1

SCIENCE 10
FEU ROOSEVELT 1st SEMESTER
 2

The Origin and Structure of

the Earth
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of the discussion…
• I will be able to describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life.
• I will be able to explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose
boundaries matter and energy flow.
 3
How do you think the Earth formed, and
what processes might have been involved?
 4

The Formation of the Universe

 5

The Formation of the Universe

The universe, as we know it, is 13.77 billion years old and it

consists of known or supposed objects and phenomena
throughout space.
Big Bang Theory 6

This theory states that the observable universe originated from a

singularity – an infinitely dense and hot point – 13.77 billion years ago,
constantly expanding rapidly and evolving into the diverse cosmos we
observe today.
Big Bang Theory 7

The theory was proposed by a Belgian priest, physicist, and

astronomer, Georges Lemaître, in the 1920s.
Cosmic Inflation Theory 8

This theory suggests that the universe underwent an extremely rapid

and exponential expansion during a very brief period after the Big
Bang.
Cosmic Inflation Theory 9

The theory was proposed by Alan Guth and Andrei Linde in

the 1980s.

Alan Guth and Andrei Linde

Steady State Theory 10

This theory suggests that despite the constant expansion of the

universe, the overall appearance of the universe remains unchanged
over time, and new matter is continuously created to fill the gaps
left by the expansion.
Steady State Theory 11

The theory was proposed by Sir James Hopwood Jeans in 1920

but it gained popularity in 1948 after the revision done by Sir Fred
Hoyle, Sir Hermann Bondi, and Thomas Gold.

Sir James Hopwood Jeans Sir Fred Hoyle Sir Hermann Bondi Thomas Gold
 12

What is the difference between the

Big Bang Theory and Steady State Theory?
 13

What is the difference between

Big Bang Theory and Steady State Theory?
 14

Is Pluto part of our Solar System?

15
 16

The Formation of Solar System

Our solar system is 4.6 billion years old. It is a system of stars,

planets, moons, and other objects orbited to the Sun due to the
gravitational force it provides.
Nebular Hypothesis 17

This hypothesis states that the formation of a stellar system arose

from a progressive condensation of a gaseous nebula encircling
the sun which formed the planets.
Nebular Hypothesis 18

This hypothesis states that the formation of a stellar system arose

from a progressive condensation of a gaseous nebula encircling
the sun which formed the planets.
Nebular Hypothesis 19

The hypothesis was developed by Immanuel Kant and

Pierre-Simon Laplace in the 18th Century.

Immanuel Kant Pierre-Simon Laplace

Planetesimal Theory 20

This theory states that a star collided with our Sun, resulting in the
scattering of Sun’s matter into space. Through accretion from the
ejected Sun’s matter, planets were formed.
Planetesimal Theory 21

The theory was introduced by Viktor Safronov in 1941 and was

developed by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and Forest Ray
Moulton.

Viktor Safronov Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin Forest Ray Moulton

Tidal Theory 22

This theory states that matter is drawn out from our sun because of
a passing massive object. Through accretion from the Sun’s matter,
planets were formed.
Tidal Theory 23

The theory was developed by James Jeans and Sir Harold

Jeffreys in 1941.

James Jeans Sir Harold Jeffreys

 24

Of all hypothesis and theories tackled in

the formation of our solar system, what
are their similarities?
 25
Edi wow! Akala ko ba origin of the Earth
yung lesson???
 26

The Earth, our home

• Can be referred to as “World”
or “Globe”
• 3rd planet from the Sun.
• 5th largest planet in the
solar system in terms of size
and mass.
• The only known planet in the
universe to support life.
 27

Characteristics of Earth that Support Life

1. It occupies a circumstellar
habitable zone.
2. It has available energy-rich
sunlight to support life.
3. It has a magnetic field.
4. It has an atmosphere rich in
Nitrogen and Oxygen.
5. It has relatively stable
climate and temperature.
 28
Circumstellar Habitable Zone
Often called the Goldilocks Zone, this area ensures that our planet
receives the right range of radiant energy so that our water stays in
liquid form.
 29
Energy-rich Sunlight
Similarly, as Earth is in the Goldilocks Zone, the sun enables the planet
to harness enough amount of sunlight.
 30
Magnetic Field
Through Earth’s magnetic field, the planet can shield itself against
Solar Winds.
 31
Atmosphere
Earth’s atmosphere acts as the next layer of protection against the
sun’s harmful radiation and provides Nitrogen and Oxygen which
are needed for life.
 32
Stable Climate and Temperature
With the stability of Earth’s climate and temperature, formation of
biological molecules is possible, and it also allows species to
adapt and evolve.
 33

What are the Subsystems of the Earth?

 34
Geosphere
Earth’s Geosphere includes the soil, rocks, and minerals that
belongs to the continental and oceanic crust as well as Earth’s
interior layers.
 35
Geosphere: Layers of the Earth

Crust
• The crust consists of a 5-70 km thick
layer of oceanic and continental crust
overlaying another thick layer of rocks
and metals.
• Most of the crust is composed of
elements that include oxygen, silicon,
aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium and
magnesium.
 36
Geosphere: Layers of the Earth
Upper Mantle
• The upper mantle is a very thick layer
of rock which begins just beneath the
crust and ends at the top of the lower
mantle at 670 km.
• This is where tectonic plates exist.

Lower Mantle
• The lower mantle represents
approximately 56% of Earth's total
volume and is the region from 670 to
2900 km below Earth's surface.
• This layer is hotter and denser than the
upper mantle.
 37
Geosphere: Layers of the Earth
Outer Core
• The outer core is the only liquid layer
and is mainly made up of the metals
iron and nickel, as well as small
amounts of other substances.
• The outer core is responsible for Earth's
magnetic field.

Inner Core
• The inner core is the innermost
geologic layer of Earth. It is primarily a
solid ball of iron and nickel with a radius
of about 1220 km.
 38
Hydrosphere
The Hydrosphere is the total amount of water found on our planet.
This includes all water in various forms – ice, vapor, liquid, on or
below the surface of the Earth and Atmosphere.
 39
Hydrosphere: Different Water Phases

Hydrological Cycle
 40
Hydrosphere: Earth’s Water Distribution
 41
Atmosphere
Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mostly of nitrogen and
oxygen along with less abundant gases like carbon dioxide,
argon, and more.
 42
Atmosphere: Layers
Troposphere
• The lowest layer, extending up to
approximately 12 km, where weather
events occur, and life-sustaining gases
are concentrated.

Stratosphere
• Extending from approximately 12 to 50
km, it contains the ozone layer, which
absorbs and protects from harmful
ultraviolet radiation.

Mesosphere
• Found approximately between 50 and 80
km, this layer is where meteors burn up
upon entering the atmosphere.
 43
Atmosphere: Layers

Thermosphere
• Extending from 80 km to the exosphere
boundary at around 700 km, it is
characterized by high temperatures and is
the layer where the Northern and
Southern Lights occur.

Exosphere
• The outermost layer, transitioning into
space, where atmospheric particles are
sparse and the merging with the vacuum
of outer space occurs.
 44
Biosphere
The Biosphere is a closed system that makes up all the living
components of the planet. Life exists in all the subsystems of Earth –
land, water, and air.
 45

Questions? Concerns?