BPH 111 Lec 6 - Digestive System

+
Lesson 6:
Digestive
System
BPH 111 Human

Physiology 1
Kamal Kanta Das
Lecturer
Department of Microbiology
Stamford University Bangladesh
+ Gastrointestinal Tract
■ Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown
of food into smaller components that are more easily
absorbed into a blood stream, for instance.
■ The GI or Alimentary tract supplies the body with water,

electrolytes, vitamins and nutrients. This is done by
1. Movement of food through the tract
2. Absorption of water, various electrolytes, vitamins and digestive

products
3. Secretion of digestive juices
4. Circulation of blood through the GI organs
5. Control of all these functions by local, nervous and hormonal

system.
+ Anatomy of the Digestive System
+ Movements In the GI Tract.
The movements of the intestine are:
■ Large Intestine:
■ Mixing movements (Haustration, Kneading and
Antiperistalsis)
■ Propulsive movements (Peristalsis and Mass
peristalsis)
■ Small Intestine:
■ Segmentation or mixing movements
■ Peristalsis or propulsive movements
■ Antiperistalsis
■ Pendular movements
+ Movements In the GI Tract.
■ Peristalsis
Stimulation of the gut causes rings to form around circular

muscles. The rings cause contraction by collecting food
in a certain area of the gut. It then pushes the food down the
gut.
It can also be stimulated by chemical and physical stress and

irritation to the gut lining.
+
Splanchnic Circulation
■ The circulation of blood in the GI tract.
■ It includes blood flow through the gut, spleen and the

pancreas and then flows immediately into the liver. From the
liver it enters into the general circulation.
■ Blood flow increases during increased GI activity, because of

increased secretion of vasodilators.
+ Hormones of the GIT
■ Hormones are released into the bloodstream and
transported to target cells where the cause physiological
or chemical change.
■ The hormones of the GIT are

■ Gastrin It stimulates the secretion of HCI and
Pepsinogen and increases movement and contraction of
the GI organs.
■ Secretin Stimulates secretions by pancreas, increases
bile secretion and inhibits HCI secretion and gastric
motility.
■ Cholecystokinin
■ Pancreozymine
+
Proteolytic enzymes of the GIT
■ Pepsinogen
■ Trypsinogen
■ Chymotrypsin
■ Aminopeptidase
■ Carboxypeptidase
■ Erepsin
+ Process of Digestion
Mouth
Esophegus
Stomach
SI
Large Intestine
Rectum
Defecation
+ A. Ingestion of Food
1. Mastication (Chewing)
Teeth are designed for chewing.

The from part of the teeth and
the back part of the teeth are
for grinding. Chewing is
controlled by muscles which
get their signal from the brain. Chewing breaks down
food to make it easier for digestive enzymes to work on
it and to break down indigestible material. Chewing
produces a broken down bolus of food.
+ A. Ingestion of Food
2. Swallowing
When food is present at the pharynx it is turns of its

respiration activities for a few seconds to swallow the food.
Stages of swallowing
Voluntary Stage- food is ready for swallowing and it is

pushed to the pharynx by the tongue.
Pharyngeal- Bolus moves to the end of the mouth and

beginning of the pharynx. Epiglottis covers the trachea
and swallowing reflex begins.
Esophageal Stage- Primary and secondary peristalsis

moves food down the esophagus into the stomach.
+
+ B. Motor Functions of the stomach
1. Storage Function of the stomach. Food from the esophagus
enters the stomach and it can remain there until the
pressure has increased. The pressure increases when the
limit in the stomach is reached.
2. Mixing and Propulsion of food. Gastric juices secreted

form the stomach come in contact with the stored food.
Weak peristaltic movements of the stomach causes mixing
waves. This mixes the food and the contraction helps in
the emptying of the food. After food is mixed with gastric
juices it is called chyme.
3. Stomach Emptying. Intense contraction in the bottom of

the stomach causes the movement of food through the
pyloric splinchter by a mechanism called pyloric pump.
+
+ C. Movements in the SI
1. Mixing Contraction. (Segmentation Contraction)
Continuous contractions of the SI muscle mixes the chyme
with the secretion of the SI.
2. Propulsive Movements. Peristaltic waves in the stomach

moves the food down the SI towards the anus. This are
weak and end after traveling for 3 to 5 cm.
+ C. Movements in the SI
+ D. Movements in the Colon
Principle functions of the colon.
1. Absorption of water and electrolyte from the chyme to

form solid feces
2. Storage of fecal matter until it can be expelled.

1. Mixing Movement. “Haustrations”
Contractions of the LI causes constrictions. Constrictions

almost blocks the movement and it causes the
unstimulated portions to bulge out. The bulged portions
are called Haustrations.
The continuous haustrations moves fecal matter slowly

along the LI. Water and dissolved substances absorbed
as the fecal matter moves down.
2. Propulsive movements. Mass movements.
Chyme moves through the LI and slowly becomes more

solid in nature. These movement usually occur 1 to 3
times a day for about 15 minutes. These are another
form of peristaltic movements that move the feces
towards the rectum
Defecation
Defecation is initiated by defecation reflexes. When

feces enters rectum, movement of the rectum wall
stimulates peristalsis movements forcing feces towards
the anus. There another set of reflex movement and
peristaltic movements leads to the emptying of the LI.
+
Saliva
■ The glands involved in salivation are parotid,
submandibular and sublingual glands.
■ Saliva has two types of protein secretion

■ Serous secretion (amylase)
■ Mucus secretions (protection of surfaces)
■ Saliva has large amounts potassium and bicarbonate ions.
■ Secretions help keep the mouth healthy by killing

pathogenic bacteria that can harm the tissue and it helps
breakdown food.
■ Can destroy germs that cause dental problems.

+ Gastric Secretion
Hydrochloric Acid HCI
Highly acidic (pH 0.8)
Makes the the gastric venous blood

more acidic then the rest of the body
by adding more bicarbonate.
It is secreted from the parietal cell

(Oxyntic cell).
Factors that stimulate secretion

include
Acetylcholine
Gastrin
Histamine
+
Gastric Secretion
■ Pepsinogen
Secreted by the peptic and mucosal cells of the gastric

glands or the pyloric glands. When first secreted it has no
digestive function, but when it comes in contact with HCI
it is activated to form active pepsin. It helps in the
digestion of protein.
■ Gastrin
Secreted by the pyloric gland after eating meat and protein

rich products.
+ Phases of Gastric Secretion
■ Cephalic phase
Occurs before the food enters the stomach, specially while

it is being eaten. Caused by the thought, site, taste, smell
and appetite for/ of food.
■ Gastric phase
Occurs after the food enters the stomach. It stimulates the

secretion of gastric juices while food remains in the
stomach.
Intestinal phase is when the food is in the upper portion

of the small intestine.
+
Role of Pancreas in digestion
■ Secretes digestive enzymes which contain sodium
bicarbonate. Enzymes are secreted because of chyme
in the upper portion of the SI.
■ Enzymes of the pancreas can digest proteins,

carbohydrates and fats. It also has
bicarbonate.
■ Pancreatic enzymes: Trypsin and

chromotrypsin split proteins into
peptide. Amylase breaks down
carbohydrates. Lipase breaks
down fat.
+ Role of Liver in digestion
■ They secrete bile.
■ Bile helps breakdown large fat particles from food into

small particles. They also help on digesting the broken
down fat. Bile also helps in the secretion of waste
products.
■ Bile salts are formed in hepatic cells from cholesterol in

blood plasma.
+ Role of Gallbladder
in digestion
■ Bile is secreted in the liver but it is mostly

stored in the gallbladder until is is needed.
■ The gallbladder can hold up to 30 to 60 milliliters of bile.

They can store bile for up to 12 hours before secretion.
■ The bile is released when the food begins to be digested

in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
■ Under abnormal concentration the cholesterols may

precipitate in the gallbladder causing cholesterol
gallstones.
+ Disorders of the GI tract.
■ Gastritis inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Not very
harmful because it can’t penetrate deeply. Usually
caused by bacteria.
■ Peptic ulcer
■ Constipation slow movement of feces through the LI. It

may lead to dry, hard feces caused by over absorption of
fluid.
+ Disorders of the GI tract.
■ Enteritis inflammation of the intestinal tract. It is either
caused by viruses or bacteria in the intestinal tract.
Usually leads to diarrhea.
■ Psychogenic Diarrhea occurs after periods of nervous

tension.
■ Ulceritive colitis when walls of the LI form ulcers which

may cause internal bleeding. Caused diarrhea and
repeated bowl movements.
■ Vomiting It is how the upper GI tract gets rid of its

contents when any part of it is irritated. Vomiting is
controlled by the vomiting centre which is in our brain.
■ Nausea the feeling before vomiting. When the irritation

of the intestinal tract starts.
■ Flatus gas formation in the stomach

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BPH 111 Human

■ The GI or Alimentary tract supplies the body with water,

1. Movement of food through the tract

2. Absorption of water, various electrolytes, vitamins and digestive

3. Secretion of digestive juices

4. Circulation of blood through the GI organs

5. Control of all these functions by local, nervous and hormonal

The movements of the intestine are:

Stimulation of the gut causes rings to form around circular

It can also be stimulated by chemical and physical stress and

■ The circulation of blood in the GI tract.

■ It includes blood flow through the gut, spleen and the

■ Blood flow increases during increased GI activity, because of

■ The hormones of the GIT are

Teeth are designed for chewing.

When food is present at the pharynx it is turns of its

Voluntary Stage- food is ready for swallowing and it is

Pharyngeal- Bolus moves to the end of the mouth and

Esophageal Stage- Primary and secondary peristalsis

2. Mixing and Propulsion of food. Gastric juices secreted

3. Stomach Emptying. Intense contraction in the bottom of

2. Propulsive Movements. Peristaltic waves in the stomach

1. Absorption of water and electrolyte from the chyme to

2. Storage of fecal matter until it can be expelled.

Contractions of the LI causes constrictions. Constrictions

The continuous haustrations moves fecal matter slowly

2. Propulsive movements. Mass movements.

Chyme moves through the LI and slowly becomes more

Defecation is initiated by defecation reflexes. When

■ Saliva has two types of protein secretion

■ Saliva has large amounts potassium and bicarbonate ions.

■ Secretions help keep the mouth healthy by killing

■ Can destroy germs that cause dental problems.

Highly acidic (pH 0.8)

Makes the the gastric venous blood

It is secreted from the parietal cell

Factors that stimulate secretion

Secreted by the peptic and mucosal cells of the gastric

Secreted by the pyloric gland after eating meat and protein

Occurs before the food enters the stomach, specially while

Occurs after the food enters the stomach. It stimulates the

Intestinal phase is when the food is in the upper portion

■ Enzymes of the pancreas can digest proteins,

■ Pancreatic enzymes: Trypsin and

■ They secrete bile.

■ Bile helps breakdown large fat particles from food into

■ Bile salts are formed in hepatic cells from cholesterol in

■ Bile is secreted in the liver but it is mostly

■ The gallbladder can hold up to 30 to 60 milliliters of bile.

■ The bile is released when the food begins to be digested

■ Under abnormal concentration the cholesterols may

■ Constipation slow movement of feces through the LI. It

■ Psychogenic Diarrhea occurs after periods of nervous

■ Ulceritive colitis when walls of the LI form ulcers which

■ Vomiting It is how the upper GI tract gets rid of its

■ Nausea the feeling before vomiting. When the irritation

■ Flatus gas formation in the stomach

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