,......

--
~ ·
ELECTROMAGNETIC
,:~
i ~ FIELD THEORY
- --
~-
Code:100308
e. Tech 3rd Semester Examination, 2019
(New Course)
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
Time: 3 Hours Pas~ Marks": ~8 Full Marks: 70
Introductions:
(i) The marks are indicated in the right hand margin.
(ii) There are NINE Questions in this paper.
(iii) Attempt FIVE Questions in all.
(iv) Question No. 1 is compulsory.
1. Choose the correct option of the following (any seven): 2 x 7 = 14
(a) The standing wave ratio on a lossless transmission line of characteristic
impedance 100 n is 3. The line is terminated by
(i) a resistance of 300 n (ii) a reactance of 1300 n
(m.. .) 100 100
a resistance o f - n (iv) a reactance of j - 0
3 2
(b) Indicate which of the following materials does not retain magnetism
permanently
(i) Hardened steel (ii) Stainless steel
(iii) Soft iron (iv) None of the above
(c) The amount of flux diverging from a point per unit area per second is
called
-~~) divergence of a vector field (ii) divergence of a scalar field
(d (iu) gradient of a vector field (iv) none of the above
) If a charge of 2C is placed in an electric field of 2 V /m, the force on the
charge is
(i) 4 N (ii) 1 N
(iii) 2 N (iv) 0 N
(e) If electric susceptibility of a dielectric is 4, its relative permittivity is
-~~) 3 (ii) 4
(Ill) 5 (iv) 6
 ~
228 S.Q.B. in EleclJical Engineerini <3 rd Semester)
(f) Tiie unit of magnetic dipole moment is
(i) A-m (ii) A-m 2
(iii) Nm (iv) C-m
(g) Maxwell's equations give the relations between
(i) different fields (ii) different sources
(iii) different boundary conditions
(iv) none of the above
(h) In free space, the Poisson equation becomes
(i) Maxwell equation (ii) Ampere equation
(iii) Laplace equation (iv) steady-state equation
(i) Which of the following cannot be computed using the Biot-Savart law?
(i) Magnetic field intensity (ii) Magnetic flux density
(iii) Electric field intensity (iv) Permeability
(j) For static fields, the curl of E will be
(i) rotational (ii) irrotational
(iii) solenoidal (iv) divergent
2. (a) What is dot product? Explain its significance and applications.
(b) Find the value ofBz for the following vectors:
- -
A= 2iix +iiy + 4iiz; B =-2iix -iiy +Bz
the angle between the two is 45°.
(c) Discuss the following terms as applied to vectors fields:
(i) Gradient
(ii) Divergence
(iii) Curl and its physical interpretation
3. (a) Calculate the force on a point charge of 50 µC placed at a point (0, 0, 5)_rn
due to charge of 500 µC that is uniformly distributed over a circular disc
of radius 5 m and placed in the xy-plane. 6
(b) What are the various types of charge distributions? 4
_
(c) State the units of electric field intensity E and explain the method 01
obtaining E at a point in Cartesian system, due to point charge Q. 4
4. (a) Find the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor, if the plates are 0 : ar~~
2
J.5 m , the distance between the plates is 2 mm, potential gradient 151
Vim and Ps = 2.5µClm 2. 6
. . c h .
(b) Denve express10n 1or t e capacitance per unit length of a coax 1·a1 cable
4
with permittivity e, inner diameter d and outer diameter D.
(c) Define the foJJowing terms with suitable examples:
(a) The dielectric material
(b) The conductors
(c) The homogeneous medium
(d) The linear medium
,,,,
g (3 rd Semester) 229

,
S.Q.B. in Electrical Engineerin
and Poisson's. 4
cuss equations. Laplace's
5. (a) Dis ne at the origin as
are loop of side in xy-pla
(b) Find H at the center of squ 6
center, carrying current I.
gnetic flux density'
terms 'magnetic force', 'ma
(c) Define and explain the of these quantities
and the units in which each
and magnetic permeability 4
t.
is measured in the MKS uni
ion has an iron core
with 2 x 2 cm cross-sect
6. (a) A very long solenoid mA, find its
r. If it carries a current of 500
µ, = 1000 and 4000 turns/mete 4
self-inductance per meter. 6
dition for magnetic field.
(b) Discuss the boundary con uni t length of a
and external inductance per
(c) Calculate the internal ting wires of
of two long parallel conduc
transmission line consisting s of the wires are
opposite directions. The axe
radius a that carry current in 4
ich is much larger than a.
separated by a distance d, wh
space, the unit vector
electromagnetic wave in free
7. (a) Show that for a plane magnetic field
n, the electric field vector and
in the direction of propagatio 6
ular.
vector are mutually perpendic for it. A plane
nce? Derive an expression
(b) What is intrinsic impeda 4
along z-axis.
polarized wave is travelling sfied by the field
conditions that must be sati
(c) Establish the boundary rface between
tic wave is incident at the inte
vectors when an electromagne 4
two dielectric medias. an impedance of
on line is terminated in
8. (a) A 50 n transmissi short-circuited
ZL = 35 + j47 .5Q . Find
the position and length of the 6
stub to match it. line? Derive its
impedance of transmission
(b) What is the characteristic line is
characteristic impedance, if the
expression. What will be the 4
less line?
(i) lossless line (ii) distortion 4
ations? Deduce the equations.
(c) What are Telegrapher's equ
es? Explain linear,
9. (a) What do you underst
and by polarization of EM wav 6
ation with appropriate figures.
elliptical and circular polariz
een the following:
(b) Derive the relationship betw
(i) Standing wave ratio
and the reflection coefficient . 8
gnitude of reflection coefficient
(ii) Standing wave ratio and ma
,m~1wa ►t-i
en cha racteristic impedance =Zo =lOO.Q
l. (a) (i) Explanation: Giv
Standing wave ratio r = = =
3 oroR
z -z
Since, f = -;::--l__Q_
zL + zo ·
r -\ ,,,-, ,
;_~ ,r)
'T,',_ - ~
 2.,11
S.Q .B . in El~ 1ri,•fl l Enginct·ri ng ( .1 nl Sc111c~1cr)
Alsor : S \~ _ 3 - 1 2 I
SWR + I - ¼ "' 4 = 2
~
100
I --
A lso r· == ( )- or. 1- = ~ or _!__ _ ZL - 100
·
Z 100 ' -
I + ....:Jl I+- 2 Z1.+I0O
ZL ZL
He nce ZL + 100 = 2ZL - 200 or. ZL = 300 n.
(b) (iii )
~c) (i) Expla narinn: The divergence of a vector at a given point •·n
tiie Id 1s a '-Calar d · d ti a vector
. .· · an 1s e m ed as lhe amount of flux diverging from a unit 1
e 1e m e nt per second around lhat point. vo urnc
(d_) (i) E \p lanarion: The force on lhe charge is given by F = qE
G1ven:q = 2C. E= 2 V/m
Force on lhe charge is F = eE
Hence, F = 2 x 2 V/m = 4N.
<:)
(iii ) Explanarion:_In SI units lhe electric susceptibility xis defined by the
cqua~on P = E 0 xE which relates lhe polarization per unit volume p to the
~ec~c fiel_d E and E 0 is ~he free space permittivity. The electric susceptibility X
1s a d1mens1on less quanuty related to the relative permittivity E of a material by
X =E-1
Given: Xe =4
Relati ve permiltivity (E,) = Xe + I
Hence E,= 4 + 5 = 9.
(f) (ii) Expl.ana1ion: The SI unit of a magnetic dipole moment is Wb x m,
2
and lhe SI unit of a magnetic moment is Ax m or J/Tesla.
(g) (iv) Expl.anarion: Maxwell's equations are a set of linear partial
differe ntia l equations lhat give the relationship between the classical
e lectromagnetic field and its sources (charge and current density). Together with
the Lorentz force Jaw, they contain the entire physical content of classical
electromagnetism .
2
(h ) (ii i) Explanation: The Poisson equation is given by Del (V) = -pl E. In
2
free space, Lbe c harges will be zero. Thus the equation become, De1 (V) = 0,
which is the Laplace equation.
(i) (i) f:.xplanati.on: The Biot Savart Jaw is used to calculate magnetic field
inte nsity. Us ing which we can calculate flux density and permeability by the
formula B = µH. th
(i) (ii) Explanation: For static fields, the charges will be constant and e.
field is con st.ant. Thus curl of the electric ti~ld intensit~ ~l_ll be zero. Thus •~~ ~u_ri
E is zero. From Stokes theorem, the line rntegra l of h 1s same as the sud.ice
integral o f the curl of E.
~-
. 1 E ngmeenng
s.Q.B. in Electnca . . (3rd Semester)
231
➔ ➔
t product of two vectors a and bis denoted by:
2, (a) Do .
've seen the dot product equation everywhere:
You ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
a•a =bx+ aiY =lallblcos(0).
This is also called as cosine law in the vector dot product.
The goal is to apply one vector to another. The equation above shows two
ways to accomplish this:
► Rectangular perspective: combine x and y components
► Polar perspective: combine magnitudes and angles
The "this stuff = that stuff' equation just means "Here are two equivalent
ways to 'directionally multiply' vectors".
Let's start simple, and treat 3 x 4 as a dot product:
(3, 0), (4, 0)
The number 3 is "directional growth" in a single dimension (the x-axis, let's
say), and 4 is "directional growth" in that same direction. 3 x 4 = 12 means we get
12x growth in a single dimension.
Now, suppose 3 and 4 refer to different dimensions. Let's say 3 means "triple
your bananas" (x-axis) and 4 means "quadruple your oranges" (y-axis). Now
they're not the same type of number: what happens when apply growth (use the dot
product) in our "bananas, oranges" universe?
► (3, 0) means "Triple your bananas, destroy your oranges"
► (0, 4) means "Destroy your bananas, quadruple your oranges"
APPlymg· (0, 4) to (3, 0) means "Destroy your banana growth, quadruple your
~.~~ge growth"• But (3, 0) had no orange growth to begin with, so the net result is 0
eSlroy all your fruit, buddy").
(3, 0) · (0, 4) = 0.
S
smusheethhow we ' re " applying" and not simply adding? With regu1ar add'1t.J.on,
· we
oranges ~;ectors together: (3, 0) + (0, 4) = (3, 4) (a vector which triples your
"A . q~adruples your bananas).
rules fPPhcation" is different. We're mutating the original vector based on the
0
·
quadru the second • And the rules of (0, 4) are "Destroy your banana growt h, and
1
like (3 Poe yo~r orange growth." When applied to something with only bananas,
We re left with nothing.
1 ~e),final
::i.. Ze re sult of the dot product process can be:
::... p r~:. we don't have any growth in the original direction.
);. Nositive · · l ct· t'1011.
. nu mber: we have some growth in the ongma 1rec
ct·egative
. num ber: we have negative (reverse) growt h 111 · the ongma
· · ·l
irection .
aectangul
L· ar Coordinates: Component-by-component overlap
iil'- ike multipl · t
"'facts: Ying complex numbers, see how each x - and y-componen
L
 rd
2.32 S.Q.B. in Electrical Engineering (3 Semester)
Dot Product: Piece by Piece
➔ ➔
Let us assume two vectors a and b and displaced by an angle 0 as shown.
a
~ b
L:1·~1
- ---- -
- +/ l1
'
+ +
ax· bx ay· bx(=O) ax· by(=O) a·
y
ax· bx+ay· by
We list out all four combinations (x with x, y with x, x with y, y with y). Since
the x- and y-coordinates don't affect each other (like holding a bucket sideways
under a waterfall-nothing falls in), the total energy absorbition(x) + absorbtion(y)
➔➔
a-b =ax-bx +ay-by
Polar coordinates: Projection
The word "projection" is so sterile: I prefer "along the path". How much
energy is actually going in our original direction?
Here's one way to see it:
Dot Product: Rotate To Baseline
a
~ b
6 bx= lbl
lal cos (0) · lbl
+ t
Perpendicular (= 0)
►
lal cos (0) · lbl
Take two vectors, a an d b. Rotate our coordinates so b 1.s h01·izontal:
duelii
becomes (lbl, 0), and everything is on this new x-axis. What's the dot pro
now? (It shouldn't change just because we tilted our head).
,......-
~
. l E ngmeenng
s.Q.B. in Electnca . . ( 3rd Scmcstcr)
233
, ctor a has new coordinates (al' a 2), and we get:
Wei.I , e ➔ ➔
a 1 · ( b] + a 2 · 0 = a 1 • ( b]
n is really "What is the x-coordina te of a, assuming bis the x-axis?".
t is [a ]cos(0), which is the Projection of a on x-axis "projection ":
ThaI ➔➔ ➔ ➔
a· b = I a I cos ( 0) I a I.
Analogies for the Dot Product
The common interpretatio n is "geometric projection" , but it's so bland.
Here's some analogies that click for me.
One vector are solar rays, the other is where the solar panel is pointing. Larger
numbers mean stronger rays or a larger panel. How much energy is absorbed?
► Energy = Overlap in direction x strength of rays x size of panel
► Energy = cos ( 0) · I a I · I b I
➔ I\ .I\ I\
(b) First vector is A= 2a
X
+a Y
+a Z
➔ I\ I\
Second vector is B = -2a X
- a y
+ B z•
angle between the vector is 45°.
Hence 0 = 45°.
. ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
Smee we know that A • B = IAl IBl cos0
➔ ➔
So cos0 = A ·B
➔ ➔
IAIIBI
➔ ➔B = (2 a"
A· "
+a y
" )( - 2 a
+ 4a " "
x - a y + B z) -- -4 -1 + 4B .~
X Z
,A,== .f<2)2 + 0 )2 + c4 )2 = m
IB1::: fc=2)2 +(-1)2 +(Bz)2 =..J5 +B~
u
nence cos0 = -5 + 4B
(✓2l.)(5+B~) O · 5
z or, -1
2
I
at0=45
- -~ - .
-5 + 4B z
.
21 (5
+ BL)u.:-,
z
s .~ =2(-5 + 4B z).
Or,
· CJuaring on both the sides:
Or,
21(5 + 8 2 ) = 4( - 5 + 4R,,/
IOS + 21B z = 4(25 + 1682 + (- 40B z))
Or, z
IOS+21B z =100+64B 2 - 160B z
~ z
64
B~ - 18 I B z - 5 = 0.
A.fter s0 I · · .. 7 9
ving 1t out we find the value of B z = · ·
 S.Q.B. in Ek c tri, nl Engineering ( 3nl Scrnc~lcr) S .Q . B. in E lcclrica l Errg incc rin, rd ,
~
2."4 - g~crnc~rcr)
--- ~
{c) We kn{'lw the ddinit·ion of the gradient: '.' dc1iv,llivc for each variahJc of In Afgebraic Form
funclion . The gradient s~111h{'llts usually an upsrde-dow n ~elta. and called "d ~ ~tnl Z . change
flux c hange = . (field in x ....
l 1rrectron) + ( Ii
1u
, n) + (field change rn direction) reld change .rn y
(th i~ makes 11 hit {'If sense- delta indicates change 111 one variable, and the gr•'idr'Crt(
cl -recuo
. · ·
f'3 d envat1ves
is t11e c hange in for all ,·ariables). T11k·rng our group O above di or in more formal math:
dF dF dF]" Divergence = Lim Flux
Gradicut of F •x.
\ . - .\' y z a.
Y. - ) = V F(x . ."· ;:) = ( -d · -d • -d Vol -,o
Vol
. ar ar ar
Notice how the .\·-component of the gradien~ i~ the pat1ia~ derivative With
,--- to .\' (similar
resn,,rt - . for .,. and ;:). For a one variable ..
. . function , there rs no
Divergence = - " + ~ Y +
0x a a,
_,·-compone nt at all. so the gradient reduces to the derivative. (Assuming Fx is the field in the x-dir;ction.) '
Also. noric.e how the gradient is a function: it takes 3 coordinates as a position
' A few remarks:
and returns 3 coordinates as a direction. _ The symbol for divergence is the upside dow t • 1e fo
n nang d.
2 3 r
F (x. y. ;:) =x + y + z de!) with a dot [V · ] . The gradient gives us the r ~a rent_(called
8 [} 8 ) partial denvatives
dF dF dF] =(I, 2y, 3z 2).
V F (x . y , ;:) = - , - , - - , - , ~ and the dot product with our vector (F,, Fy• F,) gives .
( d\· dy dz . ox
( ay vZ the
If we want to find the direction to move to increase our function the fastest, we divergence formula above.
plug in our current coordinates (such as 3, 4, 5) into the g radient and get: ,,.. Divergence is a single number, like density.
Direction = ( I. 2(4), 3(5))2 =(I, 8, 75). - if a volume enc1oses a pos1..ttve
,,.. Divergence
. . related
and flux are closely .
So. this new vector(!, 8, 75) would be the direction we'd move in to increase divergence (a source of flux), tt will have positive flux.
the value of our function. In this case. our X-compone nt doesn't add much to the ,,.. "Diverge" ~eans to move away from, which may help you remember that
value o f the function: the partial derivative is always I . divergence . 1s the rate of flux expansion (positive d'iv) or contracuon ·
Obvious applications of the gradient are finding the max/min of multi variable (negative div).
functions. Another Jess obvious but related application is finding the maximum of
(iii) Curl is simply the circulation per unit area, circulation density, or rate of
a constrained function: a function whose x and y values have to lie in a certain
domain, i.e., find the maximum of all points constrained to lie along a circle. rotation (amount of twisting at a single point). Imagine shrinking your whirlpool
So lving this calls for my boy Lagrange, but all in due time, all in due time: enjoy down smaller and smaller while keeping the force the same: you'll have a lot of
the gradient for now. power in a small area, so will have a large curl. If you widen the whirlpool while
keeping the force the same as before, then you' ll have a smaller curl. And of
The key insight is to recognize the gradient as the generalizati on of the
derivative. The graclient points to the direction of greatest increase; keep course, zero circulation means zero curl.
Circulation is the amount of "pushing" force along a path. Curl is the amount
following the gradient, and you will reach the local maximum.
of pushing, twisting, or turning force when you shrink the path down to a single
(ii) Now that we have an inwitive explanation, how do we tum that sucker into point. Let's use water as an example,
an equation? The usual calculus way: take a tiny unit of volume and measure the Suppose we have a flow of water and we want to determine if it has curl or
flux going through iL We need to add up the total flux passil}g through thex, y and z not: is there any twisting or pushing force? To test this, we put a paddle wheel into
dimensions . the water and notice if it turns (the paddle is vertical, sticking out of the water like a
Imagine a cube at the point we want to measure, with sides of length revolving door - not like a paddlewhee l boat):
d y and d ~- To get the net flux, we see how much the X component of flux changes Circulation is the integral of a vector field along a path - you are adding how
in the X direction, add that to the Y component' s change in the Y direction, and the much the field "pushes" you along a path. 10
Z component 's change in the Z direction. If there are no changes, then we' JI get O+ Well, we should expect some type of dot product, because we want th know th
0 + 0, which means no net flux. lhe amount that one vector (the force) is pushing in the direction of ano er ( 31 e
path). So, the two vectors we need are (I ) the path vector and (2) the field vc:ctor
If there is some change in the field, we get something like 1 - 2 + 5 (flux
increases in X and Z direction, decreases in Y) which gives us the divergence at every point along the path.
that point.
 1
236 S.Q.B. in Elcclrical Engineering (3" Semester) ~ -B_._i n_ E
_ _s_.Q nc:::c:::ri::.'ng
gi'-'
_· l_e_ct_ri_ca_l_E_n,ac cs~tc:_r::r)~ - - -
m.':
'd..::S~e~
.~ (3'-

If we have a function that defines the posi_ti_on at any time, F(t ), we can ta .
the time derivative to get the velocity at that pos1t1on,
.
The velocny vector is, a1wa' ke
in the direction of movement - if you are movmg :rom A _to B , the velocity veq~s
----- -

(b) There are three ty~es _of c~arge <.listrib~tions:

(i) Linear Charge D1stnbuhon, In thi s di stribution the char e i ct· .
. rnlY along a lme m a straight hne or circumference of ag . s istnbuted
237

\\;11 be an arrow from A to B, i.e., your change m posH1on or your direction o; uoifor ted by 2, the linear density of charge, which is e I
represen
circle. This 1s
qua to charge per unit
movement. So, we can use the velocity to get our drrect1on .
Jeogth- "' = dq .
Jt"s important to understand why ''.'e are_n ' t using the position vector itself -it
dl
tell s us where we are, -~ut not where_we re gom_g . We need to kno~ our direction 10
see how much "push · we are getung. Knowmg your pos111on m a - river isn't Where dq is a small ~mount of charge in small length di.
important - are you going upstream or downstream, and at what angle? It is rneasured in elm .
The force vector (2) is defined by the field we are in. No derivatives or oth (ii) Surface Charge Distribution. In this distribution the charge is distributed
changes are necessary - every point in the field has some force acting on it. er continuously over some area. This 1s _represented by a, the surface density of
So, our formula for circulation is: which is equal to charge per urut area.
0
char,,e, dq
Force at position r = F(r) a=-
ds
Direction at position r = dr
Total pushing force= Circulation = F(r) · drf where dq is a small amount of charge in small area ds. It is measured in c/m2.
Remember, velocity is simply the derivative of position (r), so (dr) is a vector (iii) Volume Charge Distribution. In this distribution the charge is continuously
giving us our direction. We integrate along the entire path and use the dot product distributed over a volume, for example a sphere or a cube. It is represented by p.
to see how much pushing force is applied. We then sum up these "pushes" to get The volume density of charge which is equal to charge per unit volume.
dq
the total circulation.
p = dv
Since curl is the circulation per unit area, we can take the circulation for a
Where dq is a small amount of charge in small volume dv.
small area Oetting the area shrink to 0). However, since curl is a vector, we need to 3
give it a direction - the direction is normal (perpendicular) to the surface with the It is measured in c/m •

vector field . The magnitude is the same as before: circulation/area, So above are the three types of charge distributions.
Recall that by convention (a bunch of people agreeing), counterclockwise Point Charge: Any charge which covers a space with dimensions much less
than its distance taken as a point charge. .
circulation will give a curl pointing out of the page. Using these facts, we can
create the formula for curl: (c) The space around an electric charge in which its influence can be felt 1s

Curl
circulation f F(r) · dr known as the electric field, . .
The electric field Intensity at a point is the force expenenced by a unit
area f Sds · positive charge placed at that point. .
Where (S) is the surface we are considering; the direction of the curl is the ► Electric Field Intensity is a vector quanllty.
normal to the surface.
► It is denoted by '£' .
3. (a) Since charge density is given by: ► Formula: Electric Field= Flq
1
Q 500µC ► UnitofEisNC- 1 orVm- .
a= =2 = 7!(25) .. har e is always directed away
The electric field intensity due lo a posmve c. g h ge is always directed
20xl0~ from the charge and the intensity due to a negative c ar
a=~
towards the charge. . lectric field is given by,
The force experienced by a charge m an e
E = ~e(I - cos0)a
2e ' ->F - Q ->
- ' ➔
E
E where is the electric field intensity.
•
_,
• nofE
20 x IO~ 107 .. e force F acts in the d1rect10 .
n x 2 x 8.85 x 10 - 12 (1-cos45)a , Special cases: If Q is a pos1uve charge, th
!6.71t
Acceleration a= Flm = QE/m .
50 x IO~x l0 7 x 7 A
Now F=Eq 9.53Na ,
16.7 x 22
 rd
S.Q.B. in Electrical Engineering (3 Semester) 3'_d::-:
:cn.:sge.::in.:.:e::::en:.::·n:;,_g~(=-
- - ~S:.::.Q,sc·::.B.:....i_n_E_le_c_tn_·c..ca_lE .~e~st":'er~)_ _ _ __..!~
Se::'m

----
238 239
-

If Q is a ncgath•c charge, the force acts in a direction opposite 10 E . (Figure). Let the
r sheath diameter Dbeh .. .
fh
charge per metre axial length 01e
force andinlle insulation material betwe n
Acceleration a = Flm = Qflm charge m an electnc field expenence s a be Q coulombs and e t e-pernu111v11y of the . .
~ .
whether it is at rest or moving. The electnc force 1s independent of the mass
and
c(J{eand lead
c sheath. Obviously E - E0E, where E, 1s the relative perminivity of the
velocity of !be charged particle, ii depends upon the charge. insulation.
Let 's think that we want to calculate the electric field intensity at point p
caused by charge q at some point 0 .
So, OP = r. Lets suppose a test charge having positive charge is present at
will
point P. If we apply the coulombs law of forces on it then the equation formed
be:
F
= lqqo r .
' 4n Eo , 2
Where r is the unit vector from charge q toward charge q 0
o p F Cable capacitance
q

➔
Consider a cylinder of radius x metre~ and axial length I metre. The surface
➔ F area of this cylinder is = 27!(x)(/) = 21u m-.
As E = - . Electric flux density at any point P on the considered cylinder is
qo
➔ I A D = __g_ C/m2
Therefore E = __q_ r X 21lX
4n e0 r 2
Electric intensity at point P,
The below are vectors which are showing the electric field around a positive
charge. E = Dx = _g_ = __Q_ volls/m
X E 2nx E 211x EoE,
The work done in moving a unit positive charge from point p through.a
. ti Id · E dx Hence ' the work done .in
distance dx in the direction of electnc 1e is x ·
h ath which is the po1ent1a1
moving a unit positive charge from conductor to s e . ,
difference V between conductor and sheath, 1s given by·
As shown, the positive charge, always gives outward electric field .
Q Q !?_
4. (a) Area of plates = A= 1.5 m2 D/2 D/2 I
V- E dx= f
- - d x =- - oo, d f O

Distance of separation = 2 x 10-1 m - d/2 X d /2 27lEoE, 27lEoE,

Since we know that C = ~ Capacitance of the cable is

d
Since E = ~ and E = ~ = 106 Q Q F/m = 211EoE, F/m
~
C
E dx V log,(~ )
_ Q_Jog,
and CJ= 2.5 x 10-6 cim 2. 211& 0&, d
CJ 2.5 x ]0-6 12
So E=- = - -6- = 2.5x 10- 12 211 x 8.854 x 10- x E, F/m
E 10
12
HenceC EA 2.5x 10- x 1.5 2.303 logJO( ~ )
1.875 x 10- 9 F.
d 2x 10-3
(h) A Capacitance of Single Core Cable can be considered to be equivalent
to E, ( Df 10-9 F/m
two long co-axial cylinders. The conductor (or core) of the cable is the inner 4J.4log10 -
cylinder while the outer cylinder is represented by lead sheath which is al earth d acitance of the cable is
d If the cable has a length of I metres, then cap
potential. Consider a Capacitance of Single Core Cable with conductor diameter
 ~--~~~~=~----'----------
240
S.Q.B. in Elccuical Engineering \.lni Scmc~1cr)

s' I 10-9 F•
_,,,,,-----
S.Q.B . in Elcclrical Enginccrin ()'d
- - - - - -- 8---lcmc,1cr)
-...c..... ~

.-. e electric scalar potcnlial fi eld Y(r) is f for a

, • use ul be
C n) pl . .
X
5. ( . the ability to co nveniently compute . nurn r of reaso
41.41og10(; ) 08
;nciud• ( ) _ V(r,) and
"V r2
the
. (' E - VY) 0
ability lo convenienll d pote~t•al differences
y eterrn1ne lhe I .
i· ns
I.e.,
1/21, the gradient_ 1.c., .- - . · ne way lo obtain Y(r) is e CClnc fi eld by
(c) (il The woro "Dielccuic" c~mes from the Greek prefix 'di ' or 'dia• . Thi s method is. awkw·ard .in !hepby integration over
across the plates or a 13"108urce chargc d1stnbut1on
.
• .across . . Thal is . this matenal .which 1.s placed
meanmg . . wes0 which impose boundary conditions on lh '.esencc of material
- Die. ectnc matcnals
1 are bas·
capacn0r • l'k
· . .1us1 1·e a non -conducting bnd£c. r . •1ca11y F
in!Crfaces, •multaneous1y. or example, the elect •
c solutions
. that must be
plain and simple electrical insulators. By th e penphera1 app ,cation of clectficai · fied Sl nc poten11al
snus i.ng surface is constant - a constraint which is nott· k . on a perfectly
field . these electrical insulators gel polansed. conduct . n a en into account in a
the e~press10 • , . , ny
Now. lei us discuss what polarisation is. It is actually_ the alignment of the of d rive Laplace sand Pmsson s equations w ta .
dipole moments (measurement of the breakup of two opposHely charged charges) fo e • ' es rt with Gauss's law in
paint fortll • ➔ ➔
of the permanent or induced dipole in the d1rect1on of the penpheral electric field.
V ·D ='v ·E EP v➔
Dielectric materials have no free charges because, aHthe electrons are bound ... (i)
Use gradient concept: E = - VY
and associated "ith the nearest atom. The polar mole~ules m the material will be in ... (ii)
random alignment when there is no peripheral electnc field as shown in fi gure. V,[E(-VV)]=P v
... (iii)
V -VV=-&
Electric Field, E E
2
operatorV •V =V
... (iv)
2 Pv V/ 2
Hence, V V = m -7 ... (v)

Poission's equation is called poisson's equation applies to ah omogeneous

medi8 •
(b) Field dw to current charging conductor at a list R.

B = f t ( sinu + sinP)
4itR
(ii) A conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge
(electrical current) in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common
electrical conductors. Electrical current is generated by the flow of negatively
charged electrons, positively charged holes, and positive or negative ions in some
cases.
ifn =P =45 0

⇒
µrJ ( I
B= 4itR ✓
I )
2 + ✓2 V s®
i~

(iii) A homogeneous material or system has the same properties at every

point; it is Lllllform without irregularities. A uniform electric field (which has the Each side will act as a conductor of length a and add up the B at centre.
same strength and the same direction at each point) would be compatible with a
Here, d =
homogeneity.
(iv) A linear dielectric is one that is homogeneous. Its dielectric properties are
identical in all directions, Such a material is isotropic, its relative permittivity is the . B
2
2✓2µ i
= - -0- = - - X-
4µ; 2 12}.
LJ
.. ,o,a1 M 2✓27td a
same irrespective of space coordinates or linear position. Thus, its polarization is
independem of direction in an externally-applied electric field. Glassy and 2✓2µrJ
-B --
- Iola! - 7[Q
-
amorphous materials (waxes, many polymers, many glasses) are usually linear
dielectrics. Crystalline or other oriented materials are generally not linear Magnetic field at the centre of large square = B
dielectrics. B= 2✓2µo i .(i)
1[ L
 d S.Q.B. in Electrical Engineering (3'd Semesicr)
242 s .Q.ll. in Elcc1rical Engineering (3' Semes1er)
243

, .1)' of the air or vacuum is very poor as co

:. Flux linked wi1h small square=$ = BA rflleab11t mpared to the absolute
.. . .
n- Li] I 2
2.fi.µo pe eabilil)',
s the ratio of
$= 8/ 2 or. $= [ - perfll
fhe re
Jative permeabthty
.. f .
of the material 1 ..
11le pcrmeab1ltty of·
nieoiuOI to the permeability o air or vacuum . II is expressed as any
$= Mi, =1
:. M
I
µ
'
=1--
µo
or, µ =µ -11
<rr

_ 2.fi.µ o,2
'fhe!Clative permeability
(µ
of the air and the non-magnetic maten·a1 ·ISOne - 0 = I)
or,
M
- nL ' ('L2) . ·ven· N' = 4000 turns/meter
6 (a) Gi .
µo
:. M is proportional 10
• current= I= 500mA ' -
(c) Magnetic Permeability: Cross Se
ction area =S= =
2 x 2 Cin- 4 x IO ml
4

Definition: The magnetic permeability is defined as the property of th µ, = 1000

material to allow the magnetic line of force to pass through it. In other wordse µN 2S
the magnetic material can support the development of the magnetic field. ' Since L=~,- L
The magnetic line of force is directly proportional 2to the conducti vity of the Self inductance p~r meter =L' =I
material. Their SJ unit is Henry per meter (H/M or Hm ) or newton per ampere
square (N-A 2). L'={T) S=µn' 2 S
=(µ~,)(4000) 2(4ml0-
4
Ring of Soft Iron )

- - - - -8
:.-_, ~,-::
N ::::::~::::::B
s-----►-----
_:::: t::::::
: 47tXJO-) X JQ(J()(400Q) 2(4X J0-4).
Hence self inductance per meter =L' =8.0425 Him.

80 f: :::_ -~ : S S
-- --- _._ - -----:t:------ (b) Just as the electric field obeys certain rules, the magnetic field (H-field)
-;_ ~~?'_:: =:::::~:::::: al beys certain rules along the boundary of two different materials. And again,
►--- --- ---

Most of Iha Magnetic line passes to Magnetic Line Passes through Air th:~Jes depend on whether we are discussing the tangential component (H ,) or
the soft Iron ring the normaVperpendicular component (H ,) l~.a surface._ ,, . . .
Now, just as there exists the parameter perm1111v11y that 1s assoc_1a1ed with
The magnetic permeability of the material is directly proportional 10 the electric fields, there exists an analogous parameter for magne11~ fields-
·1·t written by the symbol µ. This is a property of a matenal which
number of lines passing through it. The. permeability of the air or vacuum is penneab11 y, • Th ·
7
represented by µ 0which is equal 10 4n x IT Him. The permeability of air or basically describes how a material concentrates magneuc fields. e units are
vacuum is very poor. µ represents the magnetic permeability. measured in Henries/meter [Him], which is a measure of inductance over a length.
Consider the soft iron ring is placed inside the magnetic field shown above. Back to our material boundary, which we illustrate in figure:
The most of the magnetic line of force passes through the soft iron ring because the HI
ring provides the easy path 10 the magnetic lines. This shows that the magne1ic µ, ~ tz Oz
e, 01
permeability of the iron is much more than the air or the permeability of air is very
H,
poor.
TI1e permeability of the material is equal lo the ratio of the field intensity IO Material1
Material 1
the flux density of the material. II is expressed by the formula shown below:
B
µ=tt . F Id boundary condition case. First,
The rules are very simHar to the Electnc ie e we will have the normal
Where, B = magnetic flux density since there is no such things as magneuc charg ' boundary·
H = magnetic field intensity. component of the magnetic flux density (B) continuous across a ·
8, 1 = B, 2 ... (i)
Relative Permeability: The relative permeability of the material is the
comparison of the permeability concerning the air or vacuum. The actual µtH ,, = µiff, 2
 244 S.Q.B. in Elccuknl Engineering (3nl Semester) S .Q .B. in Elec trica l Engineerin g 0 rd Scmc"lcr)
245

Eq1~ation (i) states that the component _o f the magneti c Oux density th: . tion between the two conductors= d
separa
perpendicular to the matcnal change 1s contmuous across lhe boundary. Ti 1.
11
His ~d a
Jso given d >> a
I
the vector B (nonnal componenl of B immediately inside region I ) is cq u~.11lo• tits,
,11 B. stored is given by w,,, = 2 u 2
vectorBn, (nonnal component ofB immediate ly inside reg ion 2). And since 8 . 1c
H are refated by the penneability. we know how the normal component '111 d 2w..
th soL=-z·
magnetic field H" changes across the boundary. Note that it doesn · 1 mattc rof e I ➔ -,
8
2
the conductivities ( cr) or pennittivities (s) are in the two regions - they don ' t ~•hat
Also
we know that, W'" = B-H dv = J- dv
. .
J
2µ ·
the magnetic fi eld's boundary conditions. a fec1
f-lence after subslltut1on , we get
Fo_r the tangential magneti_c field (H,) at a material discontinuity, it is a liul L- = internal inductance
mo re tnd.·y. Recall that magnetic fields are created due to electric current flow· c '" 2 B2
Hence. if no electric current is flowing on the surface (I = 0), then the ma ing. = - 2 f -dv
field will be continuous across a material boundary change: gne1tc r 2µ
l t 2, a 212 2
H,, =H,, ... (ii)
=2 f f f µ / 4 pdpd~dz
I µ , = o ~=o p =o 4n a
Suppose current is flowing on the surface. Then this must give rise to it's ow 11
magnetic field on the surface, thus making the magnetic fields H and H I 2n a
discontinuous? Ri ght you are. In that case, we write the surface curi-ent as I( = -h-J dz f d~ f p dp 3

which has units of Amps/meter. This is illustrated in figure below:

K
'
= 4n/
4n2 a 4
~/][ 2: 1 [)]=.ei.
4 8n
H,
f½ µI
Hence Lin = Sn·
External inductance is given by
Material 1 Material2 2
2 B
L
out
=-f-dv
r2 2µ
ln this case, we will have the magnetic field discontinuous by the exact I 212
amount of surface current: =-2
I µ
JJJ~pdpd~z
4n p
= ~[1][2n][lnp f."
4n-
(with surface current K) H, -H, = K ... (iii)
1 2
Equation (iii) states that the tangential component of the magnetic field will =~ln(~)-
be discontinous by the amount of surface current at the boundary (K). That is, H 2n a
7. (a) This is an appropriate point at which to demonstrate that Maxwell:s
is the component of the magnetic field tangnetial to the material boundary ju~t
equations possess propagating wave-like solutions. Let us start from Ma.,well s
inside the region I. This will differ from H, (the tangential magnetic field just
inside region 2) only if an electric current flciws on the surface. equations in free space (i.e., with no charges and no currents):
. (c) Suppose conductor A of radius rA carries a current of IA in opposite Here cr = 0, p = 0,
drrectJon of current I 8 through the conductor B Means charge density and conductivity in the free space is zero.

1/
... (a)
of radius r8 . Conductor A is at a distance D ~ 2a V-E =0
from conductor B and both are of length I.
V-8=0
They are in close vicinity with each other so 88
that flux linkage takes place in both of the VxE= ,
conductors due to their electromagnetic effects. 'it ot oE
As per the question, we can show, the \ VxB=ECJl!o-
foJJowing diagram. e\ 81 . . .
Note that these equations exhtbtt a mce symmetry
between the electric and

Radius of conductor = a magnetic fields.

 246 S.Q.B. in Elccuic.1I Engineering (3" 1 Scmc~lcr)
'4 S.Q .B. in Electrical Eng inee rin g (3 rd Scmco:;tc r)
IOS

. ihe variations at the depletion charge carriers th fl

:mere is an ea.sy way 10 show lha_r the above equations possess wave-Ji . llYmaking trolled. This is the reason it is defined as dcplc/ ow of current at
be con . . .. 1011 MOSFET ~I
~oluuons. and a hard way. The e.asy way 1s 10 assume that the soluti o ns are g . kc ,:iiocao. value at the dram 1s pos1t1vc and the gate has negati ve •• • ere
. . . m~~
d p01enual ce remains at the potential value of ,.ero. 1
be wavc-hke beforehand. Spcc1fically, let us search for plane-wave solutions f po ancy and the
fomi: o the tht . al sour 1 f t . I.
1tfll''" •fference of the va ues o po ent,a ,s more at the terminals drain
E ( r.t ) = E 0 cos(J:-r-rot) '[hedl ·sontotheterrrunal softhesou rce,andthegate Th d . ao<lthe
B( r. r) = B0 cos(k - r - rot+ ,j>).
. corTlPan th d . . . . . e ep1et1on width
gate Ill evident more at e ~ru_n m companson with the source.
Here. E 0 and B0 are constant vectors, k fa called the wave-vector, and rois the _.jJJ bC hannel Charactenst1cs: In ,z-channel enhancement mode, no curren
angular frequency. The frequency m hertz.f1s related to the angular frequency N-C h the transistor until the voltage at the gate and terminal t
tJiroug . 1 If h source exceed
CJ)= 2,rf. nows . ;mum voltage cut m va ue. t ~ voltage at the drain and the terminal
The frequency is conventionally defined to b': positive. The quantity 4> is a the 111111 red then even there 1s no evident flow of the current.
source ,s app I
phase difference berween the e lectnc and magnetic fields. Actually, it is more
io (A) orv1inear/constant saturaUon/active/
convenient to write
resistance region / constant current region
E = E oe;<tr- .,,) ... (i) -:.....__
B = B 0e ;<tr - w, ) ... (ii) ,'/ VGs=10V
where, by convention, the physical solution is the real part of the above equations. ...,i---------VGs=9V
The phase difference 4> is absorbed _into the constant vector B by a llowing it to .J.------ - - - - BV
0
become complex. Thus, B 0 ➔ B 0 e'~. In general, the vector E is also complex.
0
A wave maximum of the electric field satisfies f . - - - - -- - - - 7V
J: - r=rot+n2,r+,j>,
where lJ is an integer and 4> is some phase angle. The solution to this equation '..----------- 6V
SV
is a set of equally spaced parallel planes (one plane for each possible value of!]), - - -----,v=c;;=;,411vr t off-region
whose normals lie in the direction of the wave-vector k and which propagate in this
direction with phase-velocity VosM
CJ)
v =-. (c) Given: Av, = IO, Av2 = 20, Av,
k = 40 overall voltage gain (Av) is given
The spacing between adjacent planes (i.e., the wave-length) is given by
by:
'
A.=-
2,r Av= Av, x Av, x Av,= 20x !Ox 40=8000
k
Total voltage gain in dB is:
20 log (Av) = 20 Jog 10 (Av,) + 20 log 10(A v2 ) + 20 log 1o(Av3)

·~ lllll r-
10
= 20 Jog (J0) + 20 log 10 (20) + 20 log, 0(40)
10
= 20 + 26 + 32 = 78 dB.
6. (a) AC equivalent model of common source amplifier is given as follows:

Consider a general plane-wave vector field

A = Ao/<tr - .,,J

Divergence of A is given by:

oA oA, oA
7

x + - - + --' =(A 0x ikx + A 0 ,,1k,, + A 0xrk , )e" - w

17 -A= __
ox oy oz
(k )
D AG f !• , ,. ,~ H·
=ik · A ... (iii)
Basic eq uation is: Y 0 = Y 00 - 10 Ro ·
 ~ S.Q.B. in Elcc1ricnl Engineering (]" 1Scrncsicr)

s.Q.B. in EJc.·11ical Enginccrin~ (.ln1 Scmc.,1cr) ~ . ~~

106

Hence increase in df'Jin. results in voltage drop across R0 . 1\11

d the ang
le 0 . is given as 0,, =
"
•
.!..[2: - tan- 1
2 2
~J.
0

. le depends on the lrequency of the signal as well as propcrtie f

(il Input impedance (Z;n) : Since RP is infinite because lG = O. fblS aog_ edium. Then, w becomes very small for a low f s O the
dicJectr1C 111 • • Jt requency signal.
Howe1·er in actual de-·icc RS·' is not infinite but very much high 1o55Y hase angle 1s given as O,, = -
fhOS, (he p . 4
(around 100 ~ID) . h frequency signal, w becomes very large then o = 0
Hence the input impedance (Z,n )
z.
m
= ~ x RGs_
RG +RGs
for
50 ~~·
verY h1g
" d' I . ,
of 9 of a lossy 1e ectnc ,or complete frequency,

ose,,s(~).
n .
.
.IB
(ii) Output impedance (Z 0): Looking into the drain and source terminal s. • tric-dielectric boundary
large drain resistance (rd) is seen. () p 1e1ec ct·.
C . dielectric boundary con 111ons are shown by the following diao
Hence Z d = rd. pieJectnC· gram.
Here zdis the de,ice output impedance, the circuit output impedance is Ro Medium 1 D1,
in parallel with Zd £1
d

Since rd >> R0
}M
2
Zo =Ro'
--c· =Ro a b
rd -/l,.I-
(iii) Voltage gain (Av): Since output voltage is Medium2
V01P = t 0 ( rd II R0 II RL) = - gm Vm(rd II R0 II RL) £2

Since 10 = - gm V.,
onditions are given by the following expressions,
Av = v°V =- gm\Tm( rd ll R 0 11RL) Baundary c . .
,,. Fields at a dielectnc interface
I

Since rd » R0 II RL n·D1 =n·D2 n ·B1 =n ·B2

So Av = - g""(R 0 II RL ). nxE1 =n x Ez 11 x H1 =11xH2 .
Here - ve Sign shows that output voltage is 180° out of phase with respect to ► Fields at the interface with a perfect conductor (Electnc Wall)
input voltage (V;). n·D=cr, n·B=O ..
nxE = 0 11x H = J, Assumed conducuv1ty er ➔ 00
(b) JFET working principle: In BIT both minority and majority caniers are
It is analogous to the relations between voltage aod current al the end of a
involved in the operation. On the other hand, a junction field effect transistor is a
voltage cont.roUed device, and FET operation is depending upon only the majority short-circuited transmission line. .
caniers. Also, both transistors are three terminal devices. However, FET is divided ,,. Magnetic Wall boundary condition (not really exist)
into two categories and they are JFET and MOSFET. n·D =0
Coming to the construction of JFET. the p- type or n. type semiconductor n·B=0
placed in between two N-type or P-type semiconductor which forms like 11-p-11 or nxE=-M,
p-n-n. Here the middle portion has large channel. And the type of middle portion, Ha
nxH = 0. Bn2 ~
it is divided into two categories One is N. channel JFET and another is P. Channel
JFET. For the sake of understanding we are going 10 study about N-channel JFET. It is analogous to the \ ~rl
relations between voltage and \B,,1 Medium I: £1 , µ1
In N- channel JFET consists of three terminals such as GATE (G), Drain (DJ,
and Source (SJ. The middle portion of N type semiconductor has two terminals current at the end of a open•
such as drain and source. The metallic terminal connected 10 the layer surrounding circuited transmission line.
 ◄
s .Q.B . in Electrical Engineering (3rd S
crncster)
250 S.Q.B. in Electrical Engineering (3 rd Semes 251
ter)

Plane wave solutions l i}E + E,) =(!!.1-}E;-E,)

l ....-
E= E((f} r - VI} B= B((f Jr - VI Jexist. (v = (µt) - 1/2) (b (Ef11 II µ -/l1µ 2)µ 2
~
1

· the reflection
= r12 1s
_,J- " ( +n µ ) coeffi .
1c1ent.
E· (112µ1 I
~e have E.l B,E.l k. B.l k,B= (µt)- 112( f} E. 1
I,,, ( )
2
I I
k = µtc,i2 (SI units).
1(!:b - !:l.. 1
E2µ 2)2(t1 µ1 )2 =(t2µ1 )2(t1µ )
Sinusoidal
, plane. waves. are of the form E = E 0/<kr - wr). B _ B
J.,e µfl) µ2
Maxwell s equation yield the boundary condi
- oe i(k, - Cur) fheO we can write (P - l)(P + 1) = 'i2·
tions
(SI units) (:1 J (2E; - E,) = ( : : JE,.
(D 2 -D )-n 2 = er
1
1 1 E "
-1- 211 1µ 2
t 12 is the transmission coefficient.
(B 2 -B1) -11 2 = 0 E; (n1µ 2 + 11 2µ1 )
(E 2 -E 1)-1= 0 a) characteristic impedance of transmission
line= z0
(H 2 - H1) ·t = K -11
1
s. ( z0 = son
At a dielectric-dielectric interface er and and zL,"35 - j47.5 n
k f are zero.
1 z ::---
-1-= 3s- j475
-c- --010
. - J·095
X .
Zo 50
E, AS per the need. we have the following
k; - - - J _ _ - - diagram:
f--- ..L ..---k'
-- -- -- 1- -- -- -= -- z //
E,

t
-d-
. If we set up the problem as shown in the
~W figure above the bound ary c ct· .
oonm m B'

(E2 -E1) -1=0 · (E -E )·(~) =0·E

2 1 X I -E r =E I
A single short circuited stab is shown in
fi g let Y6 be the input admittance, al
(H2 -H1) k1 ·11, (H2 - Hi) {f.) = 0,
B-B' looking into the line without the stop.
looking into the short circuited stub. ' d
Let Y, be the input admittance
' and '/' is to be obtain ed such that
There are no free surface currents .

H2 = B2, H1 = ~ -
Yo = Ya+ Y, =
I
z
0
.
µ2 µI Smee ZL = -Z L = 0.70 - j0.95 .
Using the smithRo
chart we can find the position and length
of short circuited stud.
(I ) Enter Z L on smith chart as pl' draw
lfl circle centered at Owith radius
OP.
(2) Draw straioht line p throuoh Oto p;
on the perimeter, intersecting the
0 1 0 -
lfl circle at P which repre sents y 2.
2
252 S .Q .B . in Elc-clli caJ Engi neering (3 rd Semester) ◄ ~
s.Q.B . in E lectrical E ng inee ri ng (3 rd Se mester)

~
(3) Two poi nts of inten:ect:ion of the lrl circle with the g = I . d intersection of r circle and g = 1 circle (y )
c ircle. ~~ .
(i) P3 : HereyBi = I + jl. 2 = I + jbBi F' d distance traveled (WTG) to get to this A
admittance
(ii) P4 : HereyB = I - Jl .2 = I + j b (7) JJlh. ·sd us= (0.168 - l09)A =0 .059A.
(S) T 1s 1 sT
2 82
Now we can solve for the position of stub as foll ow:
(9) find bA
for P3 ( from P to P ): d = (0.1 68 - 0 .109)A = 0 .059/\.
2 3 1 (IO) Locate Psc .
for P4 ( from P to P~): d =(0 .332 - 0.109)A = 0 . 223A
2 2 ld
(I I) Se STUB
== bA and find YsTUB =- Jbsrus
for P 3 ( from P_.,. to P;) which represents - jb = - 11 .2 (lZ) find distance traveled (WTG) to! et from Psc to bsnra
1
z,,,_ = (0 .36 1-0.250)A =0.III A . is r _ UB == (0.361 - 0.25)"- - 0.11 n.
for P4 (from Psc to P;), which represents - jb = Jl .2 (13) Thi S '-'ST . .
.on is to place a short-circmted stub of length 0.111), a distance
t;= (0.139 + 0. 250)"- = 0 .389""
2
our sou l ti
,_ from the load. . .
of

o.O59 . second solution where the r circle . _

(1) Normaliz e Z L = 0.7 - j 0 .95 'fhere1s a .
and g = 1 circle intersect. This is
a solution to the problem, b~t requir~s .
(2) Find Z L on S .C. a_longer dsTUB and Ls-rue so 1s less
(3) Draw f" circle also unless practical constraints reqmre 1t.
(4 ) Convert to YL desJ!llble, dsTUB == (0 .332 - 0.109) A.= 0.223A
(5 ) F ind g = I circle (y A) l..sTUB =(0 .25 + 0.139)A. == 0.389 "-

------r-1iIWTG = .10911.,~:~----
/2.;,;::{.-;_:.:. •~-- 'j =t--=. ---_- __-."'::"j_::.:f f:- .' . -
,,,,./~-
,,. _ .,...-
_/,"":.----
- -· ~ • .•
,,..01
; 1---.i .; - .--..~ ';--. ·--.:-B·-... WTG
. • - .16811,
./'..>,./-/
✓',~
.,.r- ""'-.,.- ...... ~ . ...--i i
: -,(:° 1 " .;:;,, •~ •. .,,..- \ • , ~
I r J- (_ ·r...._:J;.: "-..._"-•-~~
/,~l,Y,;
,,-;;::- :"11-_~-- ··-.'it'•.,'-.

;".', ,-~- \,.,/'\ . Y-.:J .• -·-..l....;__.;

•• ;-•~-~...
?--!'
I J-j- J-;r:<'.·,,...•. , .
\~•..X,1\ •• \ ~' ~ - r1•· ,' l • / •:~-.:--:_.~~ ::~,:;;,••. .. ),
4 ,,,/ -7- >-
_--,·/~--
./ /. ,··>1/ :-:··:. -;'0-,.✓/
x_ ,.\·-,•
~ 0 ·._I,. , l· t-i iN ·- , _,--.,/•v·,.·
-;, ~ ~-t . .'· •'·"- . ,s'i\,;\•. '
.. ,....-::-:y,-1
_,./ •• >(?~"\
' 1., ◄
1

- ' ··, , : -~:\ . . ., · , ::,.

',;.•, '-..;,<,.,, Y -al I , j :I cJ-'C'\ )""✓/;7

'<~~1 ~W:~~:;J~Ei/it~
 254 S .Q.B . in EIL-clrical Eng ineering (3ni Scmcs1cr) ◄ s .Q .B . in Elcc lrical Engineering (3"' Scnrcsicr)

270 d
_.-.,-:-[]IWTG = .109A.':':---.. Z0 = ✓k log --;:-

/~<tt~~r~rt0 ;~1~ ~.:*~ :-:

- 1..:_1,: )-:J:.~~A:
.,.-,::>-;;.,-,<_;,.,§,,,_..... .....i_..-~-;_ I I l_, Where,
Z = characteristic impedance of line
d= distance between conductor centers
{, ··.../:.":-·"); ,#:/·: . _\.: __,,~~../'".•' ,;:.. .•~ .... -~
1 IJ . I·•-./ - ~ -:-~ ,. = conductor radius
/_ ---~'•/\· . ' ~-\,,.-,\ ~ \ L '
k = relative permittivity of in sulation between conductors
.. In addition to not diss ipating power a lossless line has· two .important
(u)
· 1 · m
(µ p 1s · d epen d ent of frequ ency); and
,,reatures:) it is dispers10n ess
0 · · · d Z ·
(Z) its charactensuc_1mpe ance _o 1s purely real. Sometimes, it is not
possible to des1_gn a -~tsnu~s1on lhine such that R' << ooL' and
G' << wC', but 1t 1s poss1 e to c oose t e dimensions of the line and its
material properties so as to satisfy the condition
R'C' = L'G' (distrortionless line)
Such a line is called a distortion less line, because despite the fact that it is
not lossless, it nonetheless possesses the previously mentioned features
of the lossless line. Show that for a distortion less line,

a = R' ~ = .JR'G' ; ~ = R' .J'0c ; Z 0 = ~2

f"iZ.
~~
(c) Telegrapher's equations are _a pair of coupled, linear and partial kind of
'-.::.) ~_;... K •<,';I...!_ lt-·-.:.:!·/ /" , / _ j_ I I, L50-'.\,.,,\-;.1,::-/ I uations those describe the behavmr of voltage and current on an electncal
'\...: ·--,~~~.,· _. .___1,. ,'[rTJ-1--,:•1 -\\-✓ :)'.:>-;,-,,. I
~,< ~£~tifj}§:JJ/fm
...

= yn eq •ssion line with distance and time md1cat1ons

tranSllll · · · d
For a typical transmission line as modelled below, transm1ss10n , 1mpe ance
and time parameters are given below :

(b) (i) Lossless transmission line refers to a line with no losses or attenuation .
This is possible only when the conductor is perfect and the dielectric is lossless. As
a constant load , the transmission line's response to the applied voltage is resistive
rather than reaclive, despite being comprised purely of inductance and capacitance
(assuming superconducting wires with zero resistance). We can say thi s because
there is no difference from the battery's perspective between a resistor eternally
dissipaling energy and an infinite transmission line eternally absorbing energy. S(S) = ..J(R' + SL')(G' + SC')
The impedance (resi stance) of this line in ohms is called the characteristic
impedance, and it is fixed by the geometry of the two conductors. For a Z(S) = ✓ R' + SL'
parallel-wire line with air insulation, the characteristic impedance may be G'+SC'
calculated as such: T(S) -xS(S) d
=e . . be represente as
smission hne can
t L,,......_--------
1-f -------.
+-----------------------------------------)--- h
For the elemental length, t.L t e tran
d as an infinite series of
follow:
d I The whole transmission line can be represente
l__ r E-~-------- ------------------------- ------- --· >--- cascaded elements as shown above
 s.Q. FJ . in Elcc lric a l f:n g incc rin g• n- rd .sem"2'':.Q
1 ~ ---- 257
~Q B in ElITln,aJ Engin,-cring \-~ " Scmcsic r)

Here c"'V( x l = - (R + i wl ll(x) =;_:-Ex cos( wt + <l>)

ex . i;-'

C~\ x \ = - (G + j coC)\/(x ) i;Y =a yE ycos( wt + <l>y)

c.:.
differeming w.r.t. x on both si des of above two eq uati o ns, we gel
L" ear Polarization: A ssume E Y in the mathemalical expression for the
:---0" !"field equals to zero, w hic h gives the definition of eleclric field as:
< v () eJectnc
~
cx-
= S" \" (x ) i;x =;_:-Excos( wt + <I>)
E'. = 0.
r2i<: ) = s 21(x) The elecufc field on certain propagation position will oscillare only on !he
cx- x-axis with the angular freque ncy of omega, which is shown as below:
s = -/( R + Jwl )(G + JwC)

Zo = R + JwL _
i G ~ JwC
9. { :f. ) The polarisation of an electromag netic wave ind icates the pl an e
11 b viora.t.ing. A 5. electromag netic waves consis1of

d.=L•··rmme tiJc polarisation of the signal. For thi s purpose the pl ane of the
fo::W i.!. u,,cd .
in wh ich
an e lectric a nd a m agnel.ic field
vi.br.nmg m r ig:lu angles to each other it is necessary to adopl a convention

Vcnic.al :,.n:'.l ho:i z..c,m.al polarisation s are the mos! straightforw ard forms
elecrric
10

and
+
direction is defined as linear pol an zau on. O
rero, which gives the e lectric fi e ld as:
n
.,

. fi Id 0 on ly a specific straight
Thus, the similar polarizati~ n °_f electnc te h ~. d !\ssume E. equals 10
th e ot er an · ·

rt~•f:,J ! iruo " c21cgury b-.own a.<, linear polarisation . Here the wave can be 1hough1 £., =0
form of
of 3.!. vf?Y.2.1.rng in one p!i,r,e , i.e. up and down, or side 10 side. This .
pol:;ri:,.111!,..: i;, the most u ,mmonly used , and the mos! s1.raigh1forward. i; = ~ E cos( wt + 4> >.) . • .th ,h~ an•ular freyuenc v ol
Y Y Y
1ha1 fie ld o nly osc ill ale o n rhe y-ax is wt "
H c,wr vci" tili i, i; nu, t.hc only form;,;, i1 is po,,i ble to genera te waveforms The electric
1-u: •c circufar JY_.fo.n1,ation . Circul ar polari 1>ation can be visua.li sed
by imagini ng a omega, which is sho wn in fi gure.
~, gIJ:;J pmp:ig111mg fmm ,,r; W11enna tha1 is rotat.ing. The rip
of 1J1e e l~t.ric fie ld

+
from 1hc
vceu,r can tr.: M:cll to w..v.- , ,u, a helir. c,r cork 1>crew ab ii 1rnve ls away
Wltcnm, C,n:uJ;,r poltm i,w.i on c,m be either ri gh1 or ltfl handed depemlen l upon
Lt'it dircct,un of rotilli,,H M. !lt:(."-D f rvrn the u·an ~1nj uing cJJJlt nnc.t . E\
S!..etd1 for pul1tri1.atfon of EM W
!:fa~ un 1.!it= M111. wdl t:lJ1Jlflit111b for EMW, th;; elec1ri1: fi eld ca11 b1:
, plil inf o
onJ-,0gonill r-t:ompuno:fll I:. , ;u,d -~-u1111por,c: n1 E ,:
258 S.Q.B. in Eleclrical Engineering (3'd Semester)
4 S.Q.B. in Eleclrical Engineering ( 3'" Semester)

Circular Polarization: The circu lar polari7..ation stale is a _ ) \\fheO a cransmitted wa,·e hi~ a boundary such as the o •
(b -n<mission hne and load \Figure). some enen• , . no between the
polari w lion state of e ll iptical polari1..a1i on state. which sati sfies the f0 1;Pccial
condili ons: owing JOSS
leSS u - . •;;~
___,, some w ill be retlectro. The retleciion coeffic•
w,
11 be Iran .
snu11cd 10
d>' kJ3d .,..., --e - as . iem rela1es the iacon1ino
( I ) The fi e ld must have 1wo orthogonal polarized compone nts rsuch a, isd reflected wa, , • .v - "
x-direc li on and y-directi on). r =-
(2) The lwo componenls mus! ha ve lhe same magni1ude (E , = E ) v- ... (i)
(3) The two componenls mus! have a lime-phase difference of m~lti 1 ~ v · is the retlected waw and \" • i;, the incumiu£ """'"• YSWR .
• ude o f the voltace • · is rela1ed
90 degrees. 1l1us the field patlern can be wriltcn as: Pc, of t!JeITT3!e"rul •
Ill l • l fl
", = a_,E, cos(w) vs wR = I-ITT ... (ii)
c y = ~E, cos( wl+ T)11 is odd num ber z,,
- -·,',\.'i' , - - < ' - - - i ~ - - - ~~----<' --
And lhe po lari zation paltern ca n be drawn as in fi gure .
v• ----1

(a) le ft ci rcular polari,..ati on and (b) righl c ircular polari1.;,1ion

Elllpticnl Polnrizntion: The c llipl ica l polarizalion i, 1hc general ddin 11"'" uf
lhe EMW pol ari za1io 11 s1a1 e whose fi e ld pa11 crn can be ex prcs,cd uflcr mah e II H· fft»,e TrwunuJ 1u.>t1, lmt" ,·1rt mt 1llustratu1 g 1he impedance mi.rnuirch
simple math lrnnsformation of: E.~ and E Y ~ ~.-a1 liti tr,J11Jmu mm lm.t' tmd rh11 ltxul. Reflectirms oa ur at the
E., =ER+ E1. ~ <kJJ~r.., .ut'd t,-., ( / #!, uu. £1..ft1t1l )\U\'t ,~ V · n11d th e reflecli\•e 1ravt· is v-.

E_,. =ER + EL YSWR ,·an b,c u>c.1,ur,·,l J,rc,11) "11h an S\\ 'R meter. An RF 1cs1instrument
Ev =
ER - EL ~ 11.S :i ve,:mc l>tl\• vrl.. "nal) ur t \"SA , can b.: u.ed 10 measure the reflection
«1elTIC1!:tli> uf the ,nput purl I S11 ) "nJ th< ou1pu1 pon (S22). S11 and S22 are
Where E_,- = ;;:::E_,. cos( WI + i) llp'"3lcnl to I dt 1hc input ..nJ uu1pul pvrt. re,pccmdy. The VNAs wi th math
moot> can aho Juc,lh c.u::ul.11c ~nJ tlhpia) the rc,ulting YSWR value.
E_.. = ~E_.. cos(m1). ~ return lu" ~l the ,nput .rn,1 output pom can be calc ulated from the
Th us lhc elec1ric field paltcrn can be cnlcu l111cd as: r.ttk£tion c.~lli.-.:lcnt, S 11 or S:: .h 1ulll''"" '.

J
... (iii)
Rl w = '.;Olvg w!S 11 it! B
(ERE~, Ef + ( ER ~,·EJ = I. RL~, = Wlog 1tl [ S!: itl8
.. (iv)

Tbc re11n: tl\ln i:o.,tlicicnl » c 1kulated fro m the charac1c ris1ic im pedance or
_\'
tbnransmi,~iun l,ne etnJ the lo.,d impedance a, follows:
_ \ Z 1. - Z 0 ) .. (v)
1
(Z L +Z o) . arac1eris1icimpedaoceoflhe
Where Z L is the loetd imp,;:d:111cc and Z 0 1s 1he ch ·
lransmissioo Line ( Figure ).
VSWR c:111 al so tx expressed in temJS of ZL and 2 o·
Substituting equation ( v) into equation (ii ), we obtain:
 ◄
2(,0 S.Q.n in Elcctric;il F ng rncc ri ng ( 1rd Scmc,ter)

-Zo)j
VS \VR = -
l
lJ<
1 + (Z1~
(ZL + Z o) - = (ZL + Zo + fZL - Z o I)
ZL - Zo) ] (ZL + Z o - fZ1, - Z o l)
l(Z L + Z o)
For ZL > Z 0_IZL - Z 0 J = ZL - Z 0

There fore. VSWR = (ZL + 20 + 2 L Zo) - =2L

(ZL + Zo - ZL + Zo) Zo
For ZL < Z 0 lZ1- - Z 0 ] = Z 0 - ZL

Therefore VSWR = (ZL + Zo + ZL - Zo) = Zo ... (vii )

(ZL + Zo - ZL + Zo) ZL
We noted above that VSWR is a specification given in ratio form relative to 1
as an example 1.5: I . There are two special cases of VSWR. oo: I and I : I. A ratio of
infinity lo one occurs when the load is an open circuit. A ratio of I : I occurs when
lhe load is perfectly matched to the transmission-line characteristic impedance.
(ii) VSWR is defined from the standing wave that arises on the transmission
line itself by:
ymnx
VSWR = - -
. ... (viii )
ynun .
Where ym:u: is t11e maximum amplitude and ymm is the minimum amplitude
of tl1e sLand.ing wave. With two super-imposed waves, the maximum occurs with
constructive j111erference between the incoming and reflected waves.
Thus V rnnx = v+ + v- ... (ix)
For max imum constructive interference. The minimum amplitude oci:un
with deconsrrucrive interference, or:
yrmn=y.,. _ y - ... (.'< )
Substitu1jng equations (ix) and (x) into equation (viii) yie lds

VSWR = [vm~:\]= yv ++ +- v-
ymrn
y- ... ( \ II

::,ub~lilUlt: e.q uutio11 (i) into equation (xi), w~ obtain

VSWH - Vi(J + lrl) - J + Ir!
V '( J - lrl) J - lrl
 s .Q.13. in Elcctnca ' . (">rd _c
· 1E•ng111ccnng-'-,_ S _11_1c_s_ ) _ _ _ _ _261
Icr...:__ _ ,

Code: 100308

e. Tech 3rd Semester Examination, 2020

(New Course)
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY
Time: 3 Hours Pass Marks: 28 Full Marks: 70

Introductions:
(i) The marks are indicated in the right hand margin.
(ii) There are NINE Questions in this paper.
(iii) Attempt FIVE Questions in all.
(iv) Question No. 1 is compulsory.

1. Choose the correct answer of any seven of the following: 2 x 7 = 14

(a) In free space, the Poission equation becomes
(i) Maxwell equation (ii) Ampere equation
(iii) Laplace equation (iv) Steady-state equation
(b) Poisson equation can be derived from which of the following equations?
(i) Point form of Gauss law (ii) Integral form of Gauss law
(iii) Point form of Ampere law (iv) Integral form of Ampere law
(c) Depth of penetration in free space is
(i) a (ii) 1/a
'(iii) oo (iv) 0
(d) Polarization vector gives the
(i) rate of energy flow (ii) direction of polarization
(iii) intensity of electric field (iv) intensity of magnetic field
(e) Using volume integral, which quantity can be calculated?
(i) Area of cube (ii) Area of cuboid
(iii) Volume of cube (iv) Distance of vector
(t) Electric flux density in electric field is referred to as
(i) number of flux lines
(ii) in ratio of flux lines crossing a surface and the surface area
(iii) direction of flux at a point
(iv) flux lines per unit area
(g) Which of the following correctly states Gauss law?
(i) Electric flux is equal to charge
(ii) Electric flux per unit volume is equal to charge
(iii) Electric field is equal to charge density
(iv) Electric flux per unit volume is equal to volume charge density
 S.Q.B. in Elec trica l Engi neer S.Q.B. in Electrical Engineeri
262 ing (3nl Semester) n g (3rd Semester)
21,3

(h) Find me power reflected 6. ternPl any two part

in transmission line, when Ata find the . s of the foll owin
. .g:
coefficie nt and input power are the renection refle cuon and transm1ss1on coef 7 , 2 = 14
0.45 and 18 V respectively. ( ) air and freshwa ficient for the ·mterface between
(il 3.645 incidence. ter (E = 8 IE0 , cr =0) in the
(ii) 6.453 case f .
(iii ) 4.56 . o perpendtcu lar
(i) In a waveguide, which
(iv) 5.463 (b) Derive the relationship
of me following conditions is between the
(i) Phase velocity = C trUe alwa ys? (i) Standing-wave ratio and mag following:
(ii) Group velocity = 0 nitud e of reflection coefficient
(iii) Phase velocity> C (ii) Standing-wave ratio and the
(iv) Phase velocity < C renection coefficient.
(j) The phase and group velo
cities do not second on whi ch (c) (a) Write the condition for
of the following? a line to be distortionless.
(i) Freq uency (b) Define the term 'pha
(ii ) Wavelength se velocity' .
(ii i) Phase constant • Attempt any two part s of the
(iv) Attenuation constant 7 (a) What following: 7 2 14
2. Attempt any rwo partS is polarization of wave? Disc , =
of the followin g: uss the prop ertie s of S- and
(a) A rectangular wavegu ide 7 x 2 ; 14 P-polarized light. Explain
with dim ensions of 3 cm x 3 why P-polarized light is also
cm operates at IO called as
GHz . fi nd TM-polarized light.
(b) Explain the term 'standing
(i) cut-off frequency (fc ) -wave ratio' related to transmiss
will be the values of input imp ion line. What
(ii) cut-off wavelength 0,) edances when output impedanc
open-circuited and (i) short-cir es are (i)
(iii) Gui ded wavelength O,g) cuited?
(c) Explain why TEM wave
(iv) Phase constant (Pg) does not propagate in waveguid
(b) What do you mean s. Attempt any two parts of the follo wing: e.
by tran smission line ? Deri
ve an expression for (a) A transmis sion line has 7 x 2 = 14
tran smission line equations. a characteristic impedance of
(c) Determine the expression terminated in a load impedan 100 ohms and is
for average power of Poyntin ~e of 200 + j l 80 ohms. Find
g vector. the ,·olrage
3. Attempt any rwo partS of reflection coefficient.
the foll owin g: (b) What is the penetration
(a) (i) Define quality factor. 7 x 2 ; 14 depth in current penetratio n
Give its relation with attenuati frequen cy of l04 MH z, if the in copper at a
(1.i) Define reflectio n coefficie on factor. resistivity is l.7 x !ff" n cm?
nt and ASWR Also write thei (c) What are the satisfactory
r interrelation. condition s for low-loss tranSmiss
(b) (i) Compare wave imp ion 7lines
edance and characteristi c imp , 2·)= 14
edance. 9. Attempt any two parts of the
(ii) Define tangent Joss following:
(cJ Deri ve the field com. (a) A uniform plane wave prop
ponents when wave is prop agating in a medium has
recumgular waveguide with agat ing insid e a E = 2e- "' sin( 8
TM mode of prop agation. . I0 1 - ~z)a y· _ ?Qand cr =
If the medium is charactenzed 3 rnhos/· m.
4. Attempt any two parts of
the following : 4 by E, = 1 , fl , - -
(a) Derive expression
for for input impedan ce whe 7x2; 1 ➔

n tran smi ssion line is then find a , ~ and H.

terminated with any load imp (b) In a non-magnetic medium . (? 101 -08 t}a V/m
edan ce. E == 4stn _n x
{b) What is equipotenti
al surface? Explain Poyntin ·· :
g vector and average Find :
Poynting vector. (i) the time-ave rage pow er
➔ carried by the wave: .
2
~
(c) State and prove Am (ii) the total power crossing 2
pere 's work law as 'i7 x H =
5. Attempt any two parts of the J. 14 . .I00 cn1
. of . plan
I e x Y = )f.. .1
didectnCuller ace.
followin g: (c) What is the boundary con
(aJ Derive the Gau ss di verg 7 x 2 ; th dtuon tor meta
ence t11eorem and Stokes'
their signj ficances .
(b) Er.plain the wave betw
theorem along wi
th ...
e ~~Wi#i3. .'
' txl2(V) = -. il
een para llel plan es. Derive .
the ex pression for e l • (a) (lll) fap/ a11atio11 : The Pmsson u·1tio n LS g11 e ll b) E
auenuat.i on in parallel plane eq '
guid e. In free space, the charges will
(c) Deri ve the expre~s ions be zero. . . . 1, Laplace equa tion.
for the refl ection and refr acti , V) o which ts t tc
on of the waves by Tlms the equatio n beco mes. Del·(
the perfect diel ectric, == •
 S.().ll. in Elcc1ricnl Engineering n'" S
- · CIO('"fcr)

(d E.,rta,wflrm:
( t,)
follcm inf r-qu3tirm~:
P(,iS..'-(lO C'Qlllltif'" cnn t'll' derived fffllll wr,,·c,I of 1hr
= ~(;;
2
r = 2a = 2 X 1 Cll1 : () CITI,

D = i:E and E = - Grad( \ 'l in Gmiss la" · we ge1

off wavclcnglh = 6 cm.
!kl:( \"l = - f'.. "·hi,h i, 1hr Poisson equ.11i0n. Jlcncc cu1-

c•npnal ,·aJue.
E
\d uil E.,pla11atwn: ln1ensir, 0fradin1ion inside the medium fa lls 10 lie of lhc

(di \il £,:planarion: Poyntin& ' '<'Clor given 1hr ralc of energy now per unii area
per unil 1imr. 1hrough a cross-sernonal area along the d1rec11on of propagaLion.
,;;H G"' Fw••©
'dcd wavelength (A~ )

>,•

f-(r
\cl \iiil Eq,lanati<>n: The \'Olume in1cgral gives the volume of a vecior in a f- JOGHz.
1<1=ion. Thu, ,·olume of a cure can oc compmed. Since - 3 3 3
so1., ~ ~ ✓1 - 0.25 = 0.86 =
149
1() 1iil E.lpla11arion: Electric nux dcnsily in electric field is referred to as ratio = cm.
of flux hnes crossing a surface and the surface area.
\f l 1i, l Explanation: The electricflra passing through an." closed su,face is
cquai ro rhc rota/ charge enclosed b_,· that surface. ln other words, electric flux per
ofm
(iV) p1,ase cnstant low:
is given as folr-ITT
umt volume Je.i,·ing a poim (\'anishing small volume). is equal to the volume
charge density.
(h) (i\ E:cplanarion: Given reflection coefficient= 0.45 and input power= 18 P=~
2it = 2 x 22 l
7x 3 6
_
-(i) -2l(0.
2
44
866l = 1.81 rad/m.
Since power reflected = R "P;n::
\\"here R = reflection coefficien1 = 0.45 (bl A transmission line is a system of conductors that Ira , .
. . ns,ers electrical
and P,,.- = power incident = 18 units . from one place to another. T he nsmg and falling of thew
s1gna15 . . . . aves moves the
Hence power reflected = (0.45) 2 (I 8) = 3.645 units re creaung mechanical energy which 1s converted into elec1ncny ..
s1ruc lu and
Hence option (i) is correct cransrniued 10 shore over a submerged transmission line.
(i) (ii l Explanation: In waveguides. the phase velocity will always be greater The transmission lines are_ part of the system that gees elecLricity from the
!han the speed of lighL Tnis enables the wave to propagate through the waveguide. pawer stations to homes and It 1s made up of aluminum because it is more
Thus \ ' > c is the required coodition. abundant, cheaper and less dense than copper. It carries electromagnetic energy
/jJ (i) Explanation: The phase and the group velocities are directly related by from one point to anoth_e r pomt and 1t conSLSts of two conductors lhac are used 10
the frequency. wavelength and the phase constant. II is independent of the ttansrnit electromagnetic waves over a long distance between transmitter and
aucnuation const.anL receiver are called transmission lines. There are both AC (Alternating Current)
and DC (Direct Current) tr.ansmission lines. The AC transmission lines are used to
1. (i ) Dimensions of rectangular wave guide are 3 cm x 2 cm operating cransmits alternating current over a long distance using three conductors and the
freauenc,, = 10 GHz
DC transmission lines use two conductors to transmit direct currenc over a long
. Cu1~ff freqUency i, given by/, = ~ J(;Y+ ( ~Y distance.

For the most dominan1 mode TE 10, m =I, n = O

C .~ C 3xJOIO
At any distance x, ':!.., =
r vfI.
c So far as the source of V(O, 1) is concerned, the

Sol, =-,,, +0 = - = - - = 0.5 x 10 10 =50 GHz ~ansmission line behaves in exactly the same way as a resistor of value ~ -We
2 a- 2a 2Y3
Here a = 3 cm and b = 2 cm call !his resistance the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
2
( ii) Cui-off wave length;_ = r== ===
Drive near end with voltage V, and Supply l,.
C J(;J\ (~Y .
Al far end, forward wave is V+ = e1' 0 ' and I+ = _±.
V
Zr
 266 S.Q .B . in Elccrrical Engineering ( 3M Semester) S.Q. 13 . in Elec trical Engineering (Jrd Semester)

r ·s also possible to combine_ the electri c displ acement r,

Near Z,. Far 1
JI fl x densi1y Btogetthe M111kowskiformof the P . cld D with the
I, inasnetic u strUCt yet ano ther version. T he choice has be oyntrng vector, or use D

6)v,
j
I Tra~~ission
Lme
~
v.
Forward
~
v_
Reflected
no d fl 10 con

nents o
rt .

.
en conrrovcrsi
,narize and 10 ace am e~ lent res?lve the centu ry. Jon d.
el al-5001 f the Abraham and M mkowski forms.
proPo e poynting vector represents the particular case of an ener flu
g ispure
I Pf
a : cifcr
between

fh netic energy, However, any ty pe of energy h gy x vector for

eletu-ornag·n space as we JI as .tis d ensrly,
.
so energy fl ux vect as rts d1rcction o f
erneot I • II ,
mov es of energy as we ' e.g., ,or mec hanical energy. ors can be defi n di

v_
other J1
1
The Umov
covered by Nikolay Umov in 1874 descri bes energy fl . ·_Poynrmg
vector : dia in a completely generalized view. 10
c . or

Wlule reflected " ·ave rs V_ = 7e1 "" and I ux lrquid and

eJnsuc rn I 2't
?rrL
At near end. forward wave has phase
Zy
earlier, T < S > = .)0 d (oo t)E (x, y, z. t ) x H (x, y, z, t)
21
2rrL We conclude that
while reflected wave has phase T later.
j:!r.!:. -j'.bt.!:.
< S > ½Re {E x u •J (time-average Poynting vector).
v, = V+ (Near) + V_(Near) = v.e 1• + 7V+e 1·
where E and H are the complex counterparts of the E and H fields.
11.r.!:. - 12n .!:. This fonnula is useful for computing time-average electromagnetic power flow.
I, = !+(Near) - !_(Near) = r .e 1- - 7V+e 1-
Work done by the e lectro magnetic fields on the charges in a unit volume in a
V
The impedance seen by V, is Z , = -"- unitlirne:

V + e
j :.~
i. + r\l + e
i 20 ~
i.
ei::~ [ re-j4•~]
1
- V+ I+ 1
-
~ = p(E +
~
V X

V-(E x H ) = H -(v'
E )-v = pv- E = J

E )- E -(v' X
X
-E = E-( v' H- aa~)
8B
X

H ) = - H· ar- E ·(v' H)

e-i:.~
X

-re-i4•~]
z 8D i)B
s
e ;_ -7! +
I+
j:.~
1· e j:.~ V [
'·-±. I 1- ~ J -E=- v' -(E x H ) -E - - H -at.
81
Z+

zT[, + re-i4"T.]
This suggests S =E x H , 8U , = E- 8D, and 8U"' = H 6B.
u,, (E, D) = f~ E -8D is a function of the final E and D fields.
z, Choosing a straight path of D in the fina l D direction, then
[1 -re-i4•T.] . U ,,( E, D ) = f~E -80.
Assuming linear med ium, i.e.,E andµ are independent of E and H, then
(c) Poynti ng vector is d efin ed as S =Ex H 1
E- 8D = E- o(EE ) = EE-Eli = D -8E ⇒ E -60 = 6<E-D).
where bold Jeuers represe nt vectors and 2
. theorem are summarized as:
Hence Continuity equatio ns unders poynung
>- E is the electric fi eld vector;
>- His the magneti c fi eld vector. au +v'-S=-J -E
This expression is often cal led the Abraham form. The Poynting vector is ot I
usuaJly deno ted by S or N. U=U e +U m = -( E-D+B -H)
2
In the " microscop ic" version o f Maxwell's equations, thi s definition must be S=E x H
rep/aced by a defi nition in tenn s of the electric fi eld E and the m agnetic flu x
U = Energy density of the e lectromagnetic fi elds.
density B.
Linear respo nse ass umed. Otherwise
 5 QB . in lilcclrical Engi neering (3 " 1''er
~ - _'.2.,_ nci;1cr)
268 S.Q.B. in Elcmi,ol En~i necri ng (.1'" Srmcstrr) ,,---- - - - - - 2~?
. tric loss tange nt is the loss of energy and 1. . .
8 .. ) p,e 1ec . <1ssipat1on of
Li=[• O0 E -.50+ •[o H ·I\B (11 novemcnt of charges 111 a substituting elect energy
hJOugh ·th e 'w·tchcs Uie directi on. romagnetic field a~
S = Pornling ,-ector. Encri;v Oow through a unit area in a uni t lillle. I • uon s i •
..,1ar1Zll gent is measured by tan 6 whi ch estimates signal I b
lnstantanoous intensit)· of light. ,- t,oss tan I . oss ecauo;e f
di ssipation of e ectromagnct1c energy. o
J. \a l (i) Two definitions exist for quality factor: one is based on energy loss. JIJllCnta1 . . . . . . .
fun d aciuve d1elcctr1c, we would ltke to m1111 mi zc E' Lo
while the other uses the resonant freq uency and band w1dU_1. TI1ese are 1101 for a cap . f f!_' dE , · ss langent is
d as the ratio o , an , .
equi,went \they are only so for large Q values) so let s focus 011 the define ' . e;
enen:v-loss-based one. which is more general. }fence tan 6 = -;-
Definition of the attenuation coefficient. and the qualily factor, Q. for an
esents the dielectric loss, then power dissipated in diele t • .
oscillatory pro,.,--ess in IfRp re pr c nc per unit
(a l the frequency-domain. and , 1e is given by:
(b) the time domain. In a s1e,idy-s1ate oscil lation. the attenuation coeffi cient
\'OIu..
power loss _ y2 J
_ V2 I v2
Wvol = volume -R p x dA - - -d- - x dA =--;;iweo<.
measures the width of the resonance peak at 1/ of the maximum amplitude, and Q
. . . 1 I /0 wA e0 <=;
measures ,rs relative width : DJ - =- =-. W = WE 2 e 0 E,. tan 6.
2 r Q or, vo1
An example with Q = IO is shown below:

8
£ -0 "
P. .~
., Q.

~
i <f.-'-l+Hl-¥.-lfHl'ffff,1,1',ff/\lM't/#.~ -

E
tan6is also defined as the ratio mentioned below:
~
<oL_ ft_o_l _2_ _fo- -3-!fo_ l_2.;;;;:2::..
'fo energy lost per cycle = tan Ii
(b)
energy stored per cycle
Frequency
(a) (c) Rectangular wave guide is given by
tY
(iiJ Reflection coefficient (RC): The ratio of the amplitude of the reflecled ,' ,',
wave and the amplitude of the incident wave. At a discontinuity in a transmission ,' ,,
,,
,,____ ______ - --- - +
line. the complex ratio of the electric fi eld strength of the reflected wave to that of
the incident wave. The reflection coefficient may al so be established using other
/,'/ X
field or circui1 quantities. The reflection coeffi cient is given by
RC _ Z 1 - 2 2 _ SWR - I
- 2 +2 - SWR +(
1 2
(b; (i J Wave impedance of cha1 radiation impedance of EM wave is defined as

the ratio of electric field to magnetic field. Hence z= J€. while characteristic . - d. 't within thi= wavi:guidc is
Expressed in phaser form , the electnc fie! rntensi Y
Impedance (Z 0 J depends on on the circuit parameters like R, L, C and G and also governed by the wave equation
on the frequency. 2 0 = . 'v 2 E + p2 E = 0.
I G + 1wc
HereP=W ~ .
 S.Q.8 . in Ehx rtiC":tl Enginc.-c1i n£. l-' ni Scmc.i.1 cr)
------------~ cal- Enginee
- ring n"'
- ,Scmc.!1cr) 27 1
-
liO

take the length of transmission line-,~,

TI1i> <'quatio n 1s rnmt>ined with boundal)' conditi
pcrfcctl\' <.'C'nducting plates:
Soluti~n ol~t~i, eq: :t.ion i;<~etennincd by Canes
on s imposed
by lhc
1,tt u:' -
then in -
Z(2 = - /)=:'__I
I ,,1 z = _1
'
ian co-ordi nates AISOnote that thi s im peda nce is neither the load imped
ance nor characteristic
Since E = " E., + _,· E, + : E :
then c-ompo nents in tllc respective co-ordinates is illlpedance. ,
given by: f!ence we Z;,
c;, ZL and Z;, c;, Zo-
+ +iPI ·pt
, : E., ~ p: E, = 0 since Y(at Z = - /) = Y0 (e + rL e· J )
, : E 1 + P: E_
, =0 I(Z =-/) =v• - -
_Q._(e+JPI - rLe· JPI)

, : E , +P 2 E, = 0
Also we know that, · = - + -
., ci
cx2 C11· 2 + -oz2 .
ai a2 Z;, =(ft:~_,= ~
Zo( : :: ~~::~: '.}
Z;, can be expressed in terms ofZL using the previou
Hence. the equation governing tlle.Canesian compo s relationship.
nents of may be written E Z - Z0
as: c= -
--::---z
c' - a2 - , - Since f L = __L -.
ZL + Zo
Ex +-:.-, Ey + -:-2 Ex+ P·Ex = 0
ex 0 ·· oz Hence we can get:
For E _, (ZL + Zo)eiP I + (ZL -Zo)e·iP']
a2 - c2 - a2 - ~ Z-m = Z 0 (ZL + Zo)eJt••t
-:, E y· + -:-:;- Ey + -:-- Ey+ p 2 E y = 0 [ , -(ZL - Zo)e· iPI
ex - 2
cy- o:,
= [Z L(eiPI + e-iPI) + z0ceiP'- e·iP')]
and for E ,
c1 - Zo ZL (eiP/ + e- iPI) -Zo(e iP' - e· iPI)
a1 ~ a2- 2-
-=---i" E' + -:.-, E, + 2 E, + P E, = O.
ex cy· oz
Hence we c~ fi nd ~ e components of electri c and
Z =Z [ZL + 1Z 0 tanPI ] ·
magneti c field can be easily 0 Z
0 +JZ LtanPI
'"
calculate<:! once E: and H, are known . (b) The surface which is the locus of all points which
are at the same potential
For E,.. tlle TM components are detennined as follow is known as the equipotential surfac e. No work is
: required to move a charge from
- one point to another on the equipotential surface.
K,aE , - In other words. aoy surface with
E, =-/ ' c E2_ _roµ aE _
E> = - j ~ -- · H, =+; - 2 ---
or. '
the same electric potential at every point is termed
as an equipotential surface.
K ~ ex. K2p Kp ox Equipotential Points: If the points in an electric
field are all at the ;:ime
and H> = - JK2
. 0µ oE_
ax··
electric potenti al, then they are known as the equipo
tential points. If these potnu
are connec ted by a line or a curve, it is known
p as an equipo tential line. If such
4· 12J Let us a.;surne !he given iransmission line as given below: points lie on a surface , it is called
1/zJ- anequipotential surface. Furthe r,
-r- 0 if these points are distributed ";7 Equ1potennal

r 7 through out a space or a volum e, it

is known as an equipotential /
.Y surfaces
' ~ Une of fores

,f
Vlz1 VL volume.
The work done in mov ing a ''
''
I charge betwee n two points in an
'

I
.
- C,

1
equipotential surface is zero. If a
point charge is moved fro m poi nt
Z= I Z=O
 S Q.R in Ellt-c trknJ F11gm<"Crin!) (_;Nl Semester)
q
s.Q.B. in Elect rica l Engineering r'.'._" Scnic 1tcr,

-- l7J
•
, -.._ I<' , · 1, . in an equip(>1en1inl ~urface. lhcn Lhe work done in moving the char c . B = µc11I
~went,~ g "
W = q 0("V,._ - V8 )
51
a-&=~tJ.
·ncef plying strokes theorem
A,,,·.._ - V8 i~ equal to 1cm. the rm.al work done i~ \\I = O. NownP
Fearn= c•f poyming ve.:·ior a~ as follow: fa-di =f, (V x B) =µJ
> The poyntifl!c ,·ec1or depends on E and B So v x B = µ oJ
Vx(µ 1--1) =µ 0J or, V x H = J.
S=...!....ExB m s =...!.... EB sin9 or, tr·
µo µo Hence proved.
-" S, (n) As per Gauss's divergence theorem, the surface integral of a vector field A
losed surface is equal Lo lhe volume integral of diver•ence of th . .
E o•a~ o e p~
,-ector A over the given volume enclosed by the closed surface.

Hence we can write as ft A·ds =JfJ (V-A )edv

V

X proof: Let us prove the given theorem on the parallelopipeds shown below:
s
► It,; direction is the di rection of propagation.
► This is time dcpenden1
Its magnitude varies in time
It,, magnitude reaches a maximum al the same instanl as E and B II m
1__ ___ ' - - - - - - - ... - - - - - ' - - - - - - - ' -- - - - -------
9 = 90c, so S = ...!_ EB : ,,/
µo : /,,
re A, per the circuiw.l low. we know that f B ·dl =µaL ,,'

Le: us assume 2 current carryi ng conduc1or, and the magnetic field produced Lei us consider the surface 'S' enclosing the given volume 'V'
b~ ,: LO form conccnrric circles as shown below:
Let us consider the surface Si given by ff, A-~j .
The whole volume is divided among I, II and Ill regions then total rlu.1
generated from the whole volume is given by:
Iff A·dS~ =#;·dS~
5
. i_ . _ . . , •on i) b _\ V , we gct
Now multiplying and dividing the left hand sideol equau ( Y '
➔ -• l ➔ . -•
#A·ds = I - <#A-dS/v' V,
'vV s
H.:::rc B imd di w-c u111gc111Jnl lo the lidd line at p .' _. , . he infinite elementary
s
Assuming that the whole vo lume 1s d1vtded among 1
lil<:o ti di = f!. di cm lJ "= B -tll i.;os u"= B -d/ rolun1es, so that t:,. V; ➔ O
Sc, f B;ll - l:li2 M 1 ➔ -• I ..., _, 'V V
ff A- d S = Lim I - (ffA -d S,l 1
.. (I)

- ~ I s L\ V; ➔O 'vV, s
en fb tli =.!:J. 01w1~ µ /
'J.ru, '
Now Lim - I (UA,dS ) = V-A ➔ -•J -•...,
,w, ➔O [ 'v V I
JJ
SI
'
 ~ S.Q A. in Elecrrica l F.ngmrrnn" ( 1"' •,
o , c1t1e.11 1er t

-----
we haVC seen that
..
J F· d r = f 0 -d ,
~ . ns
" f'" th r l'{Jt10tic•11 !1l t-,[',-r,mr , ,\ISO A c 1111 1
i!: /; = ,--,-:: :i,- ,.
}1 ""\ I ' "-- ( ,"'\
AS r·
..,.I Green 's theorem . left hand ~ide of equarinn 1111 ,in ,
~ -• -~ -, 11 .
111 J ,ue ~lUJJ
so hence JCurl F- ,/ A =
I

ff•.
R
d r.

which is basically the strokes theorem.

~inN" .'I,·, ___. 0. Hen,e r ,\', t-,,-.cr,me integral over the volume v (b) wave equations. in parallel plane guide are deSGribed
as follow ·
v 2E + olµ e E = 0
l·kn-:e we can wri te : j:f A-dS= f#,t-; A)d,· ,3 2E 2 2
iJ E + iJ E
_ _ .r + ___.!. __.I = - ulµ E E
whtch prcwe!'- the G aus~
!-- Di"erg6.nce theorem
0

~2 ~2 ~2 ,
Proofof stoke"s theorem : ,32E ,32E, iJ2 E , 2
Let m consider the oriented surface A. bounded by the __Y +--
· + __, =-co µ E E
curve B. a.xi ~1 0,2 ,
2 2
,J2E
__ 8 E iJ E
, +--' +- -' =-ef;, e E .
~2 ~2 ~2

C0
,
Behaviors of electric and magnetic vectors can be conceptua
lized oy :ht
following figure . .x

s
X

Stoke ·, Theorem is i;,vcn by curl r F-d A= f F-d-; 0 O

A B
"°'"): Green·, theorem in the st-plane Here a plane wave is incident at an angle with perpendic ular
pcJanz:ision.
LC! u., con,·crt the line in1eg-ral f F-d-;
8 electric and magnetic fields are given by: ,
m1c• ~ hnc 1111.C7TaJ around C; . .
E =2;E;o sm([l 1.xcos )e - Jilt , ...o\',
e
_,
f f- d r = [ F--d., ➔ F- -;:- dr
_, -+ dr -o,. 1
H = 2jE;o sin([l xcosO)e -Jllt " '" 0cos0.;
H C d.1
~ "'c c::n aetinc the 1wo dimen,ionnl vector fi eldG~ = (G 1• G 1) on the straight
()/ 1 1
11 ' +2 E,o cosl~-••u,tll<- t\
'11
Attenuation factor in paralld plate guide is given by:
011' ' _ _1:.1.fi..
~. ;r l1 , ; .r a" ,: a,• ~ · H<N O -r- ---
~u:rl r- d ;.: - r curl F '_
~ (~)2 ('.: )1=~
'" I
•
I • ~ rd., dr
• ('J £'1

r" ~ > ~
and f. = +l '-"" j:{ ~ ):
mf
AIM ) ~HJLl' cun
/.1,
l _! =
;;, fJ.
- i.<J___L c: 2 a ~J; b _

~
(,,
.. • I [ l(.J
//rile~ J ( url I d /•. (
•
_ ;_
i J,
. (ii)
illld phase rnnstan l is give n by µ =
 qv
276 1
S.Q.B. in Elr,;-trical Engi neering (.1" Scmc.<tcr)
277
A - E A ·1 ( . 0
= --0 ye-1·, xsm , + HosO,)
media it11erface be . H,
. (, )_Rcllec-tion of elec-troma~nc1ic waves of the l\\cen lwo 111
dielec-tm:-s is shm,·n as follow :

a,,,
.
X
E,
A -E A .• ( • 0
H, = --0 ye-r2 xsm, + .:cosO,)
-.,,,
H,
Er
H,
J-1ere K2 = wµ 2 ~: and lh =
v{µ;"-;;arises:
Reflected Transmitted
Here phase matching condition
wave a, wave -jK1xsin0, = - jK1xsin9, = - jK 2 xsinO
This also results in two conditions: 0, = 9,
'

K 1sin0; = K 2 sin0,
Medium 2
E, , (a) Given: Perpendicular incidence
("2, 112) 6
Medium 1 ~ / For fresh water E= 8 I e 0, cr = 0.
(c,. µ 1) H, Here 9; = 90.
Incident
wave sin90 81 e0 9 = .!._
Also - - = - - = - or, 9sin9, = I or, sin9, 9
Parallel Polarization sin 9, e0 I
X
• or, 9, =sin-i (¼) =638 °.

Reflection coefficient is given by:

E, H, sin2c9 ,-9,) sin2(90°-6.38°)
RN= - - ~~ 2
Reflec!ed Transmitted 2
sin (9; + 0,) sin (90° + 6.38°)
wave
- - - - T ~ ' - -_.J_:...__ ____ _______
a,
_ __ z wave
2 2
sin(83 .62°)] ( 0. 994) 1
Incident
= [ sin(96.38°) = 0.994 =
wave
Medium 2
_ sin29;sin29, sin(! 80) sin(! 2. 76) 0.
Medium 1 TN- - ~- ~
(c1, µ 1) E, ("2, 112) sin 2(0; + 0,) sin\96 .38)
H, wave is the ratio of the
(b) The wave impedance of an electromagnetic
z=O lraJJsverse components of the electri c and magnet ic fields (the transverse
Perpendicular Polarization ents being those at right angles to the directio n of propagaJion). For a
compon
g through a homogeneous
lraJJsverse-electric-magnetic (TEM) plane wave travelin
K =~ 10 1he intrinsic impedance of
for the incident wave. wave no. is represented as 1 medium, the wave impedance is everywhere equal
ng through emp1y space, 1he
K, = K 1sin0,; + K 1cos0;. the medium. In particular, for a plane wave travelli
ance of free space. The symbol Z is used 10
electric field vector lies in wave impedance is equal to the imped
if the magnitude of incident electric field E and symbol n (e1a) may be used
ne then electric and magne tic field is ,;presented as represent it and it is expressed in units of ohms. The
I.he r:-pla , , 10 avoid confus ion with elec1rical imped3'.1ce.
insJead of Z for wave impedance
E, = E e-i;, imped ance or surge impeda nce of a unifomi U'llllsm,ss,on
0 The charac teristic
of a single pair of vollage and
line, usually written zo• is the ratio of the amplimdes
.)e-1½ (isin81 z w..01 J
= E0 (;cos0I _ :sinO
"° I
•
· • The SI u011
ating along the line in the absenc e of re11ecuon,. . ..
A -ft; EoA _1,1 .
(x srn0 + zcosO .)
curren1 waves propag
·
· imped • Th , 1er·1s1ic im""do
-I1.irac r nce a01
H, = H 0 e =-y e of characten·st1c ance 1s the ohm. c c
1JJ I • •tginary componenl
. 1•s no 1111'
I
. , _
oss ess lransm ission line is purely real, that 1s, thererk
I J .
sisrnnce 1n 1h1s case.
I e am_ .'1
Here11 1 =!:l (2 losskss
e, o= [2 0 ] + jO). Charac teristic impeda nce
such 1hat power genera1cd by a source on one end f 11
appear s
°' · 1 mft111W Y1ong
 s .Q.B. in Electrica l Eng ineering (3"' Semester)
rd 279
278 S.Q.B. in Electri cal Engineering (3 Scmc!- tcr)

rewster's angle for p po lari zation . That's easy 1o remember· " " .
in the 1. .race at B (like " Brewster ") , so B rcwster 's trick works with . ·. P 1s
transmission line is transmill ed th ro ugh the line but is not dissipated 5u11, "B"
· · P polanza11on ·
•ff
itself. A transmi ssion line of finit e length (loss less or lossy) that
is tcnn inatetc coI ser to ontext of d1 rac tJo ..
n g ratrngs, the opposi te defim1t1on
one end with a resistor equal to the charac teristic impeda nce (ZL
= Z 0) appears 0i"' In the c . . can
"S" still means perpendi cular, but ,n th at case perpend icular not 10 th
be 1
ound.
So for s polarizati h cplane
the source like an infinitely long transmission line. J.fert,_ e but lO the lines of the grating.
. . · on, t celcctnc f, Id
ve! inc1denc, h . c
(ii ) The dielectric loss tangent (tan 15) of a material denotes quantitati of . rpendic ul ar tot e 1mes, 1. e., 1t lies in the plane of ·me,'dence.
such a~ vector JS pe
dissipation of the clcclrical energy due to different physical processes as the ra tio of the maximum d'
and loss from Usually SWR is defined I ra JO-frequency
electrical conduct ion. die lectric relaxatio n. d ielectric resonance (b) ' .. RF .
e to the m1mmum vo tage alo ng the line. This is also known as the
non-linear processes. (Rf) vo ltag .
e standing-wave ratio (VSWR).
n. . . Ii .
(c) (i) A dis tortion less line has no frequency and no delay di stortio voltag
The sWR on a transm1 ss1o n ne 1s mathematically related 10 (but
not the
tion (V)
For such line the attenuation constant (a) and ve loci ty of propaga same as) the ratio of reflected power to forward power. In general, the higher the
not be a function of freque ncy. phase constant (13) sho uld not be a function converse is
should ratio of reflected power to forward pow?r, the greater is the SWR. The
of frequency. in the line is
also tnJe. When the SWR o n a transnuss1on Ime is high, the power loss
For such line R = G = 0. greater than the loss that occurs when the SWR is I. This exaggerated
loss. known
of a
(ii ) The phase velocity is here by defined as the propaga tion velocity SWR loss, can be s ig nificant, especially when the SWR exceeds 2 and the
certain componen t of an EM wave. :nsmission line has significan t loss to begin with. For this reason. RF
engineers
travels is
We can also say that the velocity with which the phase of the wave strive Lo minimize the SWR on communic ations transmissio n lines. A
high SWR
or
called phase velocity. can have other undes irable effects, too, such as transmissio n-line overheating
travels is
We can also say that the velocity with which the phase of the wave breakdown of the dielec tric materia l separating the line conductors.
called phase velocity.
kets, so the (c) TEM mode: The Transvers e electromag netic wave cannot be propagated
The waves can be in the group & such gro ups are called wave pac
within a waveguide , but is included for completen ess. It is the mode tha1
is
velocity with
velocity with the wave packet travels is called group velocity. The wave is
commonly used within coaxial and open wire feeders. The TEM
which the phase of a wave travels is cal led a phase velocity. magnetic
characterise d by the fact that bo th the electric vector (E vector) and the
If Vr = Phase velocity and Vg = Group velocity
vector (H vector) are perpendic ular to the direction of propagation.
are
dVP
-KdK. We know that, for TEM wave, both electric field and magnetic field
then VP = V 8 of the wave
transverse (no componen t of e ither E or H exist in the direction
Here K is the ang ular wave number. propagation).
to tra nsverse Then
7_ (a) Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying Suppose a TEM wave is assumed to exist within a hollow waveguide.
In a transverse
waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillation s. the lines of H must lie e ntirely in the transverse plane.
of moti on of
wave, the direction of the osci llation is perpendicu lar to the di rection
ns traveling Also in a non magnetic material, V ·H = 0
the wave. A simple example of a polarized transverse wave is vibratio
along a tau t string; for example, in a musical instrument like
a gui tar string. which.requ ires m ag netic field lines to form closed loops.
direction, in ~e
Depending on how the string is plucked, the vibrations can be in vertical So if a TEM exists inside the guide the lines of H will be closed loop
In contras t, in -~
horizontal direction , or at any angle perpendicu lar to the string. plane perpendicu lar to the axis Accordino to maxwell's first equauon th
ent of the to e a."
longitudinal waves. such as sound waves in a liquid or gas. the displacem magnetomotive force around each of thi s clo~ed loop muSI be equal
so these waves
parucles m the osci ll ation is always in the direction of propagatio n, current (conductio n or displacem ent) through the loop.
. . -e
ial trans mission 1in •
n include
do not exhibit polarization. Transverse waves that exhibit polarizatio In the case of guide with an inner conductor, e.g. , a coax . the inner
al waves and
electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves, gravitation th is axial current through the H loops is the conduction current '"
d light is .
transverse sound waves (shear waves) in solids. Usually, p-polarize conductor . . er conductor.this a.t1al
incidence on a . .
und_erstood to have ~n electric field direction parallel to the plane of However, for a ho llow wave guide havmg no inn nt requires an
ular to that
device, and s-polan zed light has the electric field oriented perpendic current must be a displacem ent current. But axial displacement curre
lar, p
plane. (Actually, the lellers have a German origi n: s = senkrecht = perpendicu axial componen t of E which is not present in a TEM wave.
•de
of a
= parallel.) Accord mg to tha t definition, we can obtain vanishing reflectivity nd
Therefore, T E M •wave cannot exist in a single-co uctor wawgu,
·
280
S.Q.B. in Electrical Engineering (3nt Semester) _ ___:s:.:.= .B_. _in_E_le_c:.:.
Q-- tri:.:.
ca:::l.::E::'ng
.!~in'.'.c~cn~
': ·n~gl:()i:_:'d S:cn,
- 2crncsicr)
8. (a) From the given infonnation, we have. z = I00 n ""ere are the following condition for the line 10 be
0 1ossless·
Load= 200 + 1180 = ZL '" .
for the Lossless hne: .. ·
Reflection coefficient is given by. (a) Artenuati_on constant (a)~ 0
r = ZL - Zo _ (200 + 1180)-100 _ 100 + 1180 (b) Propagauon constant (3) 1s 3 = a + jp
ZL + Zo - (200 + 1180) + 100 - 300 + 1180 Since a= 0.
So 8= jp
rri= .Jooo) + oso)2
2
10000 +32400 and since 3 = [(R + j(J)L)(G + j(J)C)]
✓(300) 2 + (180)2 90000+32400 and since R + G = 0.
So 8= [(j(J)L)(j(J)c)] = (j(J))2LC.
= \~ = .J0.3465 = 0.59. Phase shift for such line is given by p= (J)LC.
122400
(b) Depth of penetration is given by: Characteristic impedance for such line is z0 = ~ = ~
G + JwC c·
8 = ~ 1 = / u x 1o-6 x 7 x 7 Hence z0 is in the fonn of pure reactance (inductance and capacuance)
.
itfµcr I
22 X lOIO X 4 X 22 X 10-?
Phase velocity is given by for lossless lines, VP=~
83.33 X \0-6 p
.jo.043 X 10-IO Since P= (J)LC
~ 1936 x 10-6 (J) I
So Yp = wLC = LC.
= 0.656 x l0-5 =6.56xx l0-6 m
(c) The complex propagation constant is y = (R + j(J)L)(G + j(J)C), when the 9. (a) Given that, E = 2e-°' sin(! 0 81 - bz)ay
transmission line has low conduction and dielectric losses, we can assume that
e,=l, µ, = 20, a = 3 mhos/m
R << (J)L and G << C. Using some mathematical simplifications like the Taylor
fonnula, the propagation constant is y " j(J)LC(l - j2(R(J)L + G(J)C) , ()' 3 X 36 7t
Smee - = - - -- 9 3393 » L
(J) E 108 x 1x Io-

r
So for J = jj3, P = (J)LC, here Z 0 = LC is the characteristic impedance. This
approximation is called low-loss high frequency approximation and can be used Hence the given medium is regarded as a good conductor.
when losses of the transmission line are low.
The fonnulas we made above appear straight forward. Let's consider the case Hence Cl= p= F, =[4rt x 10-7 x/0(108)(3) = 61.4
of the distortionless transmission line. 1n general of loss in a transmission line, the
propagation constant y will be complicated and the phase tenn B and won't be a 8
From the given equation, it is clear that, (J) = 10
linear function of frequency w, so there appears to be phase velocity v P = wP Hence u = 61.4 NP/m, p=614 rad/m.
which will no longer be linear. SinceH =H 0e- °'sin((J)I -Pz-0)aH
It does mean that the different phase parts of the wideband signal will travel So Let us find out H0 and 9.
with different phase velocities and arrive at the receive at different times. This
effect will lead to the dispersion and the distortion of the signal. So the longer the Since tan 29 = ~ = 3393.
(J) E
transmission line, the bigger the phase effect.
So29 = tan- 1(3393) = 2:
The transmission line is distortionless when the parameters are related to the 7t 2
following RL = GC. The propagation constant a = RCL and P = wLC. So0 =- =45 °
Distortionless transmission lines have losses, but they do not make any distortions. 4
. E
A transmission line is said to be lossless if the conductors of this line are
S1nce H0 = _Q_
behaving as perfect conductors. Hence we can say that crc = oo and the dielectric l11l 1

~ =[ 4rtx 10-\x 20(10 ) ]2

8
medium between the lines is lossless that is a d = 0. and 1111 =
This means that dielectric between the conductors should not show any
conductivity.
= l~!t = ,/838.09 = 28.95.

d
 Cf rin g (3"' e
s .Q.B. in Electr ica l Enginee-
~ ~ •l ~ J~C~IC rJ
rd 2'13
282 S.Q .B. in Elocui cal Engi neering (J Semesier)

lJ;_ __--- 1x~:~·

-►
a : ------------ --------- -, b
(C)
F0nn the giwn equation of E. we have E 0 = 2 CD
So H = -E o = - -J - =69 .1 x i o - ·' .
0
1'11 2S.95
H_e nce H = 69 .le ~14· · (
- - ~in 8
10r -6 1.42: - TC) a 11 mA/m
4
Stnce aH=a ,._ xaE= a:xa,. =- ax.
Hen('e. we can ,nite the followi ng equations of H.
Perfect conductor (metal)
H = -69.le-,;1.,, sin( 10 81 - 61.42z - ~ } x·
For the perfect conductor (Metal)
(b) From the information given. we have.
E = 4sin (2TCx 10 7 - 0 .Sx)S. Vim ➔

We know that electric field vector i; given by : E : 0andH2=0.

2
E = A sin(w1 -J3x + cj,), where A= E 0 For the indicated interface between conductor and dielectric we have,
But since a = 0. J3 = ~. the given medium is not a free space but a lossless b ➔➔ c ➔➔ d ➔➔ a ➔➔ d ➔➔
medium. c f E· d l + f E· d I + f E· d l + f E· d I =- - f Bds
J3 =0 .8. and ro =2n x l0 7, µ = µ 0(non-magnetic) b c d dt abed

E= Eo'=r · Since the area enclosed is infinitely small.

HenceJ3=e,/ µ~ = ro-Jµ~ , e 0 e, (Hereµ , = I) SoRHS ➔ 0
b➔ ➔
J3=fJ~ 8 fE•dl =0
r- J3C 0 .8 (3 x 10 ) 12
So , 1e, =-;;;- 2rr x J0 7 TC So we can say that E, •V =0 (Here E, is the tangential component)
Hence e, = 14.59
r F_["F; = ~ 1 =120TC
SoE,=0.

r:;; \~
\ E \ EoE, F: Also for magnetic field :
➔➔ ➔➔ d ➔➔
= 120f\.1~2) =1o ir2 =98 .7 -n . fH•dl =f J•d s+- fD•d s
b➔ ➔ dt abed
. p E E~ . 2
S mce = x H= -srn (rot-J3x) a,
'1 -
f
Also H·d l =H,V
2
E 16
Hence P,..
-t
=-TI fo Pdt =_Q
T
a =---a
211 ' 2 x lOir2 ,·
SoH,V=j, V .
" ➔
Since E CJ = 4. HenceH, = J.- or, e 11 x H = J,
For the plane 2x + y =5 ' . he boundary condition
en is the outward normal component we can say about t
2a:s. + a >
o,=--:;;-· lhat
E, ➔ Tangential component of E = 0
Hence the wllil power i~ f'. ,,...i = f P,.8 ds = p" '&Ja,, H, ➔ Tangential component ofH = J,
= (8 1; w-3 a,J(l(J(J; w-•{ 20
,.; a>'] Dn ➔ Normal com po ne nt of D = P,
B,, ➔ Normal compone nt o f B = 0
= --r
162; 10- 5
= 72.44; J(J - s wan = 724.4 µW Here J, = Surface c urre nt de nsity
P.- = Surface c harge de nsity
284 S.Q.8. in Electrical Engineering (J'd 5
S .Q .B. in Electrical Engine-cling (3nt Semester) crncstcr)
28;

(i) Laplace equation (ii) Poisson c uat"

Code: PCC-EEE- 05 {100308) (
iii) Maxwell equation
. .
(iv) Ampc q •_on
re equation
(h) Find the magnellc flux dens11y when a point from a fini
B. Tech 3rd Semester Special Examination, 2020 element of current 0 .5 A and radius JOO nm le current length
(New Course) (i) 0 (ii) 0.5
(iii) I (iv) 2
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY (i) The electric field intensity of a field with velocity 10 m/ nd _
of 2.8 units is s • nux densny
Time: 3 Hours Pass Marks : 28 Full Marks: 70 (i) 0.28 (ii) 28
Introductions: (iii) 280 (iv) I0/2.8
G) The vectors (-2, I, - I) and (0, 3, I) are
(i) The marks are indicated in the right hand margin. (i) parallel (ii) collinearly parallel
(ii) There are NINE Questions in this paper. (iii) not paralle l (iv) data insufficient
(iii) Anempt FrvE Questions in all. 2. (a) Find the projection between following two vectors:
(iv) Question No. I is compulsory.
P=4a>' +1oa,; Q=2a_,+3a)'
I . Choose the correct answer or any seven or the following: 2x7 = 14 (b) Discuss the Stokes' theorem and its applications. 4
(a) In a transmission line, the electrical energy is transported by the (c) Explain the Cartesian coordinate system and different elements in
(i) flowing of electrons car1esian coordinate system. 4
(ii) flowing of electrons and boles
3. (a) Eight 25 µC point charges in free space are located symmetrically on a
(iii) associated electric and magnetic field
circle of radius 0 .2 m centered at the origin in the z = 0 plane.
(iv) none of the above
(i) At what point on the z-axis is the electric field intensity E ma,-timum?
(b) A theorem which relates a line integral with surface integra l is called
(ii) What is the magnitude of maximum field intensity E? 6
(i) G a uss divergence theorem
(ii) Stokes' theorem (b) Obtain an expression for total force, experienced by a point charge due 10
4
(iii) Max well' s theorem infinite number of point charges around it.
(iv) Poisson's theorem (c) A ring of radius 6 m is placed in yz plane. It is centered at origin. Find
electric field intensity at point (8, O, 0) m. The line charge density is 18 nC/m.4
(c) lf the c url of the magnetic field is 2.0a, A/m2, the current density is
2
(i) 2.0a , Alrn 2 (ii) I.Oa ,Alm
2 4. (a) Derive dielectric -dielectric boundary conditions.
(iii) 2 .0 A/m 2 (iv) 1.0 a ,Alm (b) The electric field intensity in polystyrene E,. = 2.55 filling ihe_space
(d ) The example of polar type o f dielectric . - ky Im Toe distance
is between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is 10 ·
(i) oxygen (ii) water between the plates is 15 mm. Calculate
(iii) hydrogen (iv) nitrogen (i) the surface charge density of free charge on the plates,
(e J lfµ =1.0µ Him for a medium, H = 2 .0A/m, the energy stored in the field (ii) the potential difference between the plates.
is {c) Discuss the boundary condition for electric field. _
I i) 0.5 J/m 3 (ii) J .OµJ/m 3 . r uniL length of a coj,x1:d
(iii ) 2.0µ J/m 3 (iv) J.O J/m 3 S, (a) Use Laplace's equation to find the capacitance pe y _v0 •u r : o
(f) The wavelength of a wave with a propagation constant = O. ltt + j0.2ttis cable of inner radius r = a and outer radius ,- = b. Assunie - ' 4

(i) 30 m (ii) 20 m ~dV = Omr=~ 4

_ . - integral form.
(iii) 5 m (iv) 10 m (b) State and explain Ampere's circu1ta11aw 111 h ., 11« ididd
. " ,, etirrent I, I e 1113o
(g) Suppose the potential func tion is a step func tion. The equation that gets (c) Verify that within a Jong conductor carrY1110 ' . -- iven by
satisfied is strength at a distance from the centre of the wire" g
28(-, S .Q .B . in Elc,· 1tirnl Engincciing l 3"'1 Scmc~lcr)
SQ
· ·
B . in Electrical Engineerin g (3rd Sc
• mc,tcr)
~ 2lt7
,ration: Po lar dielectri cs are materials wh· h
- lr ('' ) Exp la . · 1c have •
H = 2rrR ~ (d) 11 t If an external electri c fi eld is applied th . an inherent
..-omen · . f h Ii , e dipoles •
where R is the radius of the wire. The current density is constant across di...ole '"
r- 1ves a1O
ng the direction o t e 1eld. Ammonia and . reorient
the111se f olar dielectn cs.
. water 1s a
the cros~-section of the conductor. gO<Jd
·~ 111 p1eo P .
6. la) An air core toroid with rectangular cross-section has 700 tunis. with inner c~n "') Explanation :Energy stored m the field is E = ~ H2
(e)(\\1 m µ
radius of I cm and outer radius of 2 cm and height is 1.5 cm. Fincl
inductance of the toroid circuit. =.!..(I)
2
x I o- x (2)2 =2 µJ/m3
6
.
6
lb) Discuss the energy stored in electric and magnetic field s. (' ) Explanation: Propagation constant= 0. \ + j0.2it = S
4
(c) Establish the boundary conditions for the tangential component of H at (~ iv we know that S = a + jl3.
the boundary between two isotropic, homogeneous materials with pernie- s,nce P. - 0 2n
abilities µ 1 andµ 2 . Hence o. = O.ln, 1-' - •
4
7. (a) \'\1rite Maxwell's equations for vacuum and derive the wave equation for o 2n_~= !Om.
Sioce "'= 13- 0 .2n
the electric and magnetic fields in vacuum. s
(b) For the copper coaxial cable of inner conductor of radius a= 2 mm and O1
Explanation: Step is a constant function . The Laplace equation Div
(g) )) will become zero. This is because gradient of a constant is zero and
outer conductor of inner radius b = 6 mm and thickness t = 1 mm, 1Grad(step .
, of zero vector will be zero.
calculate the resistance of 2 m length of the cable at DC and at I 00 MHz. 6 divergence . fl . . .
(h) (iii) Explanation:Since the magnellc ux density 1s given byB =µH
8. (a) Sketch the input impedance offered by short circuited and open circuited
transmission Derive the expressions used. B H =_I_, µo =4nx 10-7
(b) Discuss the principle of any one method for matching transmission line 2nr
7
4xnxl0-7 xI 4 x n x 10- x 0 .S !unit.
with characteristics impedance. 6
HenceB 2nx 10-7 2rr x 10-7
9. (a) \\'hat is Smith chart? Explain the characteristics of Smith chart. 8
(i) (ii) Explanation: Since we kno":' that relation between E, 1• and B
(b) Define the following terms:
E = v x B = 10 x 2 .8 = 28 umts
(i) Reflection coefficient
(ii) Transmission coefficient
0) (iii) Explanation: The given point vectors (-2, I, -1 ) and (O. 3. 1) can be
(iii) Standing wave ratio written as
➔ ➔
A=-2i+ j-k, B=3j+k .
then angle between those two vectors can be calculated as:
➔ ➔
L (a) (ii) Explanaiion: Since electrons and holes are two fundamental charges
responsible for blow of electrical energy. cos0 = ~
➔ ➔

(b) (ii) Explanation : Stokes' theorem relates a flux integral over a surface to (Al(Bl
a line integral around the boundary of the surface. Stokes' theorem is a higher A -B=(-2i+ j-k)(3j+k)=3-l= 2
dimensional version of Green' s theorem, and therefore is another version of the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus in higher dimensions. (Al= ..J4 + l + l = ✓6
(c ) (i) Explanation: Given, 'v x H = 2.00 Nm 2 (Bl= ✓9+1= ✓10
2 l
Since'v x H = J + ao So cose = ✓60 = ✓15·
at Hence 0 0 . *
When 'v D = 0, then 'v x H = J So given vectors are not parallel.
'v r A A ..., ' + ~
• ➔- +tOa . . Q=2 11, 3
. ,
2 l. (a) The two vectors are given by P - 40 y •
So J = 2.0a x A/m
➔➔ " " " " )-12
P -Q=(4a Y +IOa , )(2a Y + 3a y - ·
 S.Q.B. in Electrical Engi neeri ng (3'd Scmesicr)
rd
288 S.Q.B. in Eleclrical Engineering (3 Scmcs1cr)
kflOW that the electrostatic force due to two poi nt h .
we ➔ c arges is:
SI·nce
•
a
fQ] = , 1( 2) 2 + (3) = , /4 + 9 = ,/J3.➔ ➔ .... qoql
2
fqoq1 - 41t Eo Rtq i,,

. . f ➔ ➔•
th en pro3ect1on o vector P onto Q 1s = = 12 .
P-Q
-- ➔ ➔

Q 1113
,1 .... r0 - lj
a 1q o = -:;-::::;-
_ (b) Stokes · theorem is a 100110 tum the surface integral of a curl vector field !{ere [ r - lj l
lly
mto a line imeg:ral around 1he boundary ofthal surface , o r vice versa. Specifica
" '
he.re·s " ·hat it says: -+ /\

The two vectors are given by P = 4a ,. + IOa , · Q = 2a, + 3a ,. ➔ ➔

➔➔

P-Q =(4a _.. +10a )(2a,. +3a ,. ) =12. ➔ ro - r2

a 2q 0 = -::::;--::;-
[Q ] = ✓(2) 2 + (3) = ✓4 + 9 = ,/J3, [ r - r2l
2
➔➔ and so on .
➔.
Q the total force due to all the pomt charges on to the single poi nt charge
. . f ➔
p
th en pro3ect1on o vector onto 1s =- - = 12
P-Q
r;-;; · f{enc:; ➔ ➔ ➔
Q
q0= F ::1 +[ :q q ~o~ +l ...
vl3 0 2
q0 is F
3. (a ) Given that eight point charges 25 nC are symmetrical ly placed on z =o
;::

plane around a radius 0.2 m whose centre is origin. = - - £.,qi ➔ ➔ .

Now due to symmetry only E : is present. 41tE0 i=I [r-,;)3
At any point P (O, 0, h ) on the ~-axis, the electric field intensity due to 10 eight
charges is _(a) Here dielectric-di electric, means that the two dielectrics are adjoining
4
E = 8x 25 x 10-9 x ha z . 1ogetller.
: 4 ;r '=o [(O_ 2 2 + h 2)05 J2 (O_2 2 + h2)0.s Here E1 =<=o E'I and E2 = Eo e,2
1799(/, ) Interface is shown as follow :
Hence fE J
(0.04 + h 2)15.
. . . . dfE 2l
( 1) For obr.ammg maxima ----;;;;- =0
15 2 5 d , - -- - - - , C
(0.04 + h ) = h( l.5)(2h)(0.0 4 + h )°·
2
t,.J,/2
2
or, ( 0.04 + h 2 ) =3h . ti.h/2
Hence w e get h = ± 0.1414 m aL-- - -- --b
(ii) Maximum value of the electric field intensity is: -Ll.1-
1799 OJ414
1799 17J0KV/m .
[E J (0.04+h 2) 15(0.04+0.l41 4 2 5 l
(b) As per the data given , we can form the following diagram
z E1 = E1, + E111
! ~ q0 (Pointcharge ) E 2 =E 2r + E 211
Le11<h path is very much small w .r.t the var1auon
. .
°fE ' weoet
~ 'vii
v'h 'vh E
1"
-
0=E VW-E v'h _E 2n --E,,VW+ E2,.---;-+ 2
Ir 111 2 2 • -
Here E, = [E,J and E,. = [E,.J
//~ ---, asM ➔ O
Hence E 1, = E 2,
x,/
290
S.Q.B. in Elecui cal En~inccring (3 rtl Semester) ~ 291

SinceD=eE=D , +D •.
_y =
0
C{ln(/J) - ln (a )} = C{In(; )}-
1 1
D . f rn this relauon , we get:
So -1.!. = E = E, = D2, J-lence ro V V
E1 Ir ., E2.
Hence D1, = D2, _
El E:!
c, = - : w = ln(i)
(b) Given that E,. = 2.55; E = IO KV/m; d = 1.5 x 10· 3 m - V0 ln (b)
s·mce we kn ow th at. d = E'
V and
c2 = -C 1ln(b) = - (a) V
In -
then V = d(E) = (1.5 x 10· 3)(10x 10 3) =15 volt.
av b
E =-VY= Bra,.
Also since E = ~ . where a is surface charge density.
EoE,.
fience E= - Y(oa )a,.
E x d =\I= ~ x d or, 15 =[ ~Jd. rln -
'=QE,.
12
EoE,.
Hence. a= 15(Eo E,.) = (15)(8.85 x 10· )(2.55)
d 1.5 x 10·3
Hence a = 225 .67 x 10· 9ctm2 = 0.226 x 10--0 c/m 2.
So
b

D = E E = - r :( i) = r:(; r c!m
2

Since surface charge density (p , ) = [D N]

5. (a) As per !he details given in !he question, we can make !he following schematic.
= ,. :o(;f /m2

So charge on the inner surface of the cylinder

Q = p, x surface area of inner cylinder
V0 e _ V0 e(21tL)
=-(b) x21tr x L- (b) C.
rln - In -
a a
V=O Since the potential difference between the two cylinders is V0 and V = V0

We know that Laplace equation is given by 'v 2v = 0 c- Q _ Yo e21tL _ 21tE L

or, I ' ( 'V )
- ~ r ~ =0.
-V- 0 VIn(~r 1{;}
r or or . 21tE
~-( 'V ) Hence capacitance per unit length (L) 1s - (
b ).
So, av = dr +C 1 =C 1
r ~ = 0 or, r--;::- f In -a
er or or
Hence av = cl . (b) Ampere's Circuital Law states the relationship between the cu~nt and
• . h th · al of ma•neuc field
& r C the magnetic field created by it. This law states t at e mtegr •
.
J
Integrating on both the sides: V = --1. + C = C [In r] + C .
dr 2 I 2
.
densuy (B) along an imaginary closed path 1s equa1 0 t the product of cumnt
Usi ng the given boundary conditions, V = 0 and r =band V = V at r = a enclosed by the path and permeability of the medium.
0
0 = cl log,(b) +C2 Derivation: . .
, I n•
and V0 = C1 log,(a ) +C 2 . From Biot-Savart's law, the magnetic fi eld due to a O • straight wue is,
Now subtracting above 1wo equations, we gel,
B=~
21tr
292 s .Q.B. in Electrical Engi neering (J'd Semester)
S.Q .B. in Electrical Engi neering (3"1 Semester)
2?3

lr2 or. B = µ r) , 2 - µof ,

or, B(2itr) = µ o R2 2nrR 2 - ~
I = Electric current
B = Magnetic field SinceB = µJ-1
I'()= Pem1eability of free space µJr
soµJ-1= ~
H _ ~ Hence verified
➔ ➔
- 21tR 2 •
Since, B➔an~ di are in the same direction, ( ) Number of turns = N = 700
6· a lnnerradius(lj) =lcm=lxl0- 2 m
B -dl = B di cos O = B di
2
➔ ➔ I Outer radius (r2 ) = 2cm = 2 x 10~ m
Therefore,f B-d/ =!!Jr...f dl 2
2nr H "gbt of toroid ( Ii)= 1.5 x 10~ m
Cl µc{ll
➔ ➔ µr} Since we know that B = - -.
⇒ fB -dl =-(2rrr) 1
2nr
⇒ fs-&=µrJ. . Here I = length of toroid ,
2 )
(c) From the g iven data we have, and!- 27t(lj + ' 2) ...r3
,., x 10~ m.
2 .. . NhIn(b
_ ).
Current being carried by the conductor = I 2
Self inductance (L) of a tor01d 1s given by L µ -
= _o
Distance of magnetic field stre ngth = r 2n a
Radius of wire = R Here b = '2 and a = 'i
Since the current is uniformly distributed across the cross section ofradius 'R'.
h =l.5xl0- 2 m
2
4,rX 10~? X (700) 2 X 1.5 X (0-Z ]n(2 X 10~ )
Hence 2" 1x 10-2
= 101.89 x 10~5 H = 1.02 mH.
(b) ·: Electric field between the plates

E' = V' = 2V or, E' = '!..._ = E

d' 2d d
2
Current per unit cross section is given by = ..!. R ⇒ Electric field between the two plates remains same. C
lt 1
Now the current passing through the cross section of radius ' r' . (ii) Capacitance reduces to half of original value as C oc d => C = 2
J' = c~ 2
2 X ltr ) = ~ :.

Now let us consi der a loop of radius 'r' and applying Ampere's law, we have
(ii) Energy stored in the capacitor before disconnection from banery

u, = -.
q2

2C . ct· rnection from banery

Now, energy stored in the capacitor after tsco,
fB -dl = µJ'
2 q2 q2
u - q - --- =-
or, !,Bdl cos0° = µ 0 ( Jr2J
R2 2 - 2(C') -
2x -
(C) C
2
Ir 2
or, BLd/ =µ -
y o R2 U 2 ={~~J =2U 1
 S.Q.B. in Elocttical Engineeri ng (3nl Semester)

U: = 2U 1
... (i)
E nerg y s1ored in capacitor gers doubled to its init ial value .
L. = .!._ Q 2 Inner
conductor
C ~ ... (ii )
Puni!lf Q = CV in equatfon (ii )
u = 2-cv 2 .. . (ii i)
2
N o w. putting i = \/ in equation (ii)

U = .!._Q\/ {b) Radius of inner conductor = a = 2 mm

2 ... (iv) [nner radius of outer conductor = b = 6 mm
Thus. e nergy stored in charge capaci to r Thickness of conductor = t = I mm
u =.!._ Q 2 Length of cable = 2 m
... ( v) . . b R L L
2 C DC Resistance is given y DC = as or, aA
L
= 2-cv 2 = 2-Qv L=2m

CJ
2 2 2 22 -3 2 22
S1 =M =-x(2 x l0 ) = - x 4 x !0-6
e = - L~ ⇒
dl= !_ d1 . 7 7
d1 L
Small amount of work done i.e . S2 = 1t(rf - ,;.2) = 22 [(7 X ,o-3) 2] - {6 x ,o-3) 2
7
Source
dW = el d1 .
= 22 x 10-6 [49 -36]= 22 x l3 x 10- 6
Total work done W = Jel di= f~LI di = ½· 7 7

Ynis wo rk done will be stored in the form of magnetic energy in inductor,

Tola! cross sectional area =S1 + S2 = S
u = 2- u 2 . S=
22 x 4 x 10- 6 + 22 x 13 x 10- 6
2
Hence
7 7
7. (a ) For the Yacuum field a = 0. 22
= 22 X 10- 6 [4 + )3] = X 17 X 10-
6

p = 0 and al so J = 0, 7 7
Hence the Maxwell's eq uations can be modified as follow : 2x 7 0.66 x !0- 3 O
Hence Roc
(5.8 X J0 7 )(22X 17 X J0- 6 )
M=well's equations in vacuu m are
Let us first calculate skin depth at 100 MHz
v,, £ =- c B I 1
01
0
-
v"
-
B = µ 0 E 0 --;--
cE ✓rcfµa .JrcJ(~t 0 µ , )a
01 I
v'Y E =O 7 107)0.5
(rcxl00 x l0 6 x 4rc x !0- x5 .S x
V YB = 0.
Manipulalt these u,i ng subscripl/w mma Lion no1a 1i on to o bw in 1he wave
15 J.38 X 10 3 •
equu 1ion in v;icuum :
Tiien resistance at a frequen cy o f 100 MHz is
 s·Q.B. in Elcclrical Engineering (3'd Sc mcs1cr)
296 S.Q.B. in Elccuical En~inecring (.lro Semester)
be
. . ofZ - (/) with respec t to wave length is shown low:
3 yanauon '"
L 2 x 151.38 x 10 =0.4 150.
R = -- =
m)rra8) 5.S x i0\2r .x 2x I0- 3)
a1ed in an open circuited or h011
8. (a) For a transmission line. \\"hich is tennin s
circuit tem1ination is referred to as a stub. §o
For the shon circuited stab. Z 1 = 0. r = - 1 tf
20 -
1 - ei 2PI]
I+ e-i2PI ] = Z [ - --
...E
So we find that Z 10{/) = (l
--
-e- i 2PI 0 1 + e-2iPI .
0.25 0.5 0.75
1 Length (1-)--+
Multiplying numerator and denominator by eiP
we get:

( e'Jli -e-iPI) impedance marches with RL.

Z ;. U) = Z o 'Ill - 'Ill . (b)A transmission line is also lossless when its
(e' + e J )
line is to set a consistent
The goal of impedance_matching in a transmission
t. When the impeda nces of the driver.
Since cos8 = .!..(e1'9 + e- fl\ sin 8 = .!..(ei
8- e- i 8) unpedllllce through?u~ an . mterconnec
2 2 and transrr usswn lme are match ed, a few important things happen, which
receiver,
be addressed when discussin•0
,iU be discussed below. The followmg cases should
ission line:
Hence we obtain. Z;.(I) = z0[jZ{sinP/) ]. why impedance matching is important in a transm
2(cosP,)
► The driver, line, and receiver
are matched to the same impedance.
Hence Z;.(I) = + jZ 0tanP/. ng. In this case, there are
This can be considered a case with perfect matchi
circuited (ZL = 0) and for the line or output). and
Now we can plot the input impedance Zin for shon no reflections along the line (either at the input to
to the receive r. The voltage in
open circuited ZL = ""· maximum power is transferred downstream
ses due to scatte ring losses. absorp tion, and DC and
the signal only decrea
skin effect losses .
► The driver and receiver are matched,
but the line is mismatched. In
as the signal is launched
2:-
20 -- ------ - f- ------ -- this case, there will be some reflec tion soon as
c, ission line. In other words , when the line is no1 marched 10
into the transm
"' is reflect ed back into the driver.This
§. the driver, some of the sourced signal
ts some power from transm itting inw the transntission
effectively preven
reflect ion at the receive r end, and the signal
line. Similarly, there will be a
025 0.5 0.75
will travel back to the driver .
Length (wavelength) - · 1 m power is tr3nsferred
. . .
·
The mput imped ance will determine whet11er maxim 1 th
fll)fll the driver to the receiver. In the case
of a short transm ission line. e
(a/ Shon circuited cennination (ZL = OJ ), • impedance will look like the Iond' s impc '
· dance when the
,_ • · !me
transnusswn
·oo· II "th .
Z ,. mcreases pen ,ca y w1 rncrea;e
. in length with period - . as / ➔ -.
2 4 l!ansmiss ion line is very shon.
z,. ➔ ""·

l
· g rool whichRFis
9 ( ) S . chart is consid ered as a graphi.cal mea5unn
For the open circuited c.ase: ZL = ,,., , r = J, · a muh 10
· I oblems .relat,-d . . .d
2 1
COnstructed mamly for electri cal engineers to so ve· pr 111e device 1s abo uS<!
So we can write Z (/) = z,".[11-+ rre-J P]
e- 12PI .
U1nsm .
· and matching devices. Al the same wne,
iss1on hnes
· . · 1 outline
I g,iu
. .
s, imp<!
dlna
· ·
·bMiions.
'" ~ d1spla · s factor s like admin ance, con111 1ua . 1
. . Y variou · f 111 ech·uu ca "' '"
11ablluy · figure, and also shows a detailed ana1ysis O '

r
Hence Z;n(/) = - j Z 0 co1 pi. , noise
 298 n .=Ec.c/c::c.=lr.:.:ic::ac:../:::
::.:-~i:.:.
= -B
_..:S'.:..Q ng~i.'.'.
E:_:, :.'!'
nc~c~ri~n1,_g.<.:()!:_'":._s~·cmcsrcr)
S .Q .B . in Elec trica l En"in cc ri nn (3"' S cm cs lcr)
e b -

The c han will be he ierrninals wh_ere the transmi ssion li ne is con

radiu s ra.n(l m ore common in use internal to th e re io1 , Al I uage mus t be g iven by: nectcd lo the loact lh
~e of I or< I s uc h as in the cases of s1a bil1·1y p cr,r ormance g ls lhat have a V . e
. a d . ,,tflliJVO
d e s urn A s · 1 . 1.'"-11own
.
tJ1a1 usage of lhe smirh c hart fo J . n osc1ll.:1tor
.... • J " as , = ZL
impose matching issues, but it is ;,~~so v1;g co111pJica1 ed
mathema ti_c al problems
a n e ec11ve me thod
m explarnm g h ow RF frequenc ies perform al mult·,p Ie ,,requency I I the expression s for the voltage and current O h .
becaus RF . . . eves. This Reca 11 e)· n t e li ne (derived on lh
emos t c 1rcmt software·s consis1 sof smithchar ts i or ct·isp Iay rn g re I
P"'vioUS pag . V(z, t) = v +e(J@ - ;-z) + v · e<iw<+ Y<)
l) fS . e
_m,th Charts: Smith charts are plolled in two dimen . su Is.
. . • 'pes o
generall stans ,ons_ on the
rntncate re tlecuon coefficien t plane and the c hart is I(z, t ) =I +e(Jwr - yz) + 1- e<i"' + yz) .
impedanc e or admiuanc e or even both through n1u1t ,p · I YI _dard12ed in
. e co ors m o d
diffi .
. ere~t1ate bet,~een those parame1ers and depending on
thi s scal in r er_to Jf we plug this_into equation (note that z is fixed , because we are ev
g, these are . aluaiing
pnmanly categonze d as three types. . a specific pomt, the e nd of the transrrussw n line) • we obt am:
1fi1sal
ua l t e
_ lmpedan ce Smith Chart: These are genera lly termed as the us 0
~ = v++v- z =Z
in an excelle:ipwa:
snuth c harts as they correspon d to impedanc e and func tions 1+-r y+ _ y · 0 L·
+JI voilaoe
+j0.5.. , ---- - - - ~: ---........_+ /2 The ratio of the reflected v?ltage a mplitude to that of the forward
for via ihe
/ A'•/ / ,~---.::;--% ,mpti1Ude is the voltage reflection coefficient. This can be solved

+JO-;,l ~.-/-~::~-y~:}s {\+Js above equation:

J+JO 0.2, 0.5 / y -~i ~)t(':·~

-fo!'i)§)-f'§!-~ (ii) Transmission Coefficient: Si milarly for the particle velocity transmission
coefficient, we have
TV - R. =I
-JI
ts where these are the
even "~th huge loads construc ted of many series componen
crucial compone nts in the impedanc e m a tching and for other
RF correspon ding
o the r types are
o perations . This impedanc e of these are the m a in type where
e smith chart is
c onsid ered as its derivative s. The picture representi ng impedanc
shown below: From above and earlier, we can see that T ., = l + R.,,
(b) (i) We are now aware of the charac teristic impedanc
e of a transmiss ion
backward trave lling as was the case for the pressures T P = I + RP'
line, and that the transmiss ion line gives ri se 10 forward a nd
the voltage
voltage and c urrent waves. We will use this informatio n to determine (ili) Standing-w ave ratio (SWR) is a mathemati cal expression
of lhe non-
reflection coefficien t, w hic h re lates the amplitude oftbe forwa
rd traveling wave IO ~ . of an electroma gnetic field (EM field) on a trans~00~ ~-
d.
the amplitude of the backward travelling wave.
impedanc e Zo
llnhOnruty
coaxial cable. Usually SWR is defined as the ratio of the maximum
I ng the hne This ,s a so
rn ;°"
To begin, consider the transmiss ion line with c ha rac te ristic r- ' l
"'~uency (RF) voltage to the minimum RF vo tage aO · bed fined
1
e li ne
attached to a load with impedanc e ZL: known as the voltage standi ng- wave ratio (V SWR) · Th e SWR can '
also the
• · um RF current on
ZL =R L +jXL as lh · of the maximum RF c urrent to t he m,mm . JSWR is the
e ralto
C 0 (current standi ng-wave ratio or JSWR). For mosl pracucal purposes,

~
0
1
Zo
•I :
$ !anJe as VSWR.
U .
nder ideal conditions the RF voltage on a Signa
same al all points on the iine, neglect ing power losses cause
. . 1he
• I transmission hne ,s
d by electrical
 rd
300 S.Q.B. in Electrical Engineering (3 Semester)

resistance in the line wires and imperfections in the dielectric material separating
the line conductors. The ideal VSWR is therefore 1:1. (Often the SWR value is
written simply in terms of the first number, or numerator, of the ratio because the
second number, or denominator, is always 1. When the VSWR is 1, the ISWR is
also 1. This optimum condition can exist only when the load (such as an antennaor
a wireless receiver), into which RF power is delivered, has an impedance identical
to the impedance of the transmission line. This means that the load resistance must
be the same as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, and the load
must contain no reactance (that is, the load must be free of inductance or
capacitance). In any other situation, the voltage and current fluctuate at various
points along the line, and the SWR is not 1.
□□□