PYTHON

OPERATORS
 Outline

 Operators
 Need of operators
 Types of Python Operators

Python Programming
 Operators…

Python Programming
python operator
A special symbol that denotes
an operation
 Operands……..
• Operands are the values or objects on which operations are
performed

>>> a + b
>>> x * y
>>> a + 10
>>> 100 + 200

Python Programming
Operators vs Operands……..

Operands

a + b
Operator

Python Programming
 Operators
• Depending on the number of operands involved in the
operation, operators are categorized.

Operators

Unary Binary Ternary

Python Programming
 Python Operators…

Python Programming
 Logical

Membership Arithmetic

Operators
Bitwise Relational

Assignment
Identity

Python Programming
 Arithmetic Operators…

Python Programming
 Operators: Arithmetic

Operation Operator Usage Result

Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Integer division //
Remainder %
Exponent **

Python Programming
 Operators: Arithmetic
Let a = 20 and b= 3
Operation Operator Usage Result
Addition + a+b 23
Subtraction - a–b 17
Multiplication * a*b 60
Division / a/b 6.667
Integer division //
Remainder %
Exponent **

Python Programming
 Operators: Arithmetic
Let a = 20 and b= 3
Operation Operator Usage Result
Addition + a+b 23
Subtraction - a–b 17
Multiplication * a*b 60
Division / a/b 6.667
Integer division // a // b 6
Remainder %
Exponent **

Python Programming
 Operators: Arithmetic
Let a = 20 and b= 3
Operation Operator Usage Result
Addition + a+b 23
Subtraction - a–b 17
Multiplication * a*b 60
Division / a/b 6.667
Integer division // a // b 6
Remainder % a%b 2

Exponent **

Python Programming
 Operators: Arithmetic
Let a = 20 and b= 3

Operation Operator Usage Result

Addition + a+b 23
Subtraction - a–b 17
Multiplication * a*b 60
Division / a/b 6.667
Integer division // a // b 6
Remainder % a%b 2
Exponent ** a ** b 8000

The type of value returned is dependent on the operator and

operands
Python Programming
 Relational Operators…

Python Programming
 Operators: Relational
• Used to check conditions (compare expressions)

• General form:
<expr1> <operator> <expr2>

Examples:
>>> 100 > 20
>>> ( 100 + 20 ) < ( 200 * 2 )
>>> a != b

• Comparisons yield Boolean values: True or False.

Python Programming
 Operators: Relational
Let a = 1 and b =2
Comparison Operator Usage Result
Equal to == a == b False
Not equal to != a != b True
Greater than > a>b False
Greater than or equal to >= a >= b False
Less than < a<b True
Less than or equal to <= a <= b True

Python Programming
 Logical Operators…

Python Programming
Operators: Logical

• Combines two or more conditions

• General form:
<Cond1> <operator> <Cond2>

• Returns Boolean value: True or False

Python Programming
 Operators: Logical
Let a =10, b=20, c= 30

Description Operator Usage Result

Returns True if both conditions and (a>b) and (a>c) False
are true
Returns True if one of the or (a>b) or (c>a) True
conditions is true
Flips the result, returns False if not not (b>a) False
the expression is true

Python Programming
Operators: Chaining Relational

• Relational operators can be chained arbitrarily.

• General form:
<exp1> <op1> <exp2> <op2><exp3><op3>< exp4>…

• Example:
a>b>c
• equivalent to (a>b) and (b>c)
• Each expression is evaluated only once
• a and c are never compared

Python Programming
 Bitwise Operators…

Python Programming
Operators: Bit-wise Operators

• Operate on bits

• Treats each operand as a string of binary digits.

• Constant 2 if used as operand is treated as binary “10” and operand 5 is

treated as binary “101”

Python Programming
 Operators: Bitwise

Operation Operator Usage Result

NOT ~
AND &
OR |
XOR ^
Left-Shift <<
Right-Shift >>

Python Programming
 Operators: Bitwise NOT
Let a = 10
Binary:
a = 0000 1010
Operation Operator Usage Operation

NOT ~ ~a

= ~10 a: 0000 1010

---------------
= -11 ~a:1111 0101

~a:1111 01 The negative sign indicates that it's represented as a two's

complement binary number

Python Programming
 Operators: Bitwise AND
Let a = 10 and b = 5
Binary:
a = 0000 1010
b = 0000 0101
Operation Operator Usage Operation

AND & a&b a: 0000 1010

= 10 & B b: 0000 0101
---------------------
=0 a &b: 0000 0000

Python Programming
 Operators: Bitwise OR
Let a = 10 and b = 5
Binary:
a = 0000 1010
b = 0000 0101
Operation Operator Usage Operation

OR | a|b
a: 0000 1010
= 10 | B b: 0000 0101
---------------------
= 15 a &b: 0000 1111

Python Programming
 Operators: Bitwise XOR
Let a = 10 and b = 5
Binary:
a = 0000 1010
b = 0000 0101
Operation Operator Usage Operation

XOR ^ a^b
a: 0000 1010
= 10 ^ 5 b: 0000 0101
---------------------
= 15 a^b: 0000 1111

Python Programming
Operators: Bit-wise shift

• Left-shift (<<)
• Right-shift (>>)

• Shifts the number by n bits

• General form:
• number >> n
• number << n

• Shift operators preserves sign-bit

Python Programming
 Operators: Bitwise left-
shift
Let a = 10
Binary:
a = 0000 1010

Operation Operator Usage Operation

Left-shift << a << 2 a: 0000 1010

= 10 << -----------------------
2 a << 2: 0010 1000
= 40

In case of shift operators sign bit is

preserved
Python Programming
 Operators: Bitwise left-
shift
Let a = 10
Binary:
a = 0000 1010

Operation Operator Usage Operation

Right- >> a >> 2 a: 0000 1010

shift =10>>2 -----------------------
=2 a >> 2: 0000 0010

Python Programming
Operators: Bit-wise shift

• number >> n : number / 2n

• number << n : number * 2n

Example:
20 >> 2 = 5
This is equivalent to 20 / 22

20 << 2 = 20
This is equivalent to 20 * 22

Python Programming
 Assignment Operators…

Python Programming
Operators: Assignment
• Used to assign values to variables
• “ = “ is the python assignment operator

• General form:
<variable> = <value>
<variable> = <variable>
<variable> = <expression>

• Examples:
• a = 100
•c = a
• b=a+1
Python Programming
Operators: Multi-variable Assignment

Multi-variable assignment with same value

<variable 1> = <variable 2>=<variable n> = <value>

• Example:

• a = b = c = 100

Python Programming
Operators: Multi-variable Assignment
Multi-variable Assignment with different values

General form1:
<var 1>, <var 2>…<var n> = <val 1>,<val 2>..<valn>

Example:
a , b , c = 100, 200, 300

General form2:
<var1> = <val1>; <var2> = <val2>; ..<var n>=,..<valn>

Example:
a = 10; b = 20; c = 30
Python Programming
Operators: Short-hand Assignment

It is possible to mix few of the python

operators with assignment

Example:
a=a+b Results in
a += b Same value

Python Programming
 Operators: Short-hand
Assignment
Operator Usage Equivalent Operation
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
//=
**=
&=
|=
^=
>>=
<<=
Python Programming
 Operators: Short-hand
Assignment
Operator Usage Equivalent Operation
+= A += B A=A+B
-= A -= B A=A–B
*= A *= B A=A*B
/= A /= B A=A/B
%= A %= B A=A%B
//= A //= B A = A // B
**= A **= B A = A ** B
&= A &= B A=A&B
|= A |= B A=A|B
^= A ^= B A=A^B
>>= A >>= 10 A = A >> B
<<= A <<= 10 A = A << B
Python Programming
 Identity Operators…

Python Programming
 Operators: Identity
 Compares the identity of two objects
 >>>is
 >>>not is
 General form:
 <object1> operator <object2>

 Returns Boolean values: True or False

 Every object created in python is given a unique integer id
 Method id() returns this unique id

Python Programming
 Operators: Identity
Operator Usage Description

is a is b Returns True; if a and b have same id

Returns False; Otherwise

not is a not is b Returns False; if a and b have same id

Returns True; Otherwise

Python Programming
 Operators: Identity
 Example:
 >>> a = 300 a 300

 >>> b = a b

 >>> a is b # returns True

Python Programming
 Operators: Identity
 python interpreter creates a cache of integer objects in the
range [-5, 256] at the beginning

 >>> a =100
 >>> b= 100
 >>> a is b # returns True

 Hence, a and b are the names given to the same object.

Python Programming
Comparison: is and ==

>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [1, 2, 3]

>>> result1 = x is y # Checks if 'x' and 'y' refer to the same

object (False)

>>> result2 = x == y # Checks if 'x' and 'y' have the same

value (True) print(result1) print(result2)

Python Programming
 Membership Operators…

Python Programming
Membership Operator
 Operators: Membership
 Checks the membership of an element in a sequence

 >>> in
 >>> not in

 Returns Boolean values: True or False

Python Programming
 Operators: Membership

Operator Usage Description

in <val> in <seq> Returns True; if a is part of the
Sequence and False Otherwise

not in <val> not in <seq> Returns False; if a is part of the

Sequence and True Otherwise

Python Programming
 Operators: Membership
• Membership operators with Lists

>>> a =10
>>> L = [1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12]

Example:
>>> a in L # True
>>> a not in L # False

Python Programming
 Operators: Membership
• Membership operators with
Tuples

>>> a =10
>>> T = (1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12)

Example:
>>> a in T # True
>>> a not in T # False
Python Programming
 Operators: Membership
• Membership operators with Dictionary

>>> a =10
>>> d = {1:10, 3:30, 5:50, 7:70}

Example:
>>> a in d # False; checks for the presence of a as key
>>> 1 in d # True

Python Programming
 Operators: Membership
• Membership operators with Sets

>>> a =10
>>> d = {1, 3, 5, 7, 10 }

Example:
>>> a in d # True
>>> 1 in d # True

Python Programming