COMP1220: Computing and Society

Compilation of Finals Tutorial Notes (1,2,7-12)

April 21, 2023

Please fill in answers for the questions that still need to be

answered:(THANKS)

Tutorial 1
Answers to questions are based on lecture videos and external sources, all may not
be fully reliable. Double-check for credibility.

Question 1

a. The narrator uses the phrase ‘Designed for the Dump’ to refer to
electronics/items made to be discarded quickly. Manufacturers make
electronics that have a short lifespan thus consumers have to replace or
repair them more frequently.
b. Some solutions proposed in the ‘Story of Electronics’ are to use less toxic
chemicals, make products more modular (broken apart), and recycle
and reuse products.
c. The system of production has a devastating impact on the environment
and people.

When materials are shipped to assembly plants they use toxic chemicals,
PVCs, mercury, solvents, and flame retardants.

When they are processed, it has led to odds of a 40% increase in

significant health issues like respiratory illnesses, miscarriages, and
cancer.

When they are disposed of, the aftermath affects people in Guau, China,
and India. Companies externalize the costs affecting the public.
Question 2

a. Foxconn manufactures iPads and microchips as well as CPU sockets.

b. Workers at Foxconn could not afford products they made, as their wages
were really low and they were sleep deprived because of extensive work
hours. Louis Woo, Foxconn executive was interviewed at the time.
c. The nets around Foxconn prevented workers from committing suicide
by jumping off the building. Workers responded by joining the Fair
Labor Association. A new guideline was implemented that no worker
should work more than 49 hours per week. No worker at Apple follows
this, they work 60 hours per week.

Question 3

a. The Chinese manufacturing industry started around 1978 when Deng

Xiaoping allowed the People’s Republic of Jamaica to invest (foreign
direct investment). He gave farmers control of farms. He incentivized tax
exemptions and made cheap worldwide shipping. He created 4 special
economic zones (free market for trade) located in Shenzhen in the
Guangdong province of China.
b. The Chinese manufacturing industry has become dominant globally
because everything costs less in China, even labor. China artificially
depressed the value of their currency.
c. Electronics development takes less time because of software
development life cycle methodologies like rapid prototyping.

Anker, a company that makes earphones, phone chargers, headphones,

speakers and so on, does mockups with rapid prototyping (creating a
model, to show their clientele, that may still be in the development
process but is used to gain the confidence of the client). Parts are
sourced and made available on the market widely.
 Also, cultural differences and geographical barriers cause lucrative
western companies to reconsider manufacturing there. Brandless ‘white
label’ products are sold to branded companies. Their GDP increased
significantly. Manufacturing in the US is good for PR.

Question 4

a. Barack Obama’s presidential campaign of 2008 used social media to win

over the Democratic campaign. The internet provided the opportunity to
mobilize supporters and money online. His internet site was fully
developed and ready to go. It even accepted donations.

Michael Noble expected Barack Obama to raise one billion in his 2008
campaign, 12 times John Kerry in 2004.

People became volunteers for his campaign. Publicity stunts and mock
ads gave his profile a boost.

The Bush campaign used a combination of email lists and internet ‘data
mining’. They used technology to predict voter preferences on the basis
of commercial data on car ownership, magazine subscriptions, etc. Door
to door visits were also included in campaigning.

b. Cambridge Analytica used demographic surveys, refined and relayed

Trump’s messages.

c. Benefit: Places people into groups by psychological characteristics, finds

out their needs
Harm: Invasion of privacy.

Question 5
 a. Psychographics is the study of consumer behavior based on their
activities, thoughts and opinions (CB Insights). It employs techniques to
change people’s behavior.
b. Psychographics and Cambridge Analytica’s role in the EU referendum.
They helped supercharge Trump’s social media campaign indirectly. Joe
Mersa said he will support Trump if he uses Cambridge Analytica.
Cambridge Analytica has been a popular voting election tool used in
Asia, Africa and Caribbean countries. Alexander Nix who attended the
Brexit conference said Cambridge Analytica had never worked on the
Brexit referendum. He claimed it was ‘fake news’ and ‘they did not work
with them.’

Question 6

a. Mark Zuckerberg was grilled by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez who was the

Congresswoman. Mark Zuckerberg denied using Facebook data to track
Cambridge Analytica in the US 2016 elections. Zuckerberg testified that
he did not get “fully up to speed” on the 2015 data leak, and Facebook’s
response to it, until March 2018, when public reports about the incident
emerged. (CNN). A Congresswoman asked him about the problem with
fact checking on political advertisements. Zuckerberg responded by
saying FaceBook censors sensitive content, and does fact checking to
some extent.

Question 7

a. Francis Haugen was a Data Scientist from Iowa who worked on civic
integrity (risks on elections). She was a whistleblower who took out
documents, and secretly copied thousands of pages of FaceBook
research hate speech, misinformation affecting societies around the
world.
b. Facebook removed by means of banning websites that encouraged
propaganda up to the 2020 US elections. Just a month after the 2020
U.S. election, Facebook dissolved the civic-integrity team, and Samidh
 Chakrabarti, the team leader, took a leave of absence. Facebook said
employees were assigned to other teams to help share the group’s
experience across the company. But for many of the Facebook
employees who had worked on the team, including a veteran product
manager from Iowa named Frances Haugen, the message was clear:
Facebook no longer wanted to concentrate power in a team whose
priority was to put people ahead of profits.
c. Content that is divisive and polarizing entices anger. Facebook was used
to incite the January 6, 2021 invasion of the Capitol. Angry mob
supporters invaded the Capital following the defeat of Trump. Protesters
wanted a re-election with fairness.

Five weeks later, supporters of Donald Trump stormed the U.S.

Capitol—after some of them organized on Facebook and used the platform
to spread the lie that the election had been stolen. The civic-integrity
team’s dissolution made it harder for the platform to respond effectively to
Jan. 6, one former team member, who left Facebook this year, told TIME. “A
lot of people left the company. The teams that did remain had significantly
less power to implement change, and that loss of focus was a pretty big
deal,” said the person. “Facebook did take its eye off the ball in dissolving
the team, in terms of being able to actually respond to what happened on
Jan. 6.” The former employee, along with several others TIME interviewed,
spoke on the condition of anonymity, for fear that being named would ruin
their career. (Time Magazine).

Question 8

a. Dr. Martin Luther King was inspired to write ‘I have a dream’ after
visiting Jamaica. We can all through the skills we attained combine our
efforts to innovate in ways that are morally acceptable and beneficial for
society.

Words of Dr. Martin Luther King at the UWI Graduation of 1965

 “The great challenge facing each of you who will have the privilege of
graduating from this institution of learning, is to somehow stand before
the opportunities of the moment and face the challenges of the hour
with creativity, with commitment, and with determination…
This is a small world – all of this tells us that we have a great deal of
work to do:
Through our scientific and technological genius we have made this
world a neighborhood. And now through our moral and ethical
commitment, we must make of it a brotherhood”

Tutorial 2
Answers to questions are based on lecture videos and external sources, all may not
be fully reliable. Double check for credibility.

Question 1

a. The value of the topsoil as mentioned in the documentary “Dirt: Ecstatic

Skin of the Earth.” It is rich in minerals, with tens of billions of
microorganisms. It helps to keep our biosphere healthy, plants and
animals alive.
b. Appalachian Mountains: The demand for natural resources has
completely changed our relationship with dirt.
Raw materials can be destroyed but never put back again.
Mountain’s landscape is being destroyed to obtain cheap electricity.
Overburden: no vegetation, minerals running into the water, air
pollution

Mining destroys our ecosystem when millions of cubic metres of waters

are used by gold mines, animals cannot be raised anymore on barren
land that is destroyed. Cyanide extracts all the minerals. Drained and
dumped residue into rivers.

Question 2
 a. The DR Congo was colonized by Belgium. They extracted gold,
diamonds, copper, uranium and cobalt. In 1883, King Leopold of
Belgium drew borders around the country, people were made to work.
b. Patrick Lumumba fought for the DR Congo’s rights. Lumumba made an
appeal to the Soviet Union, but Belgians conspired to kill him with the
CIA.
c. 750 million is the estimated wealth of the DR Congo minerals, 5 million
estimated were killed.

Question 3

a. Conflict Minerals refer to raw materials or minerals that come from a

particular part of the world where conflict is occurring and affects the
mining and trading of those materials.

These conflict minerals are tin, tantalum, tungsten (the “3 T’s”) and
gold which are mined in eastern Congo and are in all consumer
electronics products, as well as products from the jewelry, automotive,
aerospace, medical equipment, and many other industries. (Ecovadis)
b. Gold (Wire), Tin (Solder), Tantalum (Stores Electricity), Tungsten
(Vibrate).
c. Companies such as Nokia, Apple, Panasonic, Intel, LG, Sharp, IBM, HP,
Sony Ericssen, Canon, Nintendo, HTC, are some of the companies using
conflict minerals in their products. Countries that process it are
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, South Sudan, Brazil,
Venezuela. Smuggled to Thailand, Malaysia, China and India where they
are processed.
d. Miners, Middlemen, Militia/Smugglers, Local Congolese Companies,
Government of Congo, Processing Companies, Foreign Companies.

Question 4

a. Video campaigning was carried out by groups to raise awareness about

conflict mining. They demanded peace in congo.
 b. (2010) The Dodd-Frank Act Section 1502 requires companies verify
they do not source minerals from illegal militia suppliers (signed by
Barack Obama)
c. (Before) UN experts report each conflict mineral deposit was controlled
by a military group.
In 2014, Intel committed to protect its demand from consumers for
conflict free minerals.

It addressed cobalt, broader human rights and geographies.

d. Ore tags are used to trace the source of minerals where they are mined.
e. The mining process includes physically demanding jobs and exposes
workers to various physical risks such as extreme temperatures,
humidity, noise, and vibrations, as well as extended work hours and shift
work. (ScienceDirect). Miners earned 2-3 USD per day.
f. For profit gain. It's cheaper.

Question 5

a. Used in circuitry, speakers, and vibration of smartphones. Neodymium,

Dysprosium, Terbium are used in cars as permanent magnet motors.
These reduce the weight and volume of electric motors and generators.
Also used in glass polishing. (Sneci). Cobalt is used to boost battery life.
b. Currently China, then USA, then Burma, then Australia. These are the
leading producers of rare earth metals. Rare earth metals cut out the
glare, and the military use it in missile guidance, satellite
communication like radar and sonar. These enforce their military power
by optimizing their weapons.

Question 6

a. Australia is exporting due to meeting global demand for minerals used

to make smartphone gadgets and guided weapons. Some concerns are
from the pressure of the local community and opposition. Protesting for
revoking the license. Experts believe the plants meet international safety
 standards. Radioactive waste may be generated, but residue has low
levels of radiation. Australia has refused to take the waste back.

Tutorial 7

Question 1

Ivan Sutherland joined Prof Evans at Univ of Utah to found Evans and
Sutherland in 1968 - in an abandoned univ building
A pioneer in the computer graphics industry, they make
- Aircraft Flight Training Simulators,
- Ship training simulators
- Space simulators
- Training Simulations for the US Army

For more than 30 years, Evan and Sutherland have provided complete visual
ization solutions for a wide variety of occasions like training, entertainment or
business. ENS makes the technology come alive. Professor David Evans
convinced his friend to leave his job and join him.

They believed computers could be used interactively for a variety of tasks and
became Evans and Sutherland Computer Corporation. Built from Abandoned
barracks, they recruited students from the University of Utah looking for new
ways to use computers as tools. ENS is a leader in Computer Graphics
technology, it was only part of their dream. they had an idea to use computers
as simulators, simulators can replace real objects in an occasion when
simulation can be built more cheaply than the physical model. Beginning with
graphics, the strongly academic environment onment shaped some of the most
innovative minds in computer graphics.
Training became a natural market for ENS, so they continued to enhance their
systems. ENS established a partnership with Re-diffusion, a British company,
which gave ENS exclusive rights to provide Re-diffusion’s commercial flights
training simulators. Today, approximately 80% of pilots are trained on ENS
visual systems for their commercial flights.

ENS grew significantly, using technologies it began to explore planetary

systems. The company went public in 1978.

Jim Clark and Alan Kay went on to influence computer graphics by inventing
Silicon Graphics and Small talk language respectively.

Question 2

Jim Clark’s aim in SGI enabled the creation of CG movies, for instance Pixar.
Jurassic Park, Titanic, Toy Story, Lord of the Rings, Star Wars Episode 1,
Twister – all used SGI computers…

SGI enabled the 3d advertisement industry for TV.

Hannah was SGI Chief Scientist & Vice President after being a PhD student of
Jim Clark at Stanford.

SGI Geometry Engine hardware architecture was designed to rapidly process

3D polygons, 3D graphical transformations, Lighting and shading of 3D
polygons. The SGI Geometry Engine hardware architecture is still the industry
standard used by Nvidia, Radeon, Intel graphics adapters for computers
and used in Nintendo, Playstation, Xbox game hardware.

SGI researchers realized that all objects could be depicted as a series of

interconnected polygons. Specifically, a series of connected triangles can make
a wireframe of any object. Even spheres, if the triangles are small enough
These triangles could be shaded to make solid objects. SGI Developed the
Graphics Language (GL) for efficient processing of these triangles/polygons
SGI Developed the Graphics Language (GL) 3D software architecture/library
to allow efficient programming to process 3D polygons, 3D graphical
transformations, Rotation, scaling and movement of 3D polygons, Lighting and
shading of 3D polygons, SGI transformed GL into OpenGL, the 3D industry
open standard used often today in 3D software, VR, games…, and even Alice…

Question 3

Persons or entities had to figure the issue on the other node to deliver
messages.

Vincent Van Cerf in 1982 in charge of the Defense Department decided

the switch over to using Internet protocols from using previous
ARPANET protocols, for the proliferation of the network and bringing in
different kinds of packet nets. They announced they will require
everyone on research networks to use TCP/IP, which caused a loud
response because it would disturb their research. Their emails, file
access and everything else works on the old protocols. Van Cerf shut off
on the ARPANET to meet the January 1, 1983 deadline of launching the
internet publicly to use only TCP/IP to show he is actually capable of
doing so.

TCP/IP is an addition to packet switching. TCP/IP makes it easier to

- interconnect networks of networks (Internet Protocol – IP), and to
- adjust the speed of transmission and reception (Transmission
Control Protocol - TCP) between various types/speeds of
networks and between fast servers and slow receiving computers

In January, the ARPANET standardized on the TCP/IP protocols adopted

by the Department of Defense (DOD). The Defense Communications
Agency decides to split the network into a public 'ARPANET' and a
classified 'MILNET, ' with only 45 hosts remaining on the ARPANET.
(Computer History Museum).
 Universities for scientific research, US military, governments and
European Allies were the entities with access to the internet before
1983. Any group outside of this was restricted.

Very few people used the internet and those who did, weren’t aware
how to communicate. The internet was thus very difficult to use.

Question 4

Tim-Berners Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW) for global access to
information.

Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in
1989, while working at CERN. The web was originally conceived and
developed to meet the demand for automated information-sharing between
scientists in universities and institutes around the world. (CERN)

URLs are the first web pages (Uniform Resource Locators) created in HTML,
linking to anywhere. Opening an entire universe of information to anyone with
a computer. A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique identifier used to
locate a resource on the Internet. It is also referred to as a web address. URLs
consist of multiple parts -- including a protocol and domain name -- that tell a
web browser how and where to retrieve a resource. (TechTarget)

The world wide web, or web for short, are the pages you see when you're at a
device and you're online. But the internet is the network of connected
computers that the web works on, as well as what emails and files travel
across. Think of the internet as the roads that connect towns and cities
together. (BBC)

WWW is used to represent that the page you are requesting is the part of this
world wide web. This WWW is really not necessary these days to open the
webpage. You can just write yahoo.com and the page will open up. And URL is
the address of that page/site. (Brainly)

HTML is the primary language of the World Wide Web (WWW). Developers
use it to design web page elements, such as text, hyperlinks, and multimedia
files. (Hostinger)

"World Wide Web" or simple "Web" is the name given to all the resources of
the internet. The special software or application program with which you can
access the web is called "Web Browser". (TutorialsPoint).

Question 5

CERN researchers were using different computer platforms for work and they
badly needed something that would facilitate data sharing among them.
Berners-Lee used the decades-old concept of hyperlinks and developed the
first web server along with initial internet protocols and the first web browser.
(Sidekick Browser)

ViolaWWW - an early browser

- Developed by Pei-Yuan Wei, in 1991/92 at UC Berkeley as a personal
project (while a student)
- Viola improved on the Berner-Lee browser by adding navigation
back/forward buttons, history/bookmarks, scripting (all influenced by
Apple’s Hypercard), style sheets that inspired CSS years later, embedded
apps, and more…
- Viola was used at CERN by Tim-Berners-Lee’s team, but it was hard to
install and only ran on Unix X-Windows.
- The head of the Software Section at NCSA at U.Illinois saw ViolaWWW
and encouraged his team to write Mosaic.

Its intuitive interface, reliability, personal computer support, and simple

installation all contributed to its popularity within the web. (Wikipedia)
In 1993, the world's first freely available Web browser that allowed Web pages
to include both graphics and text spurred a revolution in business, education,
and entertainment that has had a trillion-dollar impact on the global economy.
(NSF).

Andreessen convinced Clark that the Internet, with millions of new users,
offered a better immediate market. The two decided to build an enhanced
version of Mosaic and give it away to establish their product as an Internet
standard. Later in 1994, Clark and Andreessen co-founded Netscape
Communication Corp. (Electronic Design)

The intense Browser war showed:

- How Microsoft tried to force a buyout of Netscape for next to nothing
- How Netscape started the new web industry
- How Microsoft wrote Internet Explorer and threatened computer
makers not to install Netscape
- Netscape loses market share, goes out of business (they made the code
open source, and it became the foundation of Firefox)

In the end, Microsoft won the browser war against Netscape for two simple
reasons: It had deep enough pockets to offer its browser free forever, and it
could place that browser in a prominent position on the home screens of more
than 90% of the personal computers sold. (Investopedia)

Question 6

- US Govt takes Microsoft to court for acting as a monopoly and illegally

stifling competition in the software industry (against Netscape and
others)
- Bill Gates takes the stand and says ‘I don’t recall’ about emails he sent,
etc. so many times that the judge starts to laugh
- Microsoft offers video evidence saying that Windows 95 will slow down
if Internet Explorer is removed, but later admits that the video was
doctored
 - The US Court found Microsoft guilty of unfair/illegal competition, and
ordered Microsoft split into two companies in June 2000:
- One company would make the Windows OS,
- The other company would make the Applications and Internet Explorer
browser
- But, GW Bush was elected president in Nov 2000 and an out of court
settlement was done in 2001 with the Appeal court under his
administration
- The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has helped many worthy causes
around the world.
- However, concerns have been raised about some policies that they
advocate for developing countries
- Gates Foundation accused of exploiting its leverage in Africa (Al Jazeera)

Tutorial 8

Prelude to Tutorial 7: Lewis Latimer, Inventor and Innovator (Question 1

of Tutorial 8)

Lewis Latimer, whose parents ran away from slavery, secured his first patent
in 1874 for the Water Closet, an improved toilet system for railroad cars.

George Latimer, was caught as a fugitive and jailed. There was a price listing
for apprehending his father. The Church raised money to free him so he could
raise his children. Latimer had a fond for drawing. Lewis had listed in the US
Navy for the Civil War in 1864. Latimer taught himself mechanical drawing.

Latimer’s expertise in draftsmanship meant that on 14th February 1876 Bell’s

telephone patent was filed just a few hours earlier than Bell’s rival inventor
Elisha Gray.
The first experiments with light bulbs (by Maxim and Edison) would last only
a few days. In 1881, Latimer and Joseph Nichols registered a patent for a light
bulb with a carbon filament which could last for months.

Shortly afterwards, Latimer received another patent for ‘the process of

manufacturing carbons’ which was an improvement on the method for the
production of the carbon filaments in light bulbs.

Latimer worked closely with Edison from 1884 as his chief patent
draftsman/writer, and international patent law expert. The Edison Electric
Light Company became General Electric (GE).

In 1886 Latimer invented an early air conditioning unit seen as the forerunner
of the modern air conditioning unit.
In 1894, Latimer pursued a patent on a safety elevator that prevented the
riders from falling out and into the shaft.

An advocate of civil rights, in 1895 Lewis wrote a statement for the National
Conference of Colored Men on equality, security, opportunity.

Gerald Lawson designed the first video game cartridge console. Gerald Lawson
also did first known 3D game. Steve Wozniak learned some circuit design as an
intern for Gerald Lawson at Fairchild.

“I don’t play video games that often; I really don’t,” he said in the 2009
interview. “First of all, most of the games that are out now — I’m appalled by
them.” Most are concerned with “shooting somebody and killing somebody,” he
said. “To me, a game should be something like a skill you should develop — if
you play this game, you walk away with something of value.”

John Henry Thompson had jamaican parentage

- Chief Scientist, Macromedia (acquired by Adobe), from 1987-2001
- Important Developer on teams for Shockwave – first popular web
animation system
 - Forerunner of Flash. Macromedia Director
- Lingo Scripting Language for Director and XObjects
- VideoWorks – predecessor of Adobe Premiere. Developed software for
MIT Media Lab
Question 2

Gladys West developed a detailed mathematical model of the slightly irregular

shape of the Earth
Her Earth model became a building block for what would become the GPS
orbit.

Her work led to modern GPS, which is so important for road, land and sea
navigation for transport, shipping, businesses and personal use (even on cell
phones)
Gladys West became project manager for the Seasat radar altimetry project
circa 1979;
The US Navy Seasat was the first satellite that could monitor the oceans.

“…from the mid-1970s through the 1980s, using complex algorithms to

account for variations in gravitational, tidal, and other forces that distort
Earth’s shape, she programmed an IBM 7030 “Stretch” supercomputer to
deliver increasingly refined calculations for an extremely accurate geodetic
Earth model, a geoid, optimized for what ultimately became the Global
Positioning System (GPS) orbit.”

Valerie Thomas, computer scientist at NASA. Invented a way to transmit 3D

images, or holograms. Managed the development of early Landsat satellite
image processing software systems - – at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
She was the expert on Computer Compatible Tapes, or CCTs, that were used by
NASA to store early Landsat imagery.

Landsat pioneered the use of satellite imagery to monitor Earth’s natural

resources, and is used to track things like glacier recession, deforestation
rates, global crop monitoring etc.
Question 3

Apple Newton was a Personal Digital Assistant. Apple Newton (1993-1998) –

had messaging, email, address book, calendar, drawing apps. Recognised
handwriting, but early models had issues.. There were earlier PDA’s but not
with GUI’s, not as sophisticated.

Dr. Donna Auguste lead the software development team for the Apple Newton
PDA.
- She held four patents on the Newton PDA. She served as an intern at
Xerox PARC.
- She co-founded Freshwater Software, Inc. and later sold it for US$147
million
- She established a foundation, Leave a Little Room, that provides
housing, electricity and vaccinations to poor and underprivileged
communities around the world.

The Newton was developed after Steve Jobs left. Jobs cancelled the Newton
project after he returned, but aspects of it were incorporated into the iPhone
and iPad. Some of the Newton designers were called back to work on the iPod,
iPhone etc. Apple formed a new company in partnership with ARM of Britain
to make the CPU for the Newton. ARM now makes over 90% of
microprocessors for most smartphones, Apple’s new computers use the new
M1 ARM CPU (faster than Intel…)

Popular PDA’s like the Palm Pilot (and later on, some early smartphones like
Blackberry) adopted aspects of the Newton’s GUI, OS and design

Question 4
After Steve Jobs left Apple, the following series of events took place:
- Apple developed a number of fairly successful projects, including the
color Mac (Mac II, etc)
- The Mac became a standard at US schools/universities, for media
companies, musicians, writers, etc who could not understand DOS or
even Windows
- The Mac had features we take for granted such as automatic/easy
installation of peripherals
- Windows later copied this with plug-and-play, which was less reliable
and was parodied as ‘plug-and-pray’
- With DOS and early Windows, you had to go through an often long
technical procedure to install peripherals
- But Mac prices were high, so PC’s dominated sales

Steve Jobs started a company called NeXT. NeXT computer (1988) had
excellent graphics, ethernet, was high-speed, first rewritable CD, CD-quality
sound, great looking design… It scared the computer industry, and everyone
started adding these features in PC’s. NeXT OS was based on UNIX, had
excellent software development tools and security. NeXT created Objective-C
language based on Smalltalk and C. The original/old Mac OS had no security
features but the NeXT computer was expensive, so sales were low

- Aimed at Univ’s and Research Centres: cost $6500 to $10000

- NeXT ran into financial difficulties by 1993

Question 5

Apple ran into problems, called Steve Jobs back and bought NeXT for $400m in
1997. Steve Jobs became iCEO, and called in designers to design the first iMac.
This started the i products, iPod, iPhone, iPad. NeXT design principles were
used for the new iMacs. NeXT OS became the foundation of Mac OS X and later
iOS for iPhones/iPads. NeXT language Objective-C is used up to now to
develop for iMacs, and also for the iPhones/iPads.
The iPhone made smartphones easier to use and defined the modern
smartphone The first iPhone (2007) introduced larger color screens, GPS,
motion detection, Apple’s app store (launched 2008) created a global
marketplace for low-cost phone software
App development became a billion dollar industry which allowed small
developers to participate

Within a few years after the iPhone launch, companies like Blackberry, Nokia
and Palm basically went out of business. Their products were good, but could
not compete with the new touch screen smartphone. The market had moved
on, and most people no longer wanted the older phone technology

Android was an independent company started in 2003 whose idea was to

make an OS for cameras, then an OS to compete with Windows mobile and
others. Google bought Android in 2005 and modified it to compete with
Blackberry. When the iPhone was launched in 2007, Google changed Android
by 2008 to look like the iPhone’s iOS operating system

Android is available to many phone manufacturers, who can also customize it.
They also added an app (play) store, which created another global market.
Android allowed Samsung, Huawei, LG and others to focus on challenging
Apple on the hardware features (e.g. camera capabilities). These phones
provided competition for Apple, often at a lower cost for global users. Android
is now available on TV’s, in cars, etc
Tutorial 9

1.
a. What does the central computer (ECU) in the modern car do in terms of
coordinating the working of the modern car engine?
The engine ECU controls the opening and closing of the
input/output valve, by taking input from the accelerator of
the pedal of the vehicle.
b. How does it reduce pollution and save fuel consumption?
EUC is front runner in the vehicle with zero carbon and PM emission. All the points
mentioned below are one or the other related to pollution:

1. Non polluting: Absolutely non polluting not even PM2.5 most heaviest EUC
that can take your 250KM (Gotway Monster) @60KM per hour is under
25KGs.
2. Very efficient: Efficient EV means no need for frequently charge, EUC is 3
times more efficient than an electric 2 wheeler and 16–20 times more
efficient than an electric car for singular transportation.
3. Zero fuel expense: My average expense per month for total singleton
commute was RS10000 now It is only RS40. I still use Car if I have to go out
with my family but not when I am travelling alone. I have added this point
just to tell you that India spends RS 8 lac crore to import crude from OPEC
countries.
4. Small in size: Congestion seems like a easy word is a bigger culprit than
pollution itself, modern car are 10 times more efficient than they used to be
10 years back but due to more number of bigger car we have congestion
(jam in easy words) that slows down the traffic speed thus the car that
should stay for 10 minutes on road stays for 60 minutes and hence causes
6 times more pollution.

Other benefits:

1. Lightweight: can be carried inside an office, mall etc to get charged using
normal power sockets rather than depending on the government to provide
a charge station hence a lot of pollution is saved that is otherwise needed
to construct charging infrastructure.
2. Maneuverable: EUC are very nimble and can zip past small space and rough
terrains. No special roads are needed.
 3. Speed and Power: Those who think EVs are sluggish should try models like
Gotway Tesla, Kingsong 18S and Gotway mSuperX.
4. Practicality: It looks so fragile that lot of times people ask me what am I
doing with the stepney, only vehicle apart from cycle that I know which can
carry 5–7 times its own weight.

c. What are emission laws, and why were they created?

Emission standards set quantitative limits on the permissible amount of specific air
pollutants that may be released from specific sources over specific timeframes. They
are generally designed to achieve air quality standards and to protect human life.
(Wikipedia)

d. How does the ECU help cars comply with these emission laws?
to limit the discharge of noxious gases from the internal-combustion engine
and other components.
e. How does one perform basic diagnosis to determine if the ECU is working,
according to the mechanic in the video in the notes? (not on final)

2. (not on final)
a. What were some of the issues identified in the crash tests of certain car
models sold only in some developing countries?

b. What is the difference between a frontal, a side, and an offset crash test?

c. What information does a crash test dummy provide about a crash test?
 d. What types of safety features improve the safety of a car, according to the
report we watched?

e. Use the crash safety sites from the US, UK, etc to look up a car model that is
sold in the Caribbean. What did you find?

f. What types of car safety and reliability data does the Consumer Reports
organisation collect?

g. How can governments and consumers in developing countries inform and

protect themselves about safety in any car model?

3. How do anti-lock brakes (ABS) work and how does it use computing? What are the
safety benefits?
Anti-lock brakes work by monitoring the speed of each wheel and adjusting the brake
pressure applied to each wheel individually.

4. How does Electronic Stability Program (ESP) or Traction Control work and how does
it use computing? What are the safety benefits?
The Electronic Stability Control is a safety feature that provides control to the driver
while cornering. To provide this stability, the ESC monitors the yaw rate and steering
wheel sensors to detect a lack of steering control. Once detected, the ESC activates
the ABS and ECM to reduce the vehicle's speed.

5.
a. In the Wired report, what are some of the things that the car hackers were
able to do (and not able to do) to the cars?
 b. What system of the car were they able to take advantage of?

c. How was the problem fixed and what was the role of the ethical hackers?

6.
a. Describe the problems that drivers encountered in the Toyota unintended
acceleration cases that led to the recalls in 2009-2011.
The Toyota unintended acceleration cases that led to recalls in 2009-2011 were caused
by a combination of mechanical and software issues. Drivers reported that their Toyota
vehicles suddenly accelerated out of control, making it difficult or impossible to stop or
slow down. These acceleration incidents resulted in numerous accidents and fatalities.

One mechanical issue was related to the accelerator pedal design in some Toyota
models. The pedals were found to be susceptible to becoming stuck in the open position
due to wear and friction, causing the vehicle to accelerate uncontrollably. In some cases,
floor mats were also found to interfere with the accelerator pedal and cause it to stick.

Another issue was related to the electronic throttle control system, which uses software
to manage the throttle input. In some cases, the software was found to have design
flaws that could cause the system to misinterpret signals from the accelerator pedal or
other sensors, leading to unintended acceleration.

Additionally, some drivers reported that the brakes on their Toyota vehicles were not
effective in stopping the vehicle during unintended acceleration events. This issue was
attributed to a combination of factors, including the design of the brake system and the
amount of force required to override the accelerator.

To address these issues, Toyota recalled millions of vehicles and made modifications to
the accelerator pedals and floor mats to reduce the risk of unintended acceleration. The
company also updated the electronic throttle control system software to address the
design flaws and improve the system's responsiveness.
 b. What Toyota models and years were affected by the recall by the time the
sales/production were halted? Were the Toyota models sold in the Caribbean
affected?
The recall related to unintended acceleration affected several Toyota models in various
years. The specific models and years varied depending on the region, but some of the
most commonly affected models include:

Toyota Camry (2007-2010)

Toyota Corolla (2009-2010)
Toyota Matrix (2009-2010)
Toyota Avalon (2005-2010)
Toyota Highlander (2010)
Toyota RAV4 (2009-2010)
Toyota Tundra (2007-2010)
In addition to these models, some Lexus vehicles were also affected by the recall.
 c.
Toyota said it was the accelerator pedal sticking to floor mats. How did they
propose to fix it, and did that fix the problem?

Initially, Toyota claimed that the unintended acceleration issue was caused by
accelerator pedals becoming stuck in the open position due to interference with floor
mats. To address this issue, Toyota announced two separate recalls in 2009 and 2010,
which involved modifying or replacing the accelerator pedal and installing new floor
mats to prevent them from interfering with the pedal.

The fix for the pedal issue involved modifying the accelerator pedal assembly to
eliminate the possibility of the pedal becoming stuck in the open position. The fix for the
floor mat issue involved installing new mats that were specifically designed for the
affected vehicles and were less likely to interfere with the pedal.

However, as investigations continued, it became clear that the unintended acceleration

issue was more complex and involved other factors, including problems with the
electronic throttle control system. As a result, Toyota ultimately recalled millions of
vehicles and made additional modifications to address these issues, including updates to
the electronic throttle control system software.

While the pedal and floor mat fixes may have helped to reduce the risk of unintended
acceleration in some cases, they were not sufficient to address the root cause of the
issue. The additional modifications and recalls implemented by Toyota were aimed at
fully resolving the issue, and there have been no major reports of unintended
acceleration in Toyota vehicles since the recalls were implemented.
7. In the Bookout-Schwartz case brought against Toyota by the State of Oklahoma in
2013, what were the main findings of the expert witness, Dr Koopman of
Carnegie-Mellon, regarding the design of software and hardware used in the Toyota
cars that had unintended acceleration problems? In particular,

a. Approximately how many crashes and how many deaths occurred that were
attributed to unintended acceleration (UA)?

b. What is a Fail-safe in software and what should it do if it is properly

implemented (in general)?

c. What did the drivers have to do in terms of using the brakes to trigger the
fail-safe reset in case of unintended acceleration for these Toyota cars? Were
drivers informed about this?

d. What is a brake override and how would it help in case of unintended

acceleration? What Toyota models and years got a software update to
implement brake override?
e. What was the issue with the design of the wired connection of the
accelerator and throttle to the main CPU and backup CPU in the affected
Toyotas, and why was this a concern with respect to cosmic rays?

f. What types of coding problems were identified by the independent software

experts when they examined the relevant Toyota vehicle software source
code?

g. Is compliance with the MISRA C standard for vehicle software required by the
US government?

h. Did Toyota follow the MISRA C standard? How many violations of the MISRA
C standard did NASA find in their code?

i. What was the conclusion of the independent software experts about the
cause of the deadly crash that was the subject of the Bookout-Schwartz case?

j. What was the defense presented by Toyota lawyers in the Bookout-Schwartz

case? What was the finding of the court and jury? How was this Oklahoma
case settled?

k. In the Toyota unintended acceleration cases of 2009-2011, what were the

legal settlements with (a) consumers - affected car owners and (b) the US
Federal Government?
l. Did Toyota admit that the software was the cause?

m. Why did Toyota choose to do a legal settlement rather than an admission of

guilt?
Tutorial 10
1.
a. When was aviation introduced to Ethiopia and what was the role of the
Emperor Haile Selassie and of Colonel John Robinson
- Emperor Haile Selassie returned to Ethiopia in May 1941. He asked
John C. Robinson to join him in rebuilding the Ethiopian Air Force.
In 1944, Robinson and five Black pilots and mechanics made their
way across war-torn seas to Addis Ababa where they established
an aviation training school.

b. When was Ethiopian Airlines founded and when did they introduce their own
pilot training and maintenance? When did they phase out the partnership
with TWA and what was the reason?
c. What was the role of Ethiopian Airlines in pioneering aviation in Africa and in
supporting the emerging independent countries of the Organisation of
African Unity (OAU)?
d. What were the goals of Ethiopian Airlines vision 2025, and when did they
achieve them, according to CEO Tewolde Gabremariam?
e. What is the size and type of the Ethiopian Airlines fleet, the facilities of their
training academy, their maintenance MRO, and their cargo centres?
Answer
Ethiopian Airlines (“Ethiopian”) is the national airline of Ethiopia with its main hub at Bole
International Airport. During the past sixty plus years, the airline has become one of the
continent’s leading carriers, unrivalled in Africa for efficiency and operational success, turning
profits for almost all the years of its existence. It has also become one of Ethiopia’s major
industries. Ethiopian Airlines serves 53 international destinations with 157 weekly international
departures from Addis Ababa and a total of 410 weekly international departures worldwide.

Ethiopian Airlines was founded on December 30, 1945, by Emperor Haile Selassie with
assistance from TWA. It commenced operations on April 8, 1946, with a weekly service between
Addis Ababa and Cairo with five Douglas DC-3 propeller-driven aircraft. The airline started
long-haul services to Frankfurt in 1958 and inaugurated its first jet service in January 1963 from
Addis Ababa to Nairobi. In the early 1960s it provided some initial aviation support to the
Ethiopia-United States Mapping Mission in its operation to provide topographic maps of
Ethiopia.

Although it relied on American pilots and technicians at the beginning, by its 25th anniversary in
1971 Ethiopian Airlines was managed and staffed by Ethiopian personnel. In 1998, it started
transatlantic services. In 2007, Ethiopia Airlines provided basic pilot and aviation maintenance
training to trainees from African countries including Rwanda, Tanzania, Chad, Djibouti,
Madagascar and Sudan. Other training was given to employees of Kenya Airways, Air
Zimbabwe, Bellview Airlines, Cape Verde Airlines and Air Madagascar.

Ethiopian Airlines has code share agreements with: South African Airways, Lufthansa,
TAAG-Angola Airlines, Gulf Air, Air One, Brussels Airlines, British Midland (BMI), Rwanda Air,
and Saudi Arabian Airways.

Ethiopian has an advanced maintenance base, which is fully operational for Airframe
maintenance up to D-Checks, Engine, Overhaul, Components repair & overhaul, Light Aircraft
maintenance and technical, and management assistance for other airlines. The maintenance
base is certified by the US- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

Ethiopian is self-sufficient in all aviation training systems. The Ethiopian Aviation Academy
offers training for Pilots, Aircraft Technicians, Cabin Crew (Service Trainee), Marketing & Sales
as well as Management and Finance staff.

Ethiopian Airlines was presented with the prestigious 2008 "Best Airline in Africa Award" at the
African Travel Award gala, organised by the Akwaaba Travel Market in Lagos, Nigeria on
October 25, 2008. The award was conferred to Ethiopian for its “excellent network and
convenient connections in Africa.” Akwaaba Travel Market is the only international travel
exhibition in West Africa recognized by the United Nations World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO). It is organized annually by African Travel Quarter (ATQ) magazine, the first
international travel magazine in West Africa. Akwaaba Travel Market is the African equivalent
of the World famous World Travel Market in London and the International Travel Market in
Berlin.

In addition to the latest award, Ethiopian won the 2008 corporate achievement award in
Johannesburg in August 2008 given by the Aviation and Allied Business Publication for
recognition of excellence in the airline industry and Brussels Airport Award for long haul
services on October 23, 2008. Ethiopian was the first African carrier to win the 2008 Brussels
Airport Company Award.
It operates scheduled international passenger and freight services to over 50
destinations worldwide, as well as domestic services to 32 destinations and
passenger and cargo charter flights. Ethiopian Airlines operates the Youngest
Fleet in Africa. The following are the major categories of owned and leased
aircrafts (36 aircraft): 10 Boeing 767-300; 8 Boeing 757-200; 2 Boeing 757-260
F; 2 Boeing 747F; 2 MD-11F; 5 Boeing 737-700NG; 2 B737-800W; and 5 Fokker
50.

Analysts agree that it is unusual to find a business in Africa that is 100% owned by its
government actually thriving. Even though the Ethiopian government holds complete ownership
of the business, the airline continues to excel, turning profits for almost all the years of its
existence. Its success as a government run operation is largely based on the fact that the
government does not interfere and the airline’s management is allowed to operate independently.
Ethiopian Airlines also invests in promoting Ethiopian culture and tourism, more than the
government does, covering 25 percent of the budget for trade fairs and tour operations.

Ethiopian Airlines' own stated strategic plans for 2010 include reaching a revenue target of
US$1billion, increasing its fleet to 30 jet aircraft, increasing its international destinations to 60,
further expansion of its training and cargo services, the construction of a new catering building
and a four-star hotel, expanding the Ethiopian Aviation Academy and installing a B787
simulator.

“Ethiopian renewed and revitalized its strategies during 2008 to improve the route network in
order to meet the needs of its customers. Kuwait and Zanzibar were among those routes included
to strengthen and reinvigorate the route network. The company also concluded new codeshare
agreements with Lufthansa, Brussels Airlines, Gulf Air and Air One respectively. The agreement
with Lufthansa permitted the establishment of codeshare partnership between Addis Ababa and
Frankfurt and allowed both Ethiopian and Lufthansa to expand and streamline their services. In
a similar venture, the partnership between Ethiopian and Brussels Airlines, Gulf Air and Air One
opened greater access to each other’s markets to provide relative ease and flexibility in customer
service. These codeshare arrangements have created better and wider range of choices for the
customers of the carriers involved. In addition to improving passenger convenience, such
business relationships facilitate the operational and handling services offered by the partners.

Maintaining its African leadership position in the aviation technology, Ethiopian purchased and
installed a new B737-700/800NG simulator at its headquarter so as to train not only its own
pilots but also pilots from various customers. For its fleet expansion programme, Ethiopian
signed a contract with the Boeing Capital Corporation for the purchase of one MD-11 freighter
aircraft. It also leased two GE powered Boeing 747-200 freighters with a capacity of 100 tonnes
each to satisfy the growing demands of the flower exporting business in Ethiopia. On the other
hand, the year saw the leasing of two additional B767-300ER passenger aircraft to
accommodate the ever growing increase of passenger traffic.

Pursing its decisive strategy of growth, ET has been busy developing and executing a network of
destinations and frequencies having the following salient features in the year 2007/08: Non-stop
services to major markets such as BOMBAY, DUBAI, ROME, FRANKFURT, JEDDAH,
JOHANNESBURG, Luanda, LAGOS; a significant frequency increase to major markets; and
operating to new destinations with market potential-BAHRAIN, ZANZIBAR and SANAA.

In line with the vision 2010 strategy on Maintenance Repair & Overhaul (MRO) business,
intensive marketing activities took place during the year; and, various new and existing
customers awarded to ET/MRO centre, engine, airframe and component maintenance contracts.
In addition, Simulator and basic training (both in-house and at the customer’s location), and
secondment of skilled personnel were also provided to customers.

The level of development that Ethiopian has managed to achieve and its growth strategy
challenged Ethiopian’s ICT to be strategic and transform itself to a World Class Airline ICT
capability. Ethiopian recognises the vital role of ICT in meeting its vision and growth strategy
and has embarked on a major investment to transform its ICT to enable and drive the business.
ICT capability is one of the differentiating factors of airlines. The best led airlines use advanced
information and communications technology together with the best practices and standards that
add value to the operation. So, the ICT Business Transformation Programme is a very crucial
component in enabling Ethiopian Airlines to make a quantum leap in its business. The ICT
Business Transformation Programme is expected to take two years to implement with an
investment of US$ 30 million. Due to the significance of the project and the investment involved,
Ethiopian decided to engage Systems Integration & Implementation partner (SIIP). Satyam
Computer Services and Ernst & Young, working in the capacity of a System Implementation and
Integration Partners (SIIP) have been selected as of 11 April, 2008. In this programme,
Ethiopian will adopt a new generation of ICT solutions and upgrade its overall operations to
achieve a new level of business efficiency and scalability.

As part of the ongoing implementation of vision 2010, Human Resource Management Division
had undertaken the following major activities during the budget year: a total of 395 employees
system wide were hired for training by the various schools; a total of 148 employees were trained
under the leadership development programme. 1034 employees attended the career development
course; through the Company Educational Assistance Programme, 895 employees were
sponsored to pursue their education in the evenings and through correspondence programmes in
various fields; and short term scholarships were given to 21 employees and they took their
training abroad.”
2.
a. What was the business reason for Boeing to develop the 737 MAX and what
were the cost-saving goals of the design?
- Cost Saving Objective
- Easier to Operate, Advanced Winglet Saves Fuel, Low Maintenance Costs,
Spends Less Time in the Hangar, New Engine, Flies Quietly, Cultivates
Sustainability

b. What were the reasons for creating the MCAS software for the 737 MAX, and
what was it designed to do?

MCAS, or Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System, provides consistent airplane

handling characteristics in a very specific set of unusual flight conditions. MCAS now contains

multiple enhanced protections:

● Measurements from two Angle of Attack (AOA) sensors will be compared.

● Each sensor will submit its own data to the airplane’s flight control computer.

● MCAS will only be activated if both sensors agree.

● MCAS will only be activated once.

● MCAS will never override the pilot’s ability to control the airplane using the

control column alone.

c. How was training for the Boeing 737 MAX done initially for pilots who were
already trained on the previous 737 models? Why was the minimal training
time important to Boeing and the airlines?
- From its inception, Boeing’s 737 Max was designed to save airlines the
expense of training their pilots on flight simulators.
- Online COurses or an IPad was used for training
 d. What was the explanation given by Boeing after the first (Lion Air Indonesia)
crash?
- Boeing's bulletin said, “The Indonesian National Transportation Safety
Committee has indicated that Lion Air Flight 610 experienced erroneous
input from one of its AOA (Angle of Attack) sensors.” A misreading in the
sensor can cause a plane to dive suddenly.

e. Why didn't Boeing make the pilots (and airlines) aware of the new MCAS
system before the Lion Air crash?
- Boeing failed to classify MCAS as a safety-critical system, which would
have offered greater scrutiny during its certification. The operation of
MCAS also violated Boeing's own internal design guidelines established
during development.”
- Until Boeing supplemented the manuals and training, pilots were unaware
of the existence of MCAS due to its omission from the crew manual and no
coverage in training.

3.
a. What do the angle of attack sensors(AoA) measure?
- An angle of attack indicator offers a visual indication of the amount of lift the
wing is generating at a given airspeed or angle of bank. The AOA delivers critical
information visually or through an aural tone to indicate the actual safety margin
above an aerodynamic stall.

b. What was the problem with the plane angle of attack sensors in the
Indonesian Lion Air Crash in 2018 and the Ethiopian Airlines crash in 2019,
and how did this affect the MCAS software?
- So on that flight the day before the crash flight, the AOA readings from the
two sensors were off by 21 degrees even as the jet taxied on the ground
and throughout the flight. The pilots would not have been aware of this
fault because the AOA Disagree light wasn't working.
- In the Ethiopian Airlines flight, authorities found the plane's left and right
AOA sensors differed by 59 degrees. The MCAS system took that
erroneous information and activated – repeatedly pushing the plane's nose
down during the six minutes it was in the air after takeoff.
 c. After the first crash (Lion Air), Boeing told airlines/pilots about MCAS and told
them to look at a paper manual if they suspected MCAS was erroneously
activated. How much time did the pilots have to look at the Boeing manual to
diagnose that MCAS was erroneously activating itself, and then to deactivate
the MCAS?
- MCAS will turn the trim wheel. Using electric pitch trim will only pause
MCAS for 5s; to deactivate it you need to switch off the STAB TRIM
CUTOUT switches.

d. After deactivating MCAS, how long did it take for MCAS to reactivate itself if
the sensors were malfunctioning, and how did this repeated MCAS
reactivation contribute to the two fatal 737 MAX crashes?
- Travis said that perhaps the biggest failing of MCAS was that it
relied on only one angle-of-attack sensor located on either side of
the plane, not both. “Those sensors fail all the time when they get
hit by a bird or freeze, and engineers decided to use only one of
them, which is mind-boggling,” he said.

4.
a. What was said by the Boeing CEO regarding the second (Ethiopian Airlines)
crash before the black box data was analysed versus after the black box data
from the plane was analysed?
b. What were some of the points made by the relatives/families of the crash
victims, and by the congressmen in the US congressional inquiry?
c. What was the software patch for the 737 MAX supposed to fix, according to
Boeing?
Answer

* Both crashes involved Boeing 737 MAX 8s

* In both cases pilots reported flight control problems

* Ethiopian plane plunged into field shortly after take off

* Aviation authorities worldwide grounded the model

* For a FACTBOX on the crash click on (Adds background, Boeing CEO)

ADDIS ABABA/PARIS, March 17 (Reuters) - Ethiopia said on Sunday the crash of an Ethiopian
Airlines plane that killed 157 people had “clear similarities” with October’s Lion Air crash,
according to initial analysis of the black boxes recovered from the wreckage of the March 10
disaster.

Both planes were Boeing 737 MAX 8s, and both crashed minutes after take-off after pilots
reported flight control problems. Concern over the plane’s safety caused aviation authorities
worldwide to ground the model, wiping billions of dollars off Boeing’s market value.

mkInvestigators are trying to determine why the aircraft plunged into a field shortly after take off
from Addis Ababa, searching for possible similarities to an October Lion Air crash that killed
189 people.

“It was the same case with the Indonesian (Lion Air) one. There were clear similarities between
the two crashes so far,” Ethiopian transport ministry spokesman Muse Yiheyis said.

“The data was successfully recovered. Both the American team and our (Ethiopian) team
validated it. The minister thanked the French government. We will let you know more after three
or four days,” he told Reuters.

In Washington, however, U.S. officials told Reuters that the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration
and U.S. National Transportation Safety Board have not validated the data yet.

When investigators, after reviewing black box data, return to Addis Ababa and start conducting
interpretive work, the NTSB and FAA will assist in verification and validation of the data, an
official said.

A second source said little information had been circulated between parties about the contents of
data and voice recordings.

It was not clear how many of the roughly 1,800 parameters of flight data and two hours of
cockpit recordings, spanning the doomed 6-minute fight and earlier trips, had been taken into
account as part of the preliminary Ethiopian analysis.
It is not unknown for the broad reasons for a crash to be understood in the hours after data has
been recovered, but experts say fuller analysis is usually needed too.

The crash has generated one of the most widely watched and high-stakes probes for years, with
the latest version of Boeing’s profitable 737 workhorse depending on the outcome.

Previous accident reports show that in such high-profile cases there can be disagreements
among parties about the cause.

In Paris, France’s BEA air accident investigation agency said data from the jet’s cockpit voice
recorder had been successfully downloaded. The French agency said in a tweet it had not
listened to the audio files and that the data had been transferred to Ethiopian investigators.

In Addis Ababa, a source who has listened to the air traffic control recording of the plane’s
communications said flight 302 had an unusually high speed after take-off before the plane
reported problems and asked permission to climb quickly.

SAFETY ANALYSIS

Under international rules, a preliminary report on the crash must be released within 30 days.

The Seattle Times reported that Boeing’s safety analysis of a new flight control system on 737
MAX jets had several crucial flaws.

The analysis of the system called MCAS (Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System)
understated the power of this system, the Seattle Times said, citing current and former engineers
at the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

The FAA also did not delve into any detailed inquiries and followed a standard certification
process on the MAX, the Seattle Times reported citing an FAA spokesman.

The FAA declined to comment on the report but referred to previous statements about the
certification process. It has said the 737-MAX certification process followed the FAA’s standard
certification process.

The report also said both Boeing and the FAA were informed of the specifics of this story and
were asked for responses 11 days ago, before the crash of an Ethiopian Airlines 737 MAX last
Sunday that killed all 157 people on board. The same model flown by Lion Air crashed off the
coast of Indonesia in October, killing all 189 on board.

Last Monday Boeing said it would deploy a software upgrade to the 737 MAX 8, a few hours
after the FAA said it would mandate “design changes” in the aircraft by April.

Boeing Chief Executive Dennis Muilenburg, in a statement on Sunday after the Ethiopian
transport ministry’s comments, said Boeing was finalising the sofware change and a training
revision and would evaluate new information as it became available.

A Boeing spokesman said 737 MAX was certified in accordance with the identical FAA
requirements and processes that have governed certification of all previous new airplanes and
derivatives. The spokesman said the FAA concluded that MCAS on 737 MAX met all certification
and regulatory requirements.

In Addis Ababa, aviation staff gathered at Bole International Airport to remember the two pilots
and six crew, who perished along with the 149 passengers.

Weeping women held single stems in their shaking hands. Banks of the white flowers, the
traditional colour of mourning, were placed in front of a row of empty coffins at the ceremony.

5.
a. What are some of the questions that have been raised about the decision in
Nov 2020 by the FAA that allowed the Boeing 737 Max 8 (now called the
737-8) to fly again?
b. What are some of the problems that have occurred since the FAA allowed the
Boeing 737 Max 8 to fly again?

Answer (a, b)
Software Problems, inefficiency etc Were the Questions
Boeing said it has discovered a manufacturing issue with some 737 Max aircraft,
although it insisted the problem is not “an immediate safety of flight issue.” A supplier
used a “non-standard manufacturing process” during the installation of two fittings in
the rear fuselage, Boeing said in a statement to CNN’

The Senate report said the 737 Max crashes and U.S. grounding lifted in late 2020 “cost
Boeing more than $20 billion and inflicted significant reputational harm to the U.S.
aviation safety oversight system.” Dickson said in November “Boeing is not the same as
it was two years ago, but they have more to work to do.”

c. How many Boeing 737 Max 8 planes have been purchased by Caribbean
Airlines? 12 Maxes

6.
a. What technical issues caused the deadly crash of the Tesla with the
semi-truck/trailer in Florida in 2016?
- Autopilot is not as accurate

b. Tesla says that drivers must keep their hands on the steering wheel and be
ready to take over from autopilot at any time. Why is that a challenge for
humans?
- While using Autopilot, it is your responsibility to stay alert, keep your
hands on the steering wheel at all times and maintain control of your car.
Many of our Autopilot features, like Autosteer, Navigate on Autopilot and
Summon, are disabled by default.
- The autopilot often makes us lazy

c. What questions did Gayle King ask Elon Musk in 2018 after another deadly
Tesla crash in 2018 in Silicon Valley, and how did he respond? What do you
think about his explanations? What were the circumstances of the crash, and
what was controversial about Tesla’s investigation?
- They asked about the safety concerns and he responded with the
features
- They asked about the autopilot system and he responded with the error
margin
- Things about the crash were asked and he responded with that the
system is not as accurate and vigilance is key
- He released the information before the federal investigation
 d. What sorts of errors were experienced by drivers with the upgraded Tesla
self-driving system during 2021 and 2022, and what led to the recall of over
50,000 Teslas in 2022?
- A Tesla driver was charged with vehicular manslaughter after he said his
car was on Autopilot when it crashed into another vehicle and killed two
people. NBC News' Jake Ward has the details on Tesla's response and
what this could mean for future collisions And other problems, 2022:
- Tesla recalls 40,000 cars over power-steering fault

Tutorial 11
1. What points were justified by data and/or evidence, and what points needed
evidence/data in the arguments put forward by the Google engineer Sebastian Thrun
in the TED talk video on autonomous/self-driving cars?

2.
a. What technical issues caused the death of the pedestrian hit by the
self-driving Uber in Arizona, which used LIDAR as well as cameras?
Ans: Saw the woman as a false positive (ie didn’t see her as a person, but rather as a
plastic bag)

b. Tesla only uses cameras (Tesla Model 3 has eight cameras—three in front,
two on each side, and one at the rear) for its autopilot system while most
other autonomous systems combine cameras with other sensor systems such
as LIDAR.
What are the potential limitations of this approach - conditions that
would present a challenge?

3.
a. What are life-critical software applications? Are they currently subject to
inspection/testing by independent agencies (as is required by many fields of
engineering and construction), and why or why not?
Ans: Software applications where people’s lives depend on them. Egs of life critical
devices are cars, planes, medical devices
b. What are some of the regulations for self-driving cars that the Obama
administration recommended? Have they been implemented?

c. What are some of the recommendations by Dr Koopman of Carnegie-Mellon

for the design of software and hardware for autonomous/self-driving cars,
and the education of computer scientists in that field?

4.
a. Currently, life and death decisions taken by software for autonomous cars
(such as who/what to hit in case it can’t stop in time) are left up to
companies to decide internally without regulation by the government, and
disclosure to the public. What do you think should be done in the future?
 b. Who do you think should be responsible in the case of an accident involving
autonomous cars and why?

c. What are the main potential risks and benefits of self-driving (autonomous)
cars?
Benefits
They can eliminate drunk, drugged, drowsy driving.

d. What are some of the safety issues for vehicles that could benefit from
assistance or support from computer-based systems, just as how ABS and
ESP/Traction control have proven useful and reliable while working with
human drivers rather than replacing them?

5.
a. How was the problem with the VW diesel cars discovered initially?
Ans: 482,000 VW Diesel cars on American roads were emitting up to 40 times
more toxic fumes than permitted.
11 Million VW defective vehicles could be responsible for 237, 161 and
948,691 tonnes of NOx emissions each year. Long term exposure to the
pollution hastens deathLL research this year linked high levels of NOx to 9500
premature deaths annually in London alone.
 b. How was the software in the VW diesel cars modified to cheat the emission
testing machines?
Ignition on, car not started, turn on hazard lights, press accelerator pedal
5 times. A ding will sound. When the car is started, the cra senses the real
wheels turning. This mode is then automatically disabled. So, the rear
wheel sensors were disconnected so that the car couldnt tell that the
wheels were moving
c. Why did VW do this?
It could possibly be because installing expensive emission control systems
was expensiveR
d. How did the regulators prove that there was a defeat device in the software
of the VW diesel cars designed to cheat the emission testing machines?

e. What legal settlements has VW reached in this case, and how much did they
have to pay overall? How much did they have to pay individual owners of
these VW diesel cars?

f. How many cars did VW have to buy back in the US and what happened to the
cars?
Ans: VW has spent more than $7.4billion to buy back around 350,000
diesel vehicles after the emissions scandal. The cars are being stored at
sites across the US
g. How was the VW legal case in Europe resolved?

6.
a. Why did London, Paris, Madrid, Mexico City and others decide to ban all
diesel vehicles by 2025 (though it is unclear if they will meet that goal)?
Ans: They were implementing the ban to improve air quality. This is
because the diesel engines contributed to the problem in two key ways:
through the production of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides.
b. When are China, UK, France, Norway, Germany and India planning to ban
outright or stop selling diesel and petrol vehicles?
Ans: They are planning to do so by 2025
Tutorial 12
Ergonomics - How to design things that work well for people and make them
productive/effective.
1)
a. What is ‘smartphone neck’ or ‘tech neck’ and what is the cause?
Ans: Tech neck is classified as a condition that is caused by a strain on the
neck, back and shoulder muscles. For every inch you tilt your head
forward, the pressure on your spine doubles. Even a 15 degree head tilt
adds close to 27 pounds of pressure. Bending your head to look down at
your smartphone or laptop can put up to 60 pounds of pressure on your
spine.

b. What are four things that can be done to prevent it?

Ans:
● Look Forward - Bring your device up to eye level. This will minimize
the bend in your neck and maintain optimal spine posture. If your
device is below eye level, look down with your eyes rather than
your neck, and/or rotate your head down around your ear. Tuck
your chin in to tilt your head.
● Posture Check - Make an effort to maintain the curve in your low
back when sitting and using your device. If you need to use your
devices for a long period of time, try to find a supportive chair and
a surface to rest your arms on. Avoid using your device with your
neck sideways or cradling the phone between your ear and
shoulder.
● Break Time - Take frequent microbreaks to move/stretch your neck
and back. Limit your device use to 20 min sessions. Consider
making a phone call rather than spending a long time texting.
● Stretching
2.
a. What is Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)?
Ans: A gradual buildup of damage to muscles, tendons and nerves from repetitive
motions. For RSI treatment, physiotherapy and/or special use of input devices, chairs,
desks can be implemented. It can also require surgery in extreme cases (can be so bad
that surgery cannot help or only helps partially ie permanent damage).
b. What are some of the activities that can cause RSI?
Ans: Manual and office work, homework, sports (tennis elbow), music, cell phone, game
controllers.

c. What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? How can computer-related activities cause it?
Ans: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a type of RSI - strain around the wrist and going into the
hand. It's caused by the swelling of the median nerve in the hand.
Keyboards should be such that it keeps elbows at about 90 degrees which would then
keep the wrist straight.

d. What steps can be taken to prevent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and

computer-related RSI?
Ans: Investing in devices with good ergonomics, resting and stretching exercises, good
workstation design.

e. What measures can be taken to treat Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? Why is it that
these measures do not always work?
Ans: The measures that can be taken are splints, wrist braces, physiotherapy and
surgery.
f. What are the advantages of prevention over treatment for RSI ?
Ans:

● It can improve productivity (especially if users use software and workstations for many hours per
day, the cost of proper workstations can quickly be recouped)
● It can reduce worker absenteeism
● It can reduce eyestrain, hand and wrist strains, back strains, neck pains etc
● Note: Good software design can also reduce RSI by reducing excessive hand and eye movements.

3.
a. What are the essential features of a good ergonomic chair?
● Adjustable seat height
● Adjustable seat movement
● Adjustable back angle
● Roller caster wheels
● Adjustable arms

b. What is the proper way to adjust the ergonomic settings of a good ergonomic
chair (e.g. refer to example videos in notes)?
● Adjust the chair so that your feet are flat on the floor
● Seat depth ( Keep three fingers worth of space between the back of your
leg and front of seat to avoid contact pressure)
● Adjust arms inward and outward, in and out to get the 90 degree angle
(keeping the wrist straight)
 c. What are some additional optional features of good ergonomic chairs, and
why are these not needed for all users?
● Headrest

4.
a. What are some of the low-cost measures that users such as students can take
to improve their ergonomic use of laptops and prevent RSI?
Ans: Raise laptop to eye level with books and use external keyboard and
mouse/trackball/trackpad(total cost from USD$40 upwards)

b. What are some of the low-cost measures that users such as students can take
to improve the ergonomics of regular desks and chairs?
● Extra back support (like a cushion)
● Towels

5.
a. What are the general characteristics of good ergonomic keyboards?
● Split Keyboards
● The keys should be easy to press

b. What are the advantages of split keyboards in relation to proper positioning of

the hands while typing and RSI prevention?
Ans: The angle is more natural for wrists and for fingers. They keep the angle of hands
straight, as with mice. But one should evaluate how easy the keys are to press just as for
any other keyboard.

c. Does touch typing make hand or neck strain better or worse - and why or why
not?
Ans: Touch typing reduces neck craning/strain because it reduces the amount of times
that the person looks down on the keyboard.

6.
 a. What are the characteristics of good (and bad) ergonomic mice? What are
some disadvantages of mice compared to trackballs and touchpads?
Good
● Buttons should not be hard to press
● They have sculpting with a thumb rest
● Button placements for your hand so that your fingers do not have to be
moving around too much
Bad

Disadvantage: Dragging is a hard task with mouse and as such, it can strain
the hand if done very frequently (eg in old Mac pull-down menus)

b. What are the characteristics of good (and bad) ergonomic trackballs? What
are some advantages of trackballs compared to mice and to some
touchpads?
Good
They have rotating balls on the side or the top that can be rolled when the
user wants to move the cursor. So, the strain on the wrist is reduced.
Silicon overlay (instead of just plastic, less friction)

Bad
If they're too small
Advantages compared to mice and some touchpads:
Dragging is easier
c. What types of applications are computer pens superior for, compared to
other pointing devices? What are some disadvantages of computer pens?
● Drawing
● Painting
● CAD Software
● Free hand sketching

Disadvantages
● Minor problem with double clicking (it's hard to hit the same spot twice because
you lift the pen, but can adjust settings (or adjust software).
● Captabile with the device it's designed for
● Expensive
 ● They decalibrate

d. What are some advantages of touchpads? What are some disadvantages of

touchpads? What are the characteristics of good (and bad) ergonomic
touchpads?
Characteristics of good touch pads:
● Can use gestures and multitouch
● Does not require the whole hand to move, like the mouse
● You can choose placement to keep the wrist straight on an external
touchpad (but not on a laptop touchpad)
● Should be easier to click and drag when compared to the mouse
● Quite accurate and fast when designed properly
● When designed properly, they generally cause less hand strain than mice.

e. How can one configure a touchpad to reduce the force needed to click on
things?
Ans: This can be done by changing the settings so that just a tap is needed, rather than
a firm press.

7.
a. What are some of the effects of extended use of smartphones, tablets and
computers on the eyes, especially for children?
Ans
● Blue Light Syndrome
● Disrupted Sleep Pattern
● Dry Eyes
● Asthenopia
● Blurred Vision
● Itchy Eyes
● Headaches
 b. What are some of the preventative measures for children recommended by
the doctors and researchers that can be taken, in terms of distance from the
eyes to the screen, time spent outdoors, time spent using the devices,
breaks, etc?
Ans:
● Computer screens should be at least an arm’s length from you.
● Do not allow your screen to be 15-20 degrees below the eyes (adjust so that
you’re looking up instead of down)
● Adjust the surrounding lights (have dimmer lights to prevent the glare)
● Increase font of text
● Have a glass over the screen that reduces the computer’s glare
● Take breaks (20-20-20 rule - every 20 minutes for 20 seconds, look 20 feet away
to adjust your eyes and blink alot.
● For 2 consecutive hours on a screen, look away for 15 mins and blink alot)
● For persons that do not wear glasses - get specific lenses for the computer that
eliminates the blue light
● For persons that wear glasses - adjust your lenses (glasses & contacts) to
eliminate the blue light
● Kids should spend 10-14 hours per week in outside sunlight to prevent myopia
because outdoor light helps to prevent the eyeball from growing too large.
● Use the dark themed operating system

8.
a. What are some of the concerns raised by psychologists about the use of
devices such as tablets, cell phones and computers by very young children in
terms of their behaviour, learning how to interact socially, learning how to
speak, etc? What are some of their recommendations for device use for
children over 2, and children under 2?
● Kids under age 2 shouldnt have any exposure to phone screen at all
● Kids over age 2 should have only 2 hours of screen time per day
9.
a. What are some of the issues/risks posed by cellphone radiofrequency (RF)
radiation, according to the Canadian CBC investigative news story of 2011
and WHO in 2012?

- cellphone radiation exposure and increased risk of developing one of those

diseases was credible but could not rule out that chance, bias or confounding had
played a role in establishing that relationship.
- Nevertheless, the group found that in the case of glioma, the evidence was
significant enough to warrant classifying radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as
"possibly carcinogenic to humans," a WHO category known as 2B, and to
warrant further study of a possible link between wireless use and cancer risk, the
group said.

b. What is the height and weight of the standard human model used by the
industry to measure RF risks, according to the Canadian CBC investigative
news story?
- 6 Foot 2 Over 200 LBS with a 11 Pound Head (SAM)

c. What are the concerns about RF radiation risks for children as compared to
adults?
- Children absorb more microwave radiation (MWR) than adults
- Children's brains are more susceptible to hazardous exposures, and are
thought to absorb higher doses of radiation from cell phones in some
regions of the brain. Globally the numbers and applications of wireless
devices are increasing rapidly, but since 1997 safety testing has relied on
a large, homogenous, adult male head phantom to simulate exposures; the
“Standard Anthropomorphic Mannequin” (SAM) is used to estimate only
whether tissue temperature will be increased by more than 1 Celsius
degree in the periphery. The present work employs anatomically based
modeling currently used to set standards for surgical and medical devices,
that incorporates heterogeneous characteristics of age and anatomy.
Modeling of a cell phone held to the ear, or of virtual reality devices in
 front of the eyes, reveals that young eyes and brains absorb substantially
higher local radiation doses than adults’. Age-specific simulations
indicate the need to apply refined methods for regulatory compliance
testing; and for public education regarding manufacturers' advice to keep
phones off the body, and prudent use to limit exposures, particularly to
protect the young.

d. What happened to some of the scientists/researchers who found negative

health effects of cellphone radiofrequency (RF)?
- Some scientists were paid off or their funding dried up and companies
hide the negative effects of the Radiation

e. What types of cancers have been (potentially) linked to RF radiation by WHO,

and how common are they, or (for more common cancers) how common are
the cases linked to RF radiation?
- Breast Cancer
- Brain Cancer
- Leukemia
- Thyroid Cancer
- It is common to the cases linked to RF radiation

10.
a. What is the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of a cellphone?
Ans: SAR is a measure of the radiofrequency output of a cell phone.

b. Which poses less risks for humans: lower or higher SAR? What is the legal
SAR limit?
Ans: Lower SAR poses less risks to humans.
Under US and India law, the maximum SAR is 1.6 watts per one kilogram of
bodyweight.
Under EU law, the maximum SAR is 2.0W/kg
Jamaica does not presently have a SAR limit.
The information about the SAR levels for Caribbean countries is not readily
available.
 c. How do you find the SAR of a phone? See if you can find the SAR of your
phone. How does it compare to (other) popular models?
- Through the FCC database, FCC ID number is on the case of the phone or
the battery pack

d. What steps are recommended by WHO and other international agencies to

minimize the risks of using cell phones? What is the recommended distance
from the phone to the head or torso?
- Distance Is Important (Arms Length away from Head or Torso)
- Identify Sources in Your Homes
- Corded Landline
- Reduce Cell Phone Radiation Exposure
- Turn it off When Not In Use
- Prefer Corded Technology Connections
- Safeguard Sleep
- Protect Children and Pregnant Women

e. What are the concerns and recommendations regarding the current FCC
regulations for cell phones raised by the American Association of
Pediatricians?
Concerns:
Current FCC standards do not account for the unique vulnerability and use patterns
specific to pregnant women and children/
The FCC’s method for measuring SAR allowed 20 times more radiation to reach the head
than the body as a whole and did not account for risks to children’s smaller bodies
11.
a. What was the concern of the airlines about the deployment of 5G
transmitters near to several US airports in 2022? Why did the FCC halt the
deployment of these 5G transmitters in Feb 2022 until the issues were
worked out?
- Catastrophic Disruption was the Airline Concern
- The Radio Spectrum from the 5G tower can interfere with the airplane’s
altimeter (which affects the pilot’s accuracy)

b. Why are some scientists and government officials and citizen groups calling
for further research on the health effects of 5G technology before
widespread deployment?
- It could cause major issues if it is not tested properly
- Could cause flight delays, disruptions and maybe even major accidents

c. What are some of the conspiracy theories about 5G, and is there any
evidence to support or refute them? Why do you think some people believe
them?
- People believe it because it is fairly new
- 5G is bad for your health (evidence somewhat for radiation etc) however
tests have shown that it is not a worry

d. How do you think governments, researchers, and the cell phone industry
could better advise the public, and improve public confidence regarding
technologies such as 5G?
- Show more research data and ensure that proper considerations are
taken
12.
a. What are your thoughts on electrosensitivity, given that scientists have not
yet identified why it may happen to a small percentage of the population?
- It may increase

b. Do you know anyone who has experienced electrosensitivity, and if so, what
problems did they report?
- Electrosensitive people say that electromagnetic fields from mobile
phones, wi-fi and other modern technology are making them seriously ill.
- Symptoms: Fatigue, pain, headaches, dizziness, burning, twitching,
nausea, palpitations…Very very small group of people are affected

c. For persons who believe that they may be affected, what are they advised to
avoid, and what are some of the measures that they are advised to take?
- Turning devices off when not in use or turning off some wireless features
may be preventative
- Some people find certain home/work changes helpful

d. A number of cell phone accessories are on the market that claim to help to
protect users from harmful electrosensitivity effects. What does current
research say about many of these claims?
- Many of the devices that CLAIM to shield the radiation from the phone
DON’T work.
- Why? When these devices block the phone’s ability to transmit, the phone
tends to BOOST its transmission power because it thinks that the signal in
the area is low. Many of these blocking devices are unverified
Final Review Sheet
1. AAA carried out a study of drivers doing ICT-related tasks, using a 5 point scale akin
to that used for rating Hurricanes. What instruments and methods did they use in
the study?
Rank the following tasks from most to least distracting while driving (you may use
the ranking on the 5 point scale from the AAA study if you want to, but you don’t
have to), and describe why and/or the types of errors they recorded for the tasks:
Most dangerous to least dangerous:
1. Carrying out mental math problems
2. Text-to-speech assistant
3. Using a cell phone in-hand
4. Using a cell phone hands-free
5. Listening to an audiobook

2.
a. What are the differences between virtual reality (VR) and augmented
reality(AR) and mixed reality (MR)?
Virtual Reality places you in a completely artificially generated
environment.
Augmented Reality overlays digital content unto real environments.
Mixed reality allows for the user to interact with these digitally created
objects and environments created via augmented reality technology

b. Describe some examples of applications of AR by Apple, Audi and others,

your thoughts about them, and the possible advantages and
disadvantages of them?
LiDAR stands for Light Detection and Ranging. The technology shoots a
beam onto a surface and measures the time taken to bounce back. This
allows one to be able to determine the physical features of an
environment.
In phones, LiDAR’s ability to get accurate measurements is used to
enhance AR capabilities. With a greater sense of the environment’s
features, can generate scaled models from just scanning the
 surroundings and people. When combined with Artificial Intelligence
(AI), applications can actually suggest design ideas.
Basic AR from phones without such a LiDAR sensor are unable to get the
data required to create realistic and accurate models.
Applications: Gaming, CAD System, Anatomy

c. What is LIDAR and how is it being used to incorporate AR into recent

Apple phones and tablets, and Samsung phones? Many phones support
basic AR by using the phone camera(s), but what advantages can LIDAR
provide?

d. How much demand is there for AR now, and are there any popular apps
that use it for the general public or for essential apps for use in particular
professions?
Augmented Reality (AR) has been gaining popularity in recent years, and
there is a growing demand for AR technology across various industries.
According to a report by MarketsandMarkets, the global AR market size is
expected to grow from USD 7.6 billion in 2020 to USD 50.7 billion by
2026, at a CAGR of 37.1% during the forecast period.

In terms of popular AR apps for the general public, some of the most
well-known examples include:

Pokemon Go: This mobile game uses AR to allow players to catch virtual
Pokemon creatures in real-world environments.
Snapchat: This popular social media app offers various AR filters and
lenses that users can apply to their photos and videos.
IKEA Place: This app allows users to visualize how furniture items would
look in their homes using AR technology.
There are also many AR applications that are used in various professions,
such as:

Healthcare: AR is being used in medical training and education, as well as

in surgical planning and visualization.
 Manufacturing: AR is used to provide workers with real-time information
and guidance on complex assembly processes.
Retail: AR is used to create immersive shopping experiences and to allow
customers to try on virtual clothing and accessories.
Overall, the demand for AR is growing as the technology becomes more
advanced and accessible, and there are many potential applications for
AR in various industries.

e. How does the Apple approach to introducing and supporting AR

hardware and software development tools compare to that of Samsung?
Apple and Samsung have different approaches to introducing and
supporting AR hardware and software development tools.

Apple has been a leader in AR technology, having introduced ARKit in

2017, which is a software development kit (SDK) that enables developers
to create AR applications for iOS devices. Apple has also released several
AR-enabled devices, including the iPhone and iPad, as well as the
AR-focused headset, the Apple Glass, which is currently in development.

One of Apple's strengths is its tight integration between hardware and

software, which allows for a more seamless AR experience. Apple's ARKit
provides a robust set of tools and features for developers to create AR
applications, and the company provides extensive documentation and
support to help developers get started.

In contrast, Samsung has taken a more fragmented approach to AR

technology. While the company has released AR-enabled devices such as
the Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra and the Galaxy Tab S7, it has not developed
a dedicated AR software development kit like Apple's ARKit.

Instead, Samsung has relied on partnerships with third-party AR

development platforms, such as Unity and Vuforia, to provide AR
development tools for its devices. While this approach provides
developers with more options, it can also lead to a more fragmented AR
ecosystem and potentially less streamlined AR experiences.
 Overall, Apple's approach to introducing and supporting AR hardware and
software development tools is more tightly integrated and focused, while
Samsung has taken a more fragmented approach. However, both
companies have made significant strides in the development and
adoption of AR technology.

f. How is Google Glass used in Boeing Airplane Manufacturing, and what

are some possible advantages and disadvantages?
Currently used today in tandem with Skylight (An AR platform) to help
build aircrafts by Boeing. Skylight allows for users to see assembly
how-to’s, to playback streams, to search for products and to scan
barcodes all on the fly while avoiding eye strain.
g. Why was Google glass for consumers discontinued and why do you think
that they shifted to a model for work/manufacturing applications?
The vision for this device was to act as a smart device that was in the
form of glasses. Banned by many places for its ability to spy.

h. What are some of the gaming, industrial and military applications of

Microsoft Hololens and what are some of the challenges and successes in
these applications?
HoloLens was centred on gaming. Under the Windows division at
Microsoft, productivity applications also came into the vision for the
HoloLens. Eventually switched to marketing to enterprises due to the
pricing of the device.
HoloLens has been used by auto manufacturers (repairs) and military
(assisting in training scenarios, improve aim)
The nature of VR (heavy, eye strain) make it hard to use for long periods
of time in scenarios which would reflect real-life.

i. What are some of the business challenges with Microsoft Hololens?

 Since HoloLens does not appeal to the average consumer, the market
for HoloLens is very small. Finding specific use cases to expand this
market has been a big challenge for Microsoft. Improvements on
HoloLens have been difficult to make and expensive to develop.

3.
a. What is VR sickness and what are the symptoms - and when can they
occur?
Virtual reality sickness refers to the motion sickness-type symptoms felt
during or after using VR.
Usually, VR sickness occurs after about 15 minutes of usage but can
occur hours later.
Symptoms include nausea, dizziness, headaches, fatigue, vomiting
b. What are some of the measures researchers are trying to minimise VR
sickness?
Digital Nose – This introduces a fixed point of reference at the center of
the field of view. This gives the brain something to focus on which can
reduce the brain confusion which causes motion sickness.
GVS Brain Stimulation – This headset provides stimulation across the
head via electric signals to give the mind the impression of going
through the motion in real life, reducing motion sickness.

c. Why do experts recommend against the extended use of headset-based

VR for children 12 and under?
VR can lead to delayed development in spatial learning among children.
Also, eye strain and eye fatigue remain an issue while having a
captivating screen so close. This could lead to future vision problems in
children.

d. What are the recommended guidelines for headset-based VR for

teenagers in terms of duration of use? What should they do if they have a
VR sickness episode?
There are no strict guidelines for the duration of use of VR headsets for teenagers, but
experts recommend limiting use to 30 minutes to 2 hours per session, depending on the
age and individual tolerance of the user. Prolonged use of VR headsets can cause
discomfort, dizziness, and nausea, especially in younger users who are still developing
their visual and vestibular systems. Taking regular breaks and using VR in well-ventilated
areas can help reduce the risk of VR sickness.

If a teenager experiences VR sickness during or after a session, they should stop using
the headset immediately and take a break. Symptoms of VR sickness may include
nausea, dizziness, sweating, and a general feeling of discomfort. Drinking water and
getting fresh air can help alleviate symptoms. It's also recommended to avoid activities
that require focusing on close-up screens for at least 30 minutes after experiencing VR
sickness.

Parents and guardians should supervise teenagers using VR headsets and monitor their
usage to ensure they are not experiencing any adverse effects. They should also ensure
that the VR headset is properly adjusted to the user's head size and that the content
being viewed is age-appropriate and suitable for the individual's tolerance level.

e. What are the recommended guidelines for headset-based VR for adults in

terms of duration of use? What should they do if they have a VR sickness
episode?
For adults, the recommended guidelines for duration of use of VR
headsets are similar to those for teenagers. Experts suggest limiting use
to 30 minutes to 2 hours per session, depending on the individual's
tolerance and comfort level.

Prolonged use of VR headsets can cause symptoms of VR sickness,

including dizziness, nausea, and headaches. If an adult experiences these
symptoms, they should stop using the VR headset immediately and take a
break. Drinking water and getting fresh air can help alleviate symptoms.

If an adult frequently experiences VR sickness, they should consider

taking longer breaks between sessions, reducing the duration of each
session, or using VR in short intervals until they become more
accustomed to it.

To reduce the risk of VR sickness, adults should ensure that the VR

headset is properly adjusted to their head size and that the content being
 viewed is appropriate for their individual tolerance level. They should also
use VR in well-ventilated areas, take regular breaks, and avoid activities
that require focusing on close-up screens for extended periods after using
VR.

Overall, it's important for adults to monitor their own usage of VR

headsets and to pay attention to any symptoms of discomfort or sickness
that may arise. By following recommended guidelines and taking breaks
as needed, adults can safely enjoy the immersive experience of VR
technology.

f. What are the recommended usage guidelines for headset VR software

developers and headset-based VR testers? What should they do if they
have a VR sickness episode?
For VR software developers and testers, it's important to be aware of the
potential risks associated with prolonged use of VR headsets, including VR
sickness. To minimize these risks, the following guidelines are
recommended:

Limit VR testing sessions to 30 minutes to 2 hours per session, depending

on the individual's tolerance level.

Take regular breaks between VR testing sessions, allowing time for the
eyes and brain to rest.

Use VR in well-ventilated areas to avoid discomfort and overheating.

Ensure that the VR headset is properly adjusted to the user's head size
and that the content being tested is appropriate for the individual's
tolerance level.

Monitor individual symptoms of discomfort and sickness during VR

testing and report them to the appropriate parties.
 Consider rotating VR testing duties among team members to avoid
overexposure.

If a VR software developer or tester experiences symptoms of VR sickness

during or after a testing session, they should stop using the headset
immediately and take a break. Drinking water and getting fresh air can
help alleviate symptoms. It's also recommended to avoid activities that
require focusing on close-up screens for at least 30 minutes after
experiencing VR sickness.

Overall, it's important for VR software developers and testers to prioritize

their health and safety while using VR technology. By following
recommended guidelines and taking breaks as needed, they can minimize
the risk of discomfort and sickness associated with prolonged use of VR
headsets.

g. How does 3D use with glasses (for movies and computers) compare to
headset-based VR in terms of VR sickness?
Side effects of wearing 3D glasses are very similar to VR sickness.
The motion sickness-style symptoms from 3D glasses tends to be less
frequent than VR sickness from VR headsets. The symptoms are also
less severe with 3D glasses.

h. What are the guidelines for children under 12, teens and adults for 3D
use with 3D glasses?
The guidelines for 3D use with 3D glasses vary based on age and
individual tolerance level. Here are the recommended guidelines for
children under 12, teenagers, and adults:

Children under 12:

Limit 3D viewing time to 30 minutes per day.

Supervise children during 3D viewing to ensure they are using the glasses
properly and not experiencing discomfort or eyestrain.
 Encourage children to take frequent breaks during 3D viewing and engage
in other activities that do not require the use of 3D glasses.
Teens:

Limit 3D viewing time to 1-2 hours per day.

Take regular breaks during 3D viewing to avoid eyestrain and discomfort.
Adjust the 3D glasses to ensure a comfortable fit and minimize the risk of
headaches or nausea.
Adults:

Limit 3D viewing time to 2-3 hours per day.

Take regular breaks during 3D viewing to avoid eyestrain and discomfort.
Adjust the 3D glasses to ensure a comfortable fit and minimize the risk of
headaches or nausea.
Overall, it's important for individuals of all ages to listen to their bodies
and take breaks as needed during 3D viewing. If any discomfort or
symptoms of eyestrain, headaches, or nausea arise, individuals should
stop using the glasses immediately and take a break.

i. How does room-based VR compare to headset-based VR in terms of VR

sickness?
Room-based VR has a less frequent rate of giving motion sickness.

j. How is room-based VR being used by the movie industry and what are
some of its benefits?
LED Screens with generated environments are being used to replace
green screen effects.
This eliminates spill (reflections of green on objects in front of green
screen), provides scene-accurate colours and allows for actors to see
their environment.
Additionally using LED screens allows for one to use less props, reducing
effects on budget.

4.
 a. Who is potentially affected by certain rates of blinking? About how many
times per second are the rates of concern?
People with epilepsy are affected greatly by blinking rates on screens. A
blinking rate of 15 to 20 Hz can trigger seizures among those with epilepsy.

b. Describe how the Deaf-blind Lawyer is able to communicate and do tasks

using her braille computer.
The digital braille device outputs a series of braille dots in response to keys
being pressed by an assistant. After receiving the braille translation of what
was typed, Girma can respond to them via speech.

c. Describe how the blind radio DJ/musician uses his computing devices to work
(and cook).
He uses a text to speech application on his phone and computer to read out
loud anything that is on the screen or in front of his phone camera.

5.
a. What are some potential benefits and risks of brain-computer interfaces and
ethical issues raised in the animated video iHuman: Blurring Lines between
Mind and Machine by the UK Royal Society (of Science)?
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have the potential to revolutionize the way
humans interact with technology and the world around us. However, as
highlighted in the animated video "iHuman: Blurring Lines between Mind and
Machine" by the UK Royal Society, there are also potential risks and ethical
issues that need to be considered. Here are some of the potential benefits
and risks of BCIs and ethical issues raised in the video:

Potential Benefits of BCIs:

Restoring communication abilities for individuals with disabilities or

neurological disorders.
Improving treatment for mental health conditions.
Enhancing human performance in fields such as sports, the military, and
medicine.
Increasing understanding of the brain and how it functions.
Potential Risks of BCIs:
 Privacy concerns, as BCIs can potentially read an individual's thoughts and
emotions.
Security risks, as BCIs can be hacked or used for nefarious purposes.
Physical risks, such as brain damage or infection from implantation.
Social inequality, as BCIs may only be available to those who can afford them,
leading to a widening gap between those who have access to enhanced
abilities and those who do not.
Ethical Issues Raised in the Video:

Informed consent and the potential for coercion in the use of BCIs, especially
in vulnerable populations such as those with disabilities or mental health
conditions.
The impact of BCIs on individual autonomy and free will, as they may be used
to influence or control behavior.
The potential for discrimination and stigmatization of those who use BCIs or
those who do not.
The need for equitable access to BCIs and ensuring that they do not widen
existing social inequalities.
Overall, while BCIs have the potential to bring about significant benefits, it is
important to consider the potential risks and ethical issues that may arise in
their development and use. The video "iHuman: Blurring Lines between Mind
and Machine" highlights the need for responsible and ethical innovation in
this field.

b. What are some examples of brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies,

especially the recent advances?
here are several examples of brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies that
have been developed in recent years, and here are some notable ones:

Non-Invasive BCIs: These are BCIs that do not require any invasive
procedures, such as surgery, to implant electrodes into the brain. Instead,
they use external sensors to measure brain activity. Examples of non-invasive
BCIs include electroencephalography (EEG), functional near-infrared
spectroscopy (fNIRS), and magnetoencephalography (MEG).
 Invasive BCIs: These are BCIs that require a surgical implantation of
electrodes into the brain. They offer a higher degree of precision and control
than non-invasive BCIs but are more invasive and carry greater risks.
Examples of invasive BCIs include deep brain stimulation (DBS) and
intracortical microelectrode arrays.

Hybrid BCIs: These are BCIs that combine both non-invasive and invasive
techniques to achieve greater accuracy and control. For example, a hybrid BCI
may use an external EEG sensor to detect brain activity and an implanted
electrode to stimulate the brain.

Prosthetic Control: BCIs can be used to control prosthetic limbs or other

assistive devices. Recent advances in this area have included the
development of more advanced prosthetic hands that can be controlled with
greater precision using BCIs.

Neural Repair: BCIs can also be used to repair damaged or dysfunctional

neural circuits. For example, DBS has been used to treat conditions such as
Parkinson's disease and epilepsy.

Brain-Computer Music Interfaces: BCIs have also been used in music

production and performance, allowing musicians to create music using their
brain signals.

Overall, the field of BCI is rapidly advancing, and new technologies and
applications are constantly being developed.

c. Can brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies read thoughts or moods or

what currently?
Brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies have the ability to read certain
brain signals, but they cannot directly read thoughts or emotions.

BCIs are designed to detect and interpret specific patterns of brain activity,
such as changes in brainwaves or the firing of neurons. By analyzing these
patterns, they can provide an indirect measure of certain mental states, such
 as attention or engagement. However, BCIs are not able to decode the
content of a person's thoughts or emotions, at least not with the current
level of technology.

There has been some research into using BCIs to decode specific mental
images or words from brain signals, but this technology is still in its early
stages and has many limitations. It's also worth noting that such applications
raise significant ethical concerns around privacy and the potential for invasive
surveillance.

In summary, while BCIs can provide useful insights into certain mental states,
they are not capable of directly reading a person's thoughts or emotions.

d. What potential benefits, risks or limitations and ethical issues do you foresee
with brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies?
There are many potential benefits to brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies, such
as:

Improved communication and control for people with disabilities, allowing them to
interact with their environment and perform tasks that would otherwise be difficult or
impossible.

Enhanced human performance in areas such as gaming, sports, and military applications,
allowing for better decision-making and faster response times.

Advancements in medical treatments for conditions such as Parkinson's disease,

epilepsy, and spinal cord injuries, among others.

However, there are also several potential risks and limitations associated with BCIs,
including:

Privacy concerns, particularly when it comes to the storage and use of sensitive brain
data.
The possibility of negative effects on mental health, such as increased anxiety or
depression, as a result of increased surveillance and monitoring.

The potential for misuse of the technology for purposes such as mind-reading or control,
particularly in the realm of national security and law enforcement.

The limited availability and high cost of some BCIs, which may limit their accessibility to
certain populations.

The potential for technical failures and errors in interpreting brain signals, which could
lead to misinterpretation or miscommunication.

Finally, there are many ethical issues raised by the development and use of BCIs, such as
questions around informed consent, autonomy, and the appropriate use of technology
in healthcare and other domains. These issues will need to be addressed carefully as the
technology continues to advance and become more widely available.

6.
a. According to the 60 Minutes report on Data Brokers in the introductory
notes, why do data brokers want to track users while they browse websites
and why is it very profitable for them?

b. The cookie software that tracks users runs inside the browser when the user
visits a website. Can the user refuse to be tracked/have their data used, and if
so, how?

c. Do users get paid for their data? What do users get ‘in return’ for the use of
their data?

7.
a. How does the use of paper and pen (or pencil) help people to enhance their
abilities/capabilities, e.g. in problem solving, in creative writing, in academic
writing? (Assume no computers and similar devices were available)

b. What are some of the unique capabilities, advantages/strengths and

weaknesses of humans (mentally and physically)?

c. What are some of the unique capabilities, advantages/strengths and

weaknesses of computer systems?

d. In carrying out tasks, problem-solving, etc, what are some of the

aspects/areas/subtasks where humans could use assistance from computer
systems, and some areas where computer systems could use assistance from
humans?

e. What is the goal of designing computing for Augmentation, and how does it
aim to combine the strengths of humans and the strengths of computer
systems to enhance human productivity?

f. How are graphical user interfaces (GUI) used in Augmentation?

g. What are some differences between these Computing Design

philosophies/approaches - Augmentation vs Automation?

h. What aspects of the vision in the 1987 concept video Apple Knowledge
Navigator illustrate augmentation and/or AI and/or automation? What
aspects of this system have been (properly) implemented in current
technologies, in an easy to use way?
 i. AI is widely used for Automation. Can you think of examples where artificial
intelligence (AI) can be incorporated in Augmentation tools?

8.
a. What are some potential benefits and risks of artificial intelligence, robots,
and automation for people (and jobs) discussed in the PBS report “Are we on
the brink of a jobless future?”

b. In the PBS news story “Are we on the brink of a jobless future?”, some of the
experts interviewed agreed and some disagreed with that prediction. What
arguments and data does each side provide, and what do you think?

9. What are some of the main points made in The ACM/IEEE Software Engineering
Code of Ethics and Professional Practice (Ethics and Life Critical computing slides)
and the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (intro slides), and how do they
relate to the case studies we have seen?

COMP1220 Final Marathon Dec 16 2022 Pt4 - Cancer treatment machines case and Robotics
Questions (passcode: 04!xM+Cr )

10. In the New York Times case study of the radiation machines,
a. What happened to the treatment given to the people and what were the causes of
the problems in the two cases they highlighted?

b. How could they have been prevented, in terms of the personnel and the software?
 c. What changes has the manufacturer made to the software for the machines since
these cases were publicised?

11. What are Internet of Things (IoT) devices and what are some of the concerns that IT
security professionals have about them? What are some risks that could result from
putting them on the market before addressing these concerns?

12.
a. Why are some medical scientists and computer scientists concerned about
the new generation of implanted medical devices that contain computers and
sometimes wireless connectivity?

b. What guidelines are they proposing for design and security of these
implanted medical devices ?

COMP1220 Final Marathon Dec 16 2022 Pt4 - Cancer treatment machines case and Robotics
Questions (passcode: 04!xM+Cr )

13.
a. What types of manufacturing tasks are robots able to do more efficiently
than humans, and what types of tasks are humans able to do better, and
what tasks work best by robots and humans working together? What are
some of the advantages of the use of robots in manufacturing?

b. What did you think of the capabilities and limitations of the Japanese robot
that was designed to have conversations with humans? Does it have
consciousness or feelings? To what extent do you think the robot
understands what is being said to it, or what it itself is saying?

c. What are some of the senses/capabilities that humans apply in walking on

arbitrary surfaces in the real world? What are some of the challenges robots
have in learning how to walk on arbitrary surfaces in the real world?
 d. What are some of the challenges engineers face in designing robot hands
that have similar capabilities as human hands for delicate and strenuous
tasks?

e. What types of sensors and cameras do robots use to try to understand an

environment which they are trying to navigate? What types of objects are
hard to recognise? How well can robots understand and navigate arbitrary
environments at present?

f. What are the challenges in designing robots that can do tasks such as search
and rescue in situations which are dangerous for human front-line workers?

g. Why are robots so precise and efficient in some aspects of manufacturing,

but are often bad at understanding and moving around in the real-world?

h. What common household appliance(s) could be classified as a robot?

i. What are Isaac Asimov’s three laws of robotics, and how well do you think
they can work to protect humans from harm in the modern/future world?

COMP1220 Final Marathon April 19 2023 Pt1 - Drones benefits and risks Passcode is
DsB?108*
14.
a. Are current drones used in warfare operating autonomously in terms of
deciding when to fire? If not, who decides, and what information do they get
from the drone/surveillance, and what is the precision/accuracy level of this
info?
 b. In one investigative report, 90% of the people killed by drone weapons were
innocent civilians, and not the intended target (terrorists). Why did that
happen, in terms of technical issues and human decisions?

c. How have drones for video and photography changed the film/video industry,
the news/media industry, surveying/scientific tasks, and
security/rescue/military operations?

d. How was the 13-year old from South Africa able to hack certain drones
(which were not war drones), and what advice did he give to the IT industry
about securing these devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) devices?

COMP1220 Final Marathon April 19 2023 Pt2 - BPA and BPS on Thermal Receipts Passcode is
DsB?108*
15.
a. What is BPA and what is the concern regarding its effect on human
development and health?

b. What types of printed items is BPA on? Is BPA used on all computer-printed
receipts?

c. Why does hand sanitizer make more BPA absorb through the skin? How does
that compare to hand washing with soap?

d. Is there more BPA on (some) receipts than in, e.g. food cans?

e. What are some of the guidelines to reduce contact with BPA receipts for
workers and for consumers?
 f. Are replacements for BPA such as BPS safe?

g. What are the safer paper alternatives to BPA receipts?

h. How can the IT industry move to paperless receipts to help address the paper
and BPA issue, while protecting consumers? What are the legal and other
issues involved?

COMP1220 Final Marathon April 28 2023 Pt3 - Wikipedia - passcode is ?3?y?J3K

16.
a. How did the cost affect the availability of paper encyclopaedias to some
institutions/countries/individuals? How would you update a paper-based
encyclopaedia?

b. What was the impact of the CD-ROM-based encyclopaedias of the 1990’s?

c. Who edited the paper-based and CD-ROM encyclopaedias?

d. How does Wikipedia differ from traditional encyclopedias in terms of

authoring?

e. Who verifies the accuracy of the content on Wikipedia and the qualifications
of the authors?

f. If an article written by someone from the region about a famous Caribbean

person or some aspect of Caribbean history, culture, business, science etc is
modified or challenged by someone from outside the region - how is this
supposed to be rectified in Wikipedia?
 g. If an article written by someone from outside the region contains
inaccuracies about a famous Caribbean person or some aspect of Caribbean
history, culture, business, science etc - how is this supposed to be rectified in
Wikipedia? What are the debates about the process?

h. What are some of the issues regarding the complexity of the content on
Wikipedia for children and high school students?

COMP1220 Final Marathon April 28 2023 Pt2 - The Digital Dark Age - passcode is
?3?y?J3K
17. What are the problems that are leading to the Digital Dark Age and what solutions
are recommended?

18.
19. Who were the founders of Google, what were they studying and where?

20. How did their search engine differ in search strategy from previous search engines?

21. How did Google get funded? What were some of the attempts that were made before they
were funded?

22. How did Google arrive at their revenue model and how does Google Adwords work?

23. What are some of the concerns being raised about Google, now that it has become a giant
corporation?

COMP1220 Final Marathon April 28 2023 Pt4 - Alan Emtage and the invention of the Search
Engine - passcode is ?3?y?J3K
24.
a. Who invented the first search engine in 1989, what was he studying and where?
 b. Where was he from? What problem was he trying to solve?

c. Why didn’t he make a lot of money from the Archie search engine?

d. What other contributions did he make to the development of world wide web
standards?

25.
26. What is ICANN and what does the organisation do in relation to the assignment of
internet names (e.g. website names) and numbers (IP addresses)?

27. What does a domain name registrar do? What was the pioneering role of Emmit
McHenry?

28. What do the 13 ICANN root servers do?

29. What is the W3C and what does the organisation do in relation to the HTML
standards?

30. Does ICANN or the W3C regulate the content of websites after the website is
registered?

COMP1220 Final Marathon April 28 2023 Pt5 - Risks of Venture Capital Investing - passcode is
?3?y?J3K
31. What are the four risks of venture capital investing, according to venture capitalist
John Doerr of Kleiner Perkins in Silicon Valley?
COMP1220 Final Marathon April 28 2023 Pt6 - Vincent Cerf on the use and misuse of
the Internet - passcode is ?3?y?J3K
32. What concerns does Vincent Cerf raise about the misuse of the Internet and what
solutions does he recommend?

33. See How synthetic media, or deepfakes, could soon change our world
a. How are deepfake videos made?

b. How accurate are they now, and how quickly is the technology expected to
improve?

c. What are the implications of deepfake technology for fake news, elections,
and legal evidence? How easy or hard is it to prove that a deepfake video is
fabricated?

d. What are the implications of deepfake technology for acting jobs?

COMP1220 April 12 2023 Pt5 - Apple Knowledge Navigator concept and Intelligent
Augmentation discussion
passcode is d1WeLc$.

34.
a. What is the goal of designing computing for Augmentation, and how does it
aim to combine the strengths of humans and the strengths of computer
systems to enhance human productivity?

b. What are some differences between these Computing Design

philosophies/approaches - Augmentation vs Automation?
 c. What aspects of the vision in the 1987 concept video Apple Knowledge
Navigator illustrate Intelligent Augmentation and/or AI and/or Interactive
Graphical Interfaces? What aspects of this system have been (properly)
implemented in current technologies, in an easy to use way?

COMP1220 March 28 2023 Pt3 - Intelligent Augmentation versus AI replacement of Humans - eg

in Vehicles
- passcode is @^.^JHk8
35.
a. What are some of the points raised by Prof Moshe Vardi about the goals of
autonomous vehicles and the obstacles that have been encountered by the
industry?

b. What are some of the points raised by Prof Moshe Vardi about Intelligent
Augmentation in regards to enhancing safety in vehicles?

c. What are some additional safety features that drivers and vehicles that could
benefit from properly designed use of computing?

COMP1220 April 12 2023 Pt6 - Large Language Models and ChatGPT and Bing and Google CEO
on Bard etc - passcode is d1WeLc$.

36.
a. What are some of the capabilities and limitations of AI Large Language
Models (LLM) such as ChatGPT, Bard and Bing AI?

b. What are some of the benefits and risks of AI Large Language Models (LLM)
such as ChatGPT, Bard and Bing AI? What types of jobs are at risk, and why?

c. What are some of the intellectual property and copyright concerns being
raised by artists, musicians, writers and other creative professionals regarding
AI Large Language Models (LLM) such as ChatGPT, Bard and Bing AI?
 d. In the 60 Minutes interview, the interviewer asks about the persona Sydney
that was displayed by Bing AI. What was the Sydney persona saying and what
was the concern of the interviewer, and what was the response of the
Microsoft executive?

COMP1220 April 12 2023 Pt7 - AI Bill of Rights Blueprint proposal by US Govt - passcode is
d1WeLc$.

37. What are the main proposals contained in the AI Bill of Rights Blueprint proposal by
US Govt?

38. What are the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics? (see intro notes)

COMP1220 April 12 2023 Pt8 - Martin Luther King and Youth address the Moral use of
Technology - passcode is d1WeLc$.

39. At the UWI graduation of 1965 Dr Martin Luther King said:

“The great challenge facing each of you who will have the privilege of graduating
from this institution of learning, is to somehow stand before the opportunities of the
moment and face the challenges of the hour with creativity, with commitment, and
with determination…
This is a small world – all of this tells us that we have a great deal of work to do:
Through our scientific and technological genius we have made of this world a
neighborhood. And now through our moral and ethical commitment, we must make
of it a brotherhood”

In a 1967 speech Dr King said:

“I am convinced that if we are to get on the right side of the world revolution, we as
a nation must undergo a radical revolution of values:
We must rapidly begin the shift from a thing-oriented society to a person-oriented
society.
 When machines and computers, profit motives and property rights are considered
more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, extreme materialism and
militarism are incapable of being conquered”.

In the 2022 Commemoration of Dr Martin Luther King’s birthday, youth leaders in

Atlanta reflected on and added their thoughts to his statements at UWI in 1965 and
his 1967 statement.

a. What are some of the points the youth leaders made, particularly about the
relationship between the internal thoughts/world of humans and the
external material/technological world?

b. How do these relate to the present times and to the future role of technology
in the world?

c. What are your thoughts on Dr King’s statements, and on the statements by

the youth leaders?

See min 30 onwards of COMP1220 March 21 2023 Pt4 - The Boeing 737 Max Crash
Investigations - passcode is 68gkJAA+
40.

a. Before the crashes, warning indicators that told the pilots that the Angle of Attack
(AoA) sensors might be malfunctioning on the 737MAX were an optional feature that
cost additional money if purchased by non-US airlines. After the crashes, why did the
FAA order Boeing to include these warning indicators (free of cost) along with the
MCAS software update?

b. Who got most of the money from the 2020 legal settlement between Boeing and the
Trump Administration - the airlines who lost revenue while their 737MAX planes
were grounded, or the families of those who died in the crashes?
c. How were the lawsuits against Boeing by the families of those who died in the two
737MAX crashes affected by the 2020 legal settlement between Boeing and the
Trump Administration? What has been the response of the Biden administration
thus far to the appeals by the families?