binomial expansion for « given positive Saicaral Method of Construction 1. Take the drawing board and fix a white paper sheet on it with the help of board pins 2. With the help of scale and pencil draw the following fig. ee Fase / —Twied row im Ge soe 3. Now write the number in the above rows as depicted below 1 <— First row sh «— Second row eae <— Third row Haha 1 «— Fourth row 14641 «<— Fifth row 15 10 10 5 1 «— Sixth row 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 «— Seventh row and so on. 4. Write binomial expansion of (a + bj", Use the numbers given in (n + 1)!" row.ition « given figure looks like a triangle and it was make good Mathematician pascal. Therefore this venules called Pascal's triangle. This triangle makes easy to find the coefficients of different terms { binomial expansion of given integral exponent. Lumbers in the second row give the coefficients of the terms of the binomial expansion of (a + bj! (a+ bf! =1a+ 1b. Numbers in the third row (1, 2, 1) give the coefficients of the binomial expansion of (a + bj, ie. (a+ b= 1a? + 2ab + 187. Numbers in the fourth row (1, 3, 3, 1) give the coefficients of the binomial expansion (a + bj}, ie (a+ b= 1d" + 3a°b+ Sab? + 18 and a0 on. vation Numbers in the third row are 1, 2, 1 which are the coefficients of the binomial expansion of (a + bj? = @ + ab+ Numbers in the fourth row are (1, 3, 3, 1), which are the coefficients of the binomial expansion of (a+ bP = a+ 3a°b + Sab? +b Numbers in the fifth row are 1, 4, 6, 4, 1 which are coefficients of the binomial expansion of (a+ b= a" + 4a°b + Gath? + 4ab? + BF Numbers in the seventh row are 1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1 which are coefficients of the binomial expansion of (a + b)°. (a+ bP = 1a? + 3a°b + Sab? + 1b (a+ bP = 1a? + Satb + 10a°b? + 100°b + Sabi + 11° (a+ b= 1a? + 6a°b + 15 a'? + 200°H + 15a" + 6 ab + 1b (a+ bY = 1a' + 8 a’b + 28 aPb? + 56 a°t? + 70 a'b* + 56 ab? + 28 ab + Bab + BP (a + b)!°= al + 10a°b = 45 a®b? + 120 a’? + 210 a®b* + 252 aSb® + 210 a'b® + 120 a®b” + 45 abt +10 ab? + b'°, lication ‘This activity can be used to write the binomial expansion of any positive integer n. W Viva Voce 1. Can you write binomial expansion for positive integer n? .. Binomial expansion for positive integer n: [a+ BJ" = Mcga"? +" cya"™Ib4" Cya"252 +4 Crab +4" Cy aObh Qo© Demonstration volume ofthe block given in Gg. (¥," (1 * 4.59 2 igjcubie unit = (7+ 2m ae 4?) cubic un 1 ara of auch 6 structures = 6[17+ 2° + 3° * 42] cubic units 2 Venue ofthe block given in fig (i) = 4% 5 * 9 ~ 180 = (4) (4+ 06 ae elit + 22+ Ste atl + (Ae 1 (2 ada cubic unite 2+ 2% +94 44) = 2[4(441)(2x441)] cubic units 2 « 4 + 1) cubic unit. 4. Ina similar way, we can write: (a) [12 +22 +3? +4? +5?]=2[5(5+1)(2x5+0)]Wy [+2 438s atest eet [6(6+1)(26+1)] (9 [17 +2? +3? 44? +5246? +77] = gl7(7+(2«7+1)] ( [P42 69? +... 4n?] n(n+1)(2n+1)} vation it 2 eo 2a?]= Layla n(2xas) [12 +2? +3? +4? +5?) = =(5)(5+1)(2x5+1) 142743? + ..+107]=4(10)(10+1)(2 1041) 6 [vi +2243%+ --+ 25?) = £(25)(25+1)(2%25 +1) [1 +2243? +... +1002 3 (100)(100 + 1)(2%100 +1) [12 +22439+.., +n? ]=L(n)(n +1)(@n +1) lication activity is useful in obtaining the sum of squares of first n natural numbers as [12+ 224324... +n] = E(n)(n+n)(ane1) 6 v Viva Voce . Do you know the formula for sum of first natural numbers? - Formula for sum of squares of first n natural numbers is (142434 tay MOD Do you know the formula for sum of cubes of first n natural numbers? s. Formula for sum of cubes of first n natural numbers is 09426 a= [AP 3. Find the sum of first 100 natural numbers. s. Here n= 100 and (1 +2+3+ m= Heed) + 100) = woottoo+) . 50(101) = 5050 4. Can you find the sum of squares of first 100 natural numbers? n= 100 and (+2434. 1 (242 P eng (n)(n-+1)(2n +1) S (12422432 + a. 1004) = (100)(100 +1)(2x100 +1) = £100(101)(201) - 338350 oogtivity 9.1 Equation of Family of Lines Passing through the Point of Intersection of Two Lines e rify that the equation of a line passing through the point of intersection of two lines a, x+ yy + ¢ = 0 + Dyy + ¢ = 0 is of the form (ax + by + cy) + Alagx + by + c4) = 0 od of Construction « Take the drawing board and fix a white paper sheet on it with board pins. Draw two perpendicular lines X‘OX and YOY" intersecting at O. Here XOX is x-axis and YOY’ is y-axis and O is the origin, Draw the graph of two lines a,x + biy + c, = O and a,x + bay + c= 0. ‘They intersects at point P. Let the coordinates of the point P be P(h, k:) paper sheet, pencil, . ? Required Drawing board, white scale ete, & see the fig. a y ipl (ox ry re Max spy +e) +0 monstration 1. Now take the particular lines 3x~ 2y= 5 and 3x+ 2y=7. 2. Let us solve them to find their point of intersection. 3x- 3x+ ex 12 x22 Now put x= 2in 3x+ 2y=7 3x+ Qy=7 2y-7-6=1 1 ee, ‘To draw the graph of the two equations, draw tables. nat 3x-2y=5 x19 [53 PE cadNow plot the gral (24) of two lines 3x = 2 53, Equation of the line passing through the point of intersection A 3ax+2y= Tis (ax- 2y-5) + ABx# 2y-7)=0 1 4. Take A= 1,-1, 2and 9 +2(3x+ 2y-7) = 0. y-7 = 0. @x-12"0 = x-270 srsection A(2, 0) ie. 2-2=>0= 0. 5, Puta= 1 in (@x-2y-5) It gives: 3x- 2y-5 + 3x+ 21 Equation x- 2 = 0is satisfied by the point of inte 6. Put =-1 in (9x-2y-5) +x 2y-7) =O It gives: 3x- 2y-5-3x-2y+7-0= 0-0 -4y+2=0>2y-170 =0=30-0 Pura (2, 5) in2y-1-032*5 (2.3) the pint of intersection eases the equation 2y-1=0 7, Put =2 in (@x-2y-5) +2 (3x+ 2y-7)=0 It gives: (3x 2y- 5) +2 (Bx + 2y-7)=0 = 3x-2y-5 + 6x+ 4y-14=0 9x+2y-19=0 > Put the point of intersection A (22) ox+2y-19=0. Ie gives: 9x2+2* 2 -19-0 > 1841-1920 > 0-0. «Point a (24) satisfies the equation 9x + 2y- 19 = 0.1 . larly t can be shown that ifwe put > in the equation (9x=2y 5) + (c+ 2-7) <0, . we get Ls sts v aes h A= 3 the equation of the line passing through the point of intersection is 6x + 2y = 13, which is , Ces for 2 = 5 the equation of the line passing through the intersection of the lines is 9x+ 4y = 20 which a lore ast aa lequation (a, x+ b, y+ c,) + Ma,x+ by +c) =0 augActivity 10.1 pote cs Objective To construct a parabola Method of Construction + and fix the white paper sheet on it with the help of board pins, Piacs T" shite paper sheet, Draw line M,S through § and ». Take a point $ on this white raw 2. Take Povanother ine {thrgogh My perDerdledl st lee eee distance of the line Ifrom S be k 3. Take any point M, on land draw a perpendicular to I through M, 4. Join M, and S and draw the right bisectors of M,S. It cuts the perpendicular line through 5. Now take another point M, on line land draw another perpendicular to through M, on 1. Join M, and S and draw a right bisector of MS. This right bisector meet the perpendicular M; at P,. Repeat above steps for points M,, My, Ms, Ms and M; selected on line l. This activity gives: intersection Ps, Ps, Ps, P, and P;. 8. Now draw a free hand curve through points P,, Pz, P3, Ps, Ps, Ps and P;. See the fig, Demonstration The points P,, P,, Ps, Ps, Ps, Ps and P, are such that the distance of each point from the fix is same as the distance of the line 1. So, the free hand drawn curve through the points Py, is a parabola with focus S and directrix LP, is the vertex of the parabola. Observation 1. PM, = xem. P\S=xcm 2. PyM; = yom P,S = yemrr IM, = zcm PS = zcm IM, = wom P,S = wem Ms = wem P.S = wom. fe distance of the point P, from M, = the distance of P from S e distance between the points P, from M, = the distance of P from S e distance of the point P, from M, = the distance of the point P, from S, e distances of the point P,, P,, Ps... Py from the line { are equal to the distances of these points fom the point S. herefore the free hand curve obtained by joining P,, P,, P,,. sus S. the distance of the vertex P, and S = PyM, = focal length. he distance of the vertex of the parabola from the directrix = total length. ation his activity is useful to understand the concepts related to parabola like focus of the parabola, vertex f the parabola, directrix of the parabola etc. ¥ Viva Voce arabola is a locus of a point which moves in such a way that its distance from a fixed point and a fixed line is same, the fixed point is called focus of the parabola and fixed line is called directrix of the parabola. Define principal axis of the parabola. A line passing through the focus of the parabola and perpendicular to the directrix of the parabola, is called principal axis of the parabola. Define vertex of a parabola, ‘The point of intersection of the parabola and its principal axis is called vertex of the parabola. Define focal length of a parabola. The distance between focus and vertex of the parabola is called its focal length.bot jective +» find the number of subsets of a given set and verify that if a set has n elements, then the total number f subsets is 2 jethod of Construction Take the empty set Ag it has no elements. Aon) 2. Take a set Ay, with one element only Ay fay) 3, Take a set A, which has two elements only Ag (ay, as} 4, Take a set Ag, which has 3 elements only Ag ™ (24, Gay a) Demonstration 1. Take the set Ag = () To represent it by venn-diagram, draw a circle and do not write any element inside it. Its an empty set represented by ¢. (See figure (i) Here set Ap is subset of itself. Symbolically we represent it by 6 ‘Ao {) has only one subset ¢. Hence number of subsets of Ay 1 = 2° = 20am of ements in se A) 2. Take the set Ay = {a)) Represent it by venn-diagram. Draw two concentric circles. Inner circle has no element and outer circle hhas one element a,. Therefore set A, = {a,} has two subsets ¢, (a;} (See figure (i) Number of subsets of A, = 2 = 2Msberflements insti vu a ww) 3. Take the set A = (ay, a4) Represent it by venn-diagram. To do so, draw a circle. To divide it into subsets, draw two circles inside it. Inner most circle has no element; so it is an empty set @, then Second circle has one clement a, and outer most circle has two elements a, and a, (See figure (i). , Hence set A, = {a;, a;} has subsets >, (a), Number of subsets of set Ay = 4ile Ce Mies PTrerta ht Functions tive tify a relation and a function, od of Construction Take a drawing board. Fix the white paper sheet on it with the half of board pins. sA« (a,b, ¢, and B= (1, 2,3, 4) rele figure (i), write a, b, cand d inside it. \d write 1, 2, 3, 4 inside it. Take two Draw two circles. In first ci Now draw second circle figure (ii) an‘ 24 1) Join a to 1, bto 2 and cto 3 with arrows as shown in figures (i) and (ii). 4. Draw two circles again, figure (ii) and (iv). Write a, b, c, dinside circle of figure (iii) and write 1, 4 inside circle of figure (iv) A 8 aa Ft cc) 7) Write a, b, ¢, dinside circle of figure (ii) and write 1, 2, 3, 4 inside circle of figure (iv). Join ato 1, and 3, cto 4 and d to 4, with arrows. Draw again two circles as shown in figure (v) and (vi). Write 1, 2, 3, 4 inside circle (v) and a, inside circle figure (vi). A 8 w) (wi) Join @ to 1, bto 1, cto 2 and d to 3 with arrows as shown in figure (v) and (vi).©. Draw again two circles as shown in figure (vii) and (vii). A 8 | (wii) (witty Write a, b, 6, dinside left side circle and 1, 2, 3, 4 inside right side circle. Join ato 1, bto 2, eto Demonstration 1. Set A= (1, 2, 3, 4) shown in left circle represent domain and set B = {a, b, c, d} shown represents co-domain. . Ifeach number a, b, ¢, d has been joined to 1, 2, 3, 4 only by one arrow and no element. Jeft without joining it with some element of co-domain, then it is a function otherwise it In figures (i), (i), each number a, b, chas been joined to 1, 2, 3, by one arrow but d has with no element of set B. Therefore figures (i) and (ii) represent a relation and not a - In figures (iii) and (iv), number b of domain has been joined to co-domain by two arrows: B. Hence this is also a relation and not a function. . In figures (v) and (vi), each number a, b, c, d of domain A has been joined with co-domain B arrows and no element of domain A has been left without joining by some number of co therefore this is a function. It is also a relation. : . In figures (vii) and (viii), each element a, b, ¢, dof domain A has been joined with co-domain arrows and no element of co-domain A has been left without joining to some number of co-d Therefore this a function. This function is relation also. Observation 1. In figures (i) and (i), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3). These ordered pairs constitute and not a function because element d of domain A has been left without. joining. 4 In figures (iii) and (iv), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 2), (b, 3), (c, 4), (4, 4). This is a relation function because in ordered pairs (b, 2) and (b, 3) first number repeats. In figures (v) and (vi), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 1), (¢, 2) and (d, 3). This is a function relations because no element of domain has been left without joining to some element of and no first number of any ordered pair is repeating therefore it is a function. . In figures (vii) and (vii), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 2), (d, 4). Here also no element: ‘has been left unpaired, no first entry in any ordered pair a repeats, therefore this is a io as relation. Application This activity can be used to decide whether as given relation is a function or not. W Viva Voce 1. Define a relation from set A to set B. Ans. A relation R from set A to set B is any subset of A x B. 2. Define a function from set A to set B. Ans. A function F is a relation from set A to set B in which every element of set A has only one it 8. Is every function a relation? Ans. Yes every function is a relation. 4. Is every relation a function? Ans. No, every relation is not a function.ctivity3.2 Graph of Trigonometric Functions ective plot the graph of sin x, sin 2x, 2 sin xand sin > on the same coordinate thod of Construction 1. Take a drawing board and fix the white paper sheet on it with board pins. 2. Draw two lines X'OX and YOY’ perpendicular to each other and intersecting at O. The line X’OX is x-axis and YOY' is y-axis. 3. Graduate the two axes as shown in figure. 4, Prepare a table of ordered pairs (zit i'le. Bin'2) (© 2 site ane (sin seat an interval of = 15¢, 8 shown in the following table. no lege) eae ieretice|| O° ae sinx | 0 | 0.26 | 0.50 | 0.71 | 0.86 | 0.97 | 1.00 sin2x | 0 | 0.50 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.50 ° 0.5 |-0.86 | -1.0 |-0.86|-0.50| 0 2sinx | 0 | 0.52 | 1.00 | 1.42 | 1.72 | 1.94 | 2.00 | 1.94 | 1.72 | 142 | 100 | 052! 0 sin = | © | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.00 Demonstration 1. Plot the ordered pairs of the points (x, sin 9, (x, sin 2x, ( x, sin ) and (x, 2 sin x) on the following 2 ‘same coordinate axes and join these points by free hand curves in different colours. GE aeee a eee bo 4 it | | a sn 24 \A tn riObservations - Graph of sin xand sin 2x and 2 sin xare of same shape but the maximum height of the, is half of the maximum height of the graph of 2 sin x. ‘The maximum height of sin 2x is 1. It is at x= = |. The maximum height of 2 sin xis 2. It is at x= %. x_n ‘The maximum height of sin 2 is 1. tis at = 5 x add . At x= O and x, sin x=0, at x= O and 5, sin 2x=Oand at x= 0, sin > . In the interval [0, 7}, graph of sin x, 2 sin x and sin 5 are above the x-axis and some graph of sin 2x lies below the x-axis. Graph of sin xand sin 2x intersect at x= © in the interval (0, x). x 2n 8. Graph of sin xand sin * intersect at x= in the interval (0, x). Application This activity can be used to draw graph of all the t-ratios of different angles. ¥ Viva Voce 1. Are the heights of the graphs y = sin x and y= sin 2x same?. Ans. Yes, graph of y= sin xand y~ sin 2x have same height. 2. Are the heights of the graph y= sin 5 and y= sin same? ‘Ans. Yes, heights of graph of y= sin 5 and y= sin > have same height. 3. If graphs of y = sin x and y= cos x are drawn on the same axes within the interval (0, n), they intersect. Ans. These curves will intersect at x= =ferpret geometrically the meaning of i= V=I and its integral powers. thod of Construction 1. Take the drawing board and place it on a table. Fix the white paper | sheet on it with board pins. 2. Draw XOX and YOY two perpendicular lines intersecting at O. Here XOX is eaxis, YOY is y-axis and O is the origin, The plane is an argand plane (Plane on which complex number can be plotted) Here x-axis is real axis and y-axis is imaginary axis. Draw a circle of unit radius and as centre, This circle cuts x-axis at A, and A, and y-axis at A, and Ag, see the fig. monstration 1. In the argand plane OA = 1, OA, = i, OA, =-1, OA, =~ OA,=1 ‘ 2. OA, =i= 1*,0A,=-1=ix i= #, OA,=~i= ix ix i= i, and soon. Hereeach time OA has been located by 90° and this step is equal to multiplication by i Therefore iis multiplying factor for ratio of 90". Observation 1. On rotating OA through 90°, it coincides OA, = 1x i= i 2. On rotating OA through an angle of 180° (2 right angles) coincides OA, = 1 * ix i=-1 3. On rotating OA through 270° (3 right angles) it coincides OA, = 1 xix ixinni 4. On rotating OA through 360° (4 right angles) it coincides OA, = 5. On rotating OA through n right-angles of OA, = 1 * ixixi x .0n times = i" Application This activity may be used to evaluate any integral power of i v Viva Voce xixixixi=1 1, What is the value of i? ‘Ans. i= J-1 2. Is ia real number? ‘Ans. No iis not a real number, it is an imaginary number. 3. Can you define a complex number? ‘Ans. A sum or difference of a real number and an imaginary number is called a complex number. It is denoted by z= x + yi. Here xis a real number and yiis an imaginary number.WTP Nutech m nents Inequalities in Two Variable To verify that the graph of a given inequality by Sx + 4y - 40 <0 of the form ax + represents only one of the two half planes, Method of Construction 1. Take the drawing board, fix the white paper sheet on it with board pins. 2. Draw two perpendicular lines X'OX and YOY' intersecting at O, on the white paper sheet. Here X’OX is x-axis and YOY’ is y-axis. Graduate the x-axis and y-axis. 3, Take the equation of the line 5x + 4y~40 = 0 from the inequation Sx+4y-40<0 Sx+ 4y=40 ‘To draw its graph, make table of points satisfy by the equation 5x + 4y = 40 x[o] 8 vy [10 [0 Plot the points A(0, 10) and B(8, 0) and join them with a line. Line AB is the graph of the linear equation corresponding to the given linear inequation.. 4, Make two half planes | and Il as shown in the fig. 5. Mark some points 0(0, 0), A(1, 1), B(3, 2), C(4, 3) and D(-1, -1) in half plane I. Mark some other points E(4, 7), F(8, 4), G(9, 5), H(7, 5) in other half plane II. Demonstration 1. Put the coordinates of the point O(0, 0) in the left hand side of 5x + 4y~40 <0. 5 *0+4 «0-40 =-40 < 0 (Tru). The coordinate of the point 0(0, 0) lies in plane I and satisfy the inequation 5x + 4y - 40 <0, 2. Put the coordinates of the point A(1, 1) in the left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y~40 «| Itgives: 5 x 1 +4 1-40 =-31 <0 (True) Hence the coordinates of the point A(1, 1) lies in plane I satisfy the inequation 5x + 4y~40 <0 baga TS the coordinates of the point B(3, 2) in the left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y - 40 <0. gives: 5x344%2-40= 15+ 8-40 =-17 <0 (True) Jence the coordinates of the point B(3, 2) lying in plane 1 and satisfy the inequation Sx + 4-40 <0, ut the coordinates of the point C4, 3) in the left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y - 40 < 0, gives: 5 «444 «3-40 = 20+ 12-40 = -8 <0 (True) lence the coordinates of the point C(4, 3) lying in the plane I satisfy the inequation Sx+ 4y 40 < 0. 1 the coordinates of the point D(-1, ~1) in left-hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y 40 <0 gives: 5 x (-1) +4 « 1) - 40 = 5-4 - 40 = -49 <0 (True) lence the coordinates of the point D(-1, -1) lying in the plane I satisfy the inequation 5x + 4y ~ 40 < the coordinates of the point E(4, 7) in left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y~40 < 0 It gives: 5 x 4+ 4x 7-40 = 20+ 25-40 = 48-40 =8 > 0 (False), t the coordinates of the point F(8, 4) in the left hand side of the inequation Sx + 4y 40 < 0. It gives: 5 * 8 + 4x 4-40 = 40 + 16-40 = 16 > 0 (False) lence the coordinates of the point F(8, 4) lying in the half plane I does not satisfy the inequation Sx + 4y-40 <0 Put the coordinates of the point G(9, 5) in the left hand side of the inequation 5x + 4y— 40 <0, It gives: 5 x 9 + 4 x 5-40 = 45 + 20 - 40 = 65 - 40 = 25 > 0 (False) Hence the coordinates of the point G(9,5) lying in the half plane Il does not satis Sx+4y-40 <0, Ina similar way, we can show that the point H(7, 5) also does not satisfy the inequation 5x+4y-40 <0. Hence all the points O, A, B, C, and D satisfy the inequation 5x + 4y~ 40 < 0 and hence lie in the half plane I and all the points E, F, G, H, which do not satisfy the linear inequation 5x + 4y - 40 < O lie in half plane Il Hence graph of the given inequation represents only one of the two corresponding half planes. sly the inequation vation The coordinates of the point A(1, 1) satisfy the given inequation and lies in the half plane I. ‘The coordinates of the point O(0, 0) satisfy the given inequation and lies in the half plane I. . The coordinates of the point B(3, 2) satisfy the given inequation and lies in the half plane I. ‘The coordinate of the point C(4, 3) satisfy the given inequation and lies in the half plane I, ‘The coordinates of the point D{-1, ~1) satisfy the given inequation and lies in the half plane I. The coordinates of the point E (4, 7) does not satisfy the given inequation and lies in half plane Il. . The coordinates of the point F(8, 4) does the satisfy the given inequation and lies in half plane Il. The coordinates of the point G(9,5) does not satisfy the given inequation and lies in half plane Il. The coordinates of the point H(7, 5) does not satisfy the given inequation and lies in half plane Il, lication activity can be used to find the half-plane, a given inequality represents. wv Viva Voce |. Write two inequations. (a) 4x-3y-30>0, (b) Sx+ 4y+7>0.= selected from given five cards. % h three cards can be Jo find the number of ways 17 whicl thod of Construction as Take the drawing board, place it on the table and cover it with board pins. ee aoe it five identical cards of convenient 9, Take the card board sheet and cut ON ioe from it. Mark these cards a8 A. B, C, D and E with white +t it be card A. Then the other two Demonstration card from the five cards. Let ; CE and DE. Include card A with 1. Let us select the first the remaining four cards can be BC, BD, BE, CD, selection. It giv 2, Now let us assume 4 cards are: AC, AD, 6 selection. It gives: BAC, BAD, BAE, BCD, BCE and BDE. 3, Now again we assume that first selected card be 4 cards are: AB, AD, AE, BD, BE and DE. Now in 6 selection. It gives: CAB, CAD, CAE, CBD, CBE, CDE. 4, Again let us assume that first selected card is are: AB, AC, AE, BC, BE, CE, Now include the first s It gives: DAB, DAC, DAE, DBC, DBE and DCE. Now assume that first selected card be E, Then the other selection from the remaining 91 ‘AB, AC, AD, BC, BD and CD. Now include the first selected card E in the above 6 selection It gives: EAB, EAC, EAD, EBC, EBD and ECD. 6. Record the above selection on the same sheet. Now look at the table where you have record above selection. Therefore total selection are hag tt Ne pe thrice. Therefore, the number of distinct Observation 1. ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB and CBA represent same selection. 2. ABD, ADB, BDA, BAD, DAB, DBA represent same selection. (6 cases) ‘Then the other two cards from the ABC, ABD, ABE, ACD, ACE and ADE ( the first selection of card B with | that first card selected is B. ‘AE, CD, CE and DE. Now include C. Then the other two cards from the clude the first selection of card C D. Then the other two cards from the remaini elected card D with the above 6 x 3. BAE, ABE, EBA BEA and AEB represent the same selection. 4. BAE and ABC represent different selection.Among CAE, ADC, ECD, DBE, BDC, ACE, CAE:- CAB, ACE and CAE represent the same selection, ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB and CBA represent the same selection. This activity can be used for understanding the general formula for finding out number of selection when r objects are selected from given n-distinct objects ie. "c, =?! 4 Tiny ails W Viva Voce . Can you define combination? Combination is selection of a group of r objects from n objects, It is worked out by the formula. ni rin=7 . In combination the grouping ABC, CBA, BCA are same? nc, yhere ren . Yes, all the above groups give same combination.Lea Objective 6 construct a Pascal's triangle and to write binomial expansion for « given positive Saicaralis Method of Construction 1. Take the drawing board and fix a white paper sheet on it with the help of board pins 2. With the help of scale and pencil draw the following fig. qn —Thid row Fourth row NG cents 3. Now write the number in the above rows as depicted below 1 <— First row rd «— Second row a «— Third row 3901 «— Fourth row 4641 «<— Fifth row 15 10 10 5 1 ¢— Sixth row 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 «— Seventh row and so on. 4. Write binomial expansion of (a + bj". Use the numbers given in (n + 1)!" row.stration « given figure looks like a triangle and it was make good Mathematician pascal. Therefore this otic is called Pascal's triangle. This triangle makes easy to find the coefficients of diferent terms { binomial expansion of given integral exponent. umbers in the second row give the coefficients of the terms of the binomial expansion of (a + bj! (a+ bi! =1a+ 1b. Numbers in the third row (1, 2, 1) give the coefficients of the binomial expansion of (a + bj, ie. (a+ b= 1a? + 2ab + 187. Numbers in the fourth row (1, 3, 3, 1) give the coefficients of the binomial expansion (a + b)?, ie (a+ bi = 1a! + 3a°b+ Sab? + 18? and ao on, vation Numbers in the third row are 1, 2, 1 which are the coefficients of the binomial expansion of (a + bj? = @ + ab+b. Numbers in the fourth row are (1, 3, 3, 1), which are the coefficients of the binomial expansion of (a+ bP =a°+ 3a’ + Sab? +b? Numbers in the fifth row are 1, 4, 6, 4, 1 which are coefficients of the binomial expansion of (a+ by = a" + 4a°b + 6a°h? + dab! +B. Numbers in the seventh row are 1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1 which are coefficients of the binomial expansion of (a + B)°. (a+b? = 1a" + 3a°b + Sab? + 1b (a+ bP = 1a? + Satb + 10a°b? + 100°b + Sabi + 12° (a+ b= 1a? + Gab + 15 a'? + 200° + 15a + 6 ab + 1b (a+ bY = 1a' + 8 a’b+ 28 ab? + 56 a°t? + 70 a'b* + 56 ab? + 28 ab + Bab” + BP (a + b)!°= al + 10a°b = 45 a®b? + 120 a’? + 210 a®b* + 252 aSb® + 210 a'b® + 120 ab” + 45 a®b* +10 ab? + b'°, lication ‘This activity can be used to write the binomial expansion of any positive integer n. W Viva Voce 1. Can you write binomial expansion for positive integer 1? .. Binomial expansion for positive integer n: [a+ B)" = Mega"? +" cya"™lb4" Cyal-252 +4 Ca"PBT +4" Cy aOb QuaaE SR EST Riss = 45 as : 3 aes 3k g ‘ = zg 3 a8 g TON ae Demonstration 1. Volume of the block given in fig. (V) ‘ u 6 [12 + 22 + 3? + 44] cubic units see x9 ~ 180= (4) (4+ 1) (2™4 + 1) cuble aaa 4 (4 + 1) (2 «4+ 1) cubic units. 2. Volume of such 6 structures = 43. Volume of the block given in fig (vi) = = 6t+at+ att a= 4. Ina similar way, we can write: 1 (a) [17 +2? +3744? +5? Ren © = e4 +9 +16) cubic unit = (17+ 27 fi2+2%+9%+ 47) = 2[4(441)(2x441)] cubic units [5(5+1)(2x5+1)] \ Wea +3? + 4%) cubic SEEN eee ay Seer ie