- - - -- - -1ILLUSTRATIV E EXAMPLES j ~-=-.. ,...,,.._ ,,,,,,.., ;:;;.c,, ,.,.

____

Exn,npl o t . Ve ,-;(.), Rolfr '.q Them·,1111 in ti, ,, /'o llnwlnn 1:rw,• 11 :

(n ) f(:d = (:r - n )'li (x - h)'', 111 h<' r1 m and II ur,• HW
1
l nl<'/{''l'tl, in. lit e l, 11,tr, , f)(lL 1(1, , hi ,
(b ) f(.:d ::: (x - oY' (x - b)' in In, hl.
1

Sol. (a) \¥0 hnvc fl x) = (x - n. )111 (:\· - 1>) 11 •

(i) As m ond 11 tw o +Vl' int.OlfOl'H ttx ) n (.r - rt.)111
(;Y. -- h )11• wlll ho ft poJy,ic,mlrd in x on
L'X pcmAio n by Dinominl 'I'hootom. Sin co (WL' l'Y po]ynornlnl l f1 n cont
lnuou r➔ f 11 nc!ti,m c,fx for ovury
valu e of x .
fb·) is continuotts in tho clos ed jntorvo1 la, l/1.
(ii) Al Ro ( '(x) c: m.(x - a.) 111 • 1 (~~ ":. l,)11 + n(x - bY' 'I (x - r, )1"
= (x - a.) 111 ~1 (x - 1>) 11 - 1 l.m(x - b) + n(x - r.t )I
= (.~ _ a.)m- 1 (x -- I> )11 - 1 l(rn + n)x - (mb + na)]
wh ich exist s i.e., hos a u niqu e ond defin ite valu e for any
x in. (o,, b ). 'fhuR f(x ) is deri vable in
th e open inte rval (a , b ).
(iii) Also ffo.) = 0 =ft.b).
H encc flx) satis fies all the three conditions of Rollo's 'rheo
rcm . rrher cforc , th er e exist s at
lca::-t one valu e c ofx in (a, b) such that f'(c) = 0, i.e.
·
f '(c) = (c - a.)m- l (c - b)n- ] 1.c(m + n) - (mb + na)l = 0
or r lm + n) - (m.b + na) = 0 [·: c * a, c -:f. bl
or mb+ na
c=
m+n '
which is a point with in the open inter val (a, b) beca use
·i t divid es a and b inter n ally in the
ratio m : 11.
H ence Roll e's Theo rem is verif ied.
( b ) Pl.eas e try yourself.
Exa mpl e 2. Verify Rolle's Theorem for the following functions :
(a ) f(xJ = 2 + (x - 1) 213 in IO, 2)
(b ) f(x) = eX sin x in (0, n] (c) f'(x) = x(x + 3) e-:r/ 2 in [- 3, O].
Sol. (a) f '(x) = -2 (x - 1)- l/:i = ----
2
3 3(x - 1) 113
whic h does not exist (i.e ., is not finite ) atx = 1 E (0, 2) and
so f"(x) does not exist at every point
of (0, 2) i .e., f(x) is not deri vabl e in the open inte rval (0, 2).
Henc e Rol1o's Theo rem it:1 not appl icab le to ftx) in the inter
val [0, 2] .
(b) f(x) = ex sin x in 10, nJ.
(i) Sincee-T and sinx are both conti nuou s for every
valuo ofx, their prod uct ex sinx == f(x)
is also cont inuo us for ever y valu e ofx and in parti cular /fa)
is cont inuo us in the close d inter val
[0, 1t].
(ii) f '(x) = e cos x + sin x. e·'· = ex (cos x + sin x)
and this does not beco me infin ite or inde term inate for any
valu e ofx in the open inter val (0, n),
it follows that fix) is deriv able in the open inter val {O, n).
(iii) fiO) = c0 sin O = 1 x O = 0
/(re) =en sin re =e1t x O =0.
 433
TH E DERIVATIVE AND MEAN VALU E TH EOREMS

f{O) = f(rr. ).
interv al (0, 1t1,
Hence fl.x) satisfi es a ll t he t hree condit ions of Rolle's Theor em in the
al (0, 1t) such that f '(c ) = 0.
t hcrcfo r e, t here exiRi R at lcnst on e vnlu e 'c' of x i n the open interv
·
/.l.'
f '( c ) = cc (si n c + cos c) = 0
Bnt e' -:t: 0 for any finite valu e of c.
sin c + coH c = O or sin c == - cos c or tan c = - 1

or Lnn c = - 1 = - tan 1 = tan (" - : )

37t
C == - ,
4
3 s Rolle' s
Clearl v the value c = 41t lies withi n the open interv al (0, n) which verifie
.l'
Theore m.
2
(c ) f(x) = x (x + 3)e-xl in [- 3, O].
(i) Sincex (x + 3) being a polyno mial is contin uous for allx
ande--x12 is also contin uous for
all x, theref ore their produ ct f(x) = x(x + 3) e-x/ is also contin uous for
2 every value of x and in
particu lar f{x) is conti nuou s in the closed interv al [- 3, 0].
(ii) f '(x) = (2x + 3)e-x12 + x(x + 3)e-x12 (--½)
2 2
- =e -x/2 [6+x -x
+3x]
2x+ 3 -x- -
-x/2 [ ]
=e 2
2
al (- 3, 0) and thus
which does not become infinit e or indete rmina te at any point of the interv
f(x) is deriv able in the open interv al (- 3, 0). ·
(iii) Now f(- 3) = 0 = f(O).
Thus f{x) satisfi es all the three condit ions of Rolle' s Theor em.
, i.e.,
Hence there must exist at least one point c E C- 3, 0) such that f'(c) = 0
f '(c) = -½ e-c12 (6 + c - c 2 ) =O
e---clz is not zero for any finite value of c.
6 + c - c2 = 0 or c2 - c - 6 =O
or (c - 3)(c + 2) = 0 c = 3, - 2.
3, O).
Of these two values of c for which f '(c) = 0, - 2 belong s to the interv al (-
Hence the verific ation.
Exam ple 3. Discuss 'the applic ability of Rolle's Theor em to the foll.lJwing
functi ons:

(a) f(x) =I x I in 1- 1, 1) (b) f(x) =log [:;a:

ai] in [a, bl, O o; [a, b]

(c) f(x) = log (

4
2
x +x 3) in [1, 31.

t· !·
80 {a) (i) f(x) = I x I is contin uous for every value of x and so in partic ular it is con-
inuou s in the close d inter val [- 1, 1].
(ii) f(x) is not deriva ble at x = O, [prove it]
:. f(x) is not deriv able in the open inter val (- 1, 1).
 . bl t O n x) - I x I in [- 1, 1].
Hence Roll e's Theor em is not apph ca e ,' -
2
x +ab] .
(b) f(x) = log - - - m [a, b
]
[ x(a + b)
(i ) ftx) = log (x2 + ab) - log x - log (a+ b) •
. . . f t· 1·n [a ' b] is a conti .
nuou s function 0f x 111
• site functi on of contin uous unc 10ns
bmng a compo
[a. , b] .
2x 1 x 2 -ab
(ii) f '(x ) -- - 2 - - - =
x + ab x x(x
2
+ ab)
nd is derivable in the
which does not becom e infinit e or indete rmina te for a < x < b a so f(x)
open interv al (a, , b ).
a 2 +ab
(iii) f(a) =log - - =log 1 =0.
a(a + b)
b2 +ab
ftb) = log - - = log 1 = 0.
b(a + b)
there must
Thus f(x ) satisfi es all the three condit ions ofRoll e's Theor em and theref ore,
exist at least one value c of x in a< x < b such that f'(c) = 0.
2
c2 - -ab c -ab
f '(c) = c(c2 + ab) = 0 or c(c2 + ab) =0
or c2 = ab :. c = ± liJ.
tric mean
Of these two values of c, clearly c = fiJ lies betwe en a and b, being the geome
b].
of a and b. Hence Rolle's Theor em is applicable to f(x) in the interv al [a,
(c) Please try yourse lf. [Same as part (b) with a= I, b = 31
Exam ple 4. Verify Rolle's theorem for the following functi ons :
2
(a) fix)= x2 - 6x + 8 in [2, 4] (b) f(x) = Bx -x in [2, 6]

(c) f(x) = r3-4x in [-2, 2] (d) fix)= {x2 +1 forO 5:cx 5:cl
3 - x for 15:c x $ 2.
Sol. (a) fix)= x 2 - 6x + 8 is a polynomial in x.
(i) :. It is contin uous for every value of x.
In partic ular, f(x) is continuous in [2, 4].
(ii) f~(x) = 2x - 6 exists for every _x e (2, 4) ⇒ fix) is deriva ble in (2 4).
(iii) f(2) = 4 - 12 + 8 = 0; f(4) = 16 - 24 + 8 = 0 :. /(2) = f(4) '
ft.x) satisfi es all the three conditions of Rolle's Theor em.
., ⇒ There must exist at least one c e (2, 4) s.t. f '(c) = o
I Now f '(c) = 0 ⇒ 2c - 6 =0 ⇒ c =3e (2 4)
Hence Rolle's Theor em is verified. '
(b) Please try yourself.
(c) Please try yourself.
. 18 ·
(d) Here fix) is defined OI). [O, 21, fix)= x2 + 1 for o < x < 1 . .
being a polyno mial .
_ fi- - which
contin uous and deriva ble for allx e [0 1] . Also '' - 3 -x or 1 < < 2 hi h b ·
1Yx)
' I . 1
is contin uous and deriva ble for all x e [1, 2]. - x - w c e1ng a po ynomia
 MS 435
Ttl E DER IVAT IVE AND MEAN VALUE THEORE

at x = 1 while defining f(x), we are not sure

Since t he domain of definition is part itio ned
= 1.
abo ut. the con tinu ity and derivability of f( x ) atx
2
L.H .L. = lim /(x) = lim (x +1) = limO (1- h)2 + 1 = 2
Now x ➔l-0 x ➔l-0 h ➔

f(x) = lim (3 - x) = hlim 3- (1 + h ) = 2

R.H .L. = x ➔lim
l+O x ➔ l + O ➔ O

Also {{ 1) =1 + 1 =2
2
lim f(x) =2
x-d

lim fix )= f(l) :. f(x) is continuous at x = 1

x ➔l
.. .(i)
Hence f(x) is continuous for all valu es of x in
(0, 2]

. f (x) - f (1) (x 2 +1) -2

11m lim
L.H .D. = x ➔ l-0 x-1 x ➔ l-0 x-1

2
- lim (l-h )2- l= lim -2h +~2 = lim (2- h)=
h➔O -h h ➔ O
- h ➔ O 1-h -1

_ lim f (x) - f (1) lim (3 - x) - 2

R.H.D . - x ➔ l+O x-1 x ➔ l+O x-1

= fun l-- (l + h) = lim -h = lim - 1 = -

1
h➔O l+h -1 h➔O h h➔O

1
L.H.D.-:;; R.H.D. => f(x) is not derivable at x =
⇒ f(x) is not derivable at every poin t of
the open inve rval (0, 2).
f(x) does not sati sfy the condition of deri
vability in the open inte rval (0, 2), Rolle's
theo rem is not applicable to f(x) in [0, 2) .
wing functions :
Example 5. Verify Rolle's theorem for the follo
2
(i ) f{x) = x(x -3) on [O, 3]
(ii) f(x) = sin x on [O, 1t]
ex

(iii) /lx) = cos 2 ( x - : )on [o,;] (iv) f(x) = (x 2 - J)(x - 2) on [-1, 2].

f(x) =x(x - 3)2 =x(x - 6x + 9) =x - 6x + 9x

2 3 2
Sol. (i)
=> f '(x) = 3x2 - 12x + 9
hence, continuous for all x.
which exists for all x so that f is derivable a:nd
3)
=> {is continuous in [0, 3) ; f is derivable in (0,
Also f(0) = 0 = {(3).
are satisfied. Therefore, ther e exis ts at
Thus all the thre e conditions of Rolle's theorem
leas t one value c of x in (0, 3) such that
-3) =0
f'(c )=0 i.e., 3(c -4c +3) =0 or (c- l)(c
2

C = 1, 3.
But c = 3 ~ (0, 3) :. c = 1 e (0, 3).
Hence Rolle's theorem is verified.
(ii)

j
 GOLDEN REAL ANALYs,s

436
. x ex (cos x _ sin x) __ cos x - sin x
tl cos x - sin x e ==
e2x ex
r'(x) = e 2x
[ ·: e-t ~ 0 for any x e R]

. . .. . d1 .. cont inuo us for a11 x.

,
w h ich cxis t.s for all x so tlrnt f 1s deriv able on , ience
⇒ f is cont inuo us in [O, 1t] ; f'is deriv able in (0, n).
Also /l0) = 0 = f{1t) are satis fied. Ther efore, ther e exists at
, h
Tirns all the tJirec condition s of Rolle st eore m
least one Yalu e c of:r in (0, 1t) such that f '(c) = 0
cos c - sm c = 0 or cos c _ sin c = o or cos c =
sin c
l . l:. •
ec

tan c=l ⇒ C = 7t E (0, 1t)

4
Hen ce Rolle 's theo rem is verified.

<iii) f{x) =cos 2 (x- :) =cos"(2x- ;)= cos ( ; - 2x) =sin 2x

Proc eed furth er your self.
[ Ans . c = ¾]
2
fix) = (x2 - I)(x - 2) = x - 2x - x + 2
3
(iv )
⇒ f '(x) = 3x2 - 4x - l
e, cont inuo us for all x.
whic h exis ts for all x so that /is deriv able and, henc
⇒ f is cont inuo us in (-1, 2] ;fis deriv able
in (-1, 2)
Also fi- 1) = 0 = f(.2).
satis fied.
Thu s all the thre e conditions of Rolle's theo rem are
in (- 1, 2) such that f '(c) = 0
Ther efore , ther e exis ts at leas t one valu e c of x

i.e ..
4 2 2
3c2 - 4c - 1 = 0 or c = ± fi = ± .Ji = ±3 · ~
2 64 = 1.55 or - 0.21
6 3
Both thes e valu es lie in (- 1, 2)
2± ✓ 7
c= such that f '(c) = O
3
Hen ce Rolle's theo rem is verified.
tions :
Exa mpl e 6. Veri fy Rolle 's theo rem for the follo wing func
(i) f(x) = x - 6x2 + llx - 6 on [J, 3] = (x - l)(x
3 -2)( x - 3)

(ii) f(x} = sin x - sin 2x on [O, 1t] (iii) f(x) = log (x2 + 2) - log 3 on [- 1, 1]
2
(iv) ((xr = -J1 - x on [-1, 1] (v) f(x) = Jx{l - x) on [O, 1]
5
(vi) f(x) = eX (sin x - cos x) on {; ,
4
n} (vii) f(x) = (x _ l)(x _ 4Je-x on [l, 41.
' 3 2 + llx - 6 ⇒ f '(x) = 3x2 _ l2x
SoJ. (i) f(.x) = x - 6x 11
:I f is deriv able and henc e cont · fi +
whic h exis ts for all.x so that . ' , muous or all x.
!
I '
I . .
⇒ /1s cont inuo us m U, 3] ;{IS deriv able in (1, 3).
I
I
'
Also /{1) = 0 = {(3)
J :
I
IJI
, I
I I
 437
UE TH EOR EMS
THE DER IVATI VE AND MEAN VAL
exi sts
th r ee con diti ons of RoJ J o's t heo rem a r e sat is fi ed. Th ere for e, th e-re
Th us a ll th e
h tha t/ '(c ) ::: 0
atlc a~t one va lue c of x in ( 1, 3) suc
12 ± 2,/ 3 1
0 or c = = 2 ± vr,; = 2 ± 0.5 7 = 2.5 7 or 1.4 3
3c - 12c
2 + 11 =
6 u
3
,.e. ,
Both t hC's e val ues Ji e in (1, 3)
1
c = 2± ✓3 such tha t f ' (c ) = 0

He nce Rolle's t heo rem is ver ifi ed.

(ii) f( x) = sin x - sin 2t ⇒
f '(x) = cos x - 2 cos 2x
all x.
iva ble and , hen ce, con tin uou s for
wh ich exi sts for aJl x so tha t f is der
⇒ f is con tin uou s in [O, 1t) ; f is
der iva ble in (0, 7t)
Als o fiO) = 0 = fin) exi sts at
thr ee con diti ons of Rol l e's the ore m are sat isfi ed. Th ere for e, th ere
Th u s all the
tha tf'( c) = 0.
lea st one val uec ofx in (0, 1t) suc h c - 2(2 cos 2 - 1) = 0
c or 4 cos
2
c - cos c - 2 = 0
cos c - 2 cos 2c = 0 i.e. , cos
i.e ..
5 744 = 0.8 4 or - 0.5 9
l± B/33 = l± B·
COS C =

7t 1+ ✓ 33
Sin ce I
1 1± ./3 3
8
< 1, 3 c 1, c2 suc h tha t O < c 1 < 2 , cos c 1 = 8

7t 1- /3 3
< c2 < 7t, COS c2 = B
2

Th us c = cos~
1 (1±./33) such that f ,(c)
8
=0

He nce Ro lle' s the ore m is ver ifie d. [Ans. c = O]

(iii) Please try you rse lf.

(iv) fix) = ✓l-x 2

for eac h x in [- 1, 1]
Sin ce fix) 'ha s a uni que fin ite val ue
f is con tin uou s in [- 1, 1]
-2 x -x
f '(x) = J = --;J== which exi sts for all x in (- 1., 1).
2 l-x
2
2 l-x

/ is der iva ble in (- 1, 1). 1, l].

te tha t f'(x ) is not def ine d atx = ± 1 so th at/ is not der iva ble in [-
No
Also ft- 1) = 0 = /tl) . e, the re exi sts at
all the thr ee con dit ion s of Ro lle' s the ore m are sat isfi ed. Th ere for
Th us
val ue c ofx in (-1 , 1) suc h tha tf'(
c) = O
lea st one
-c c = 0 E (- 1, 1)
z..e. , I =0 :.
vl- c2
He nce Ro lle' s the ore m is ver ifie d.
--------ti ILLUSTRATIVE EXAM PL,ES Ir------------:
Example 1. Verify mean vcilue theorem for the following✓functions in the specified inter-
uals: .
l,

(a ) f(x) = x(x - l)(x --2) in [O, i] . _

(b) f(x) = x2 - 3x + 2 in [-2, 3]. - ✓--~-
. .. '.

Sol. (a)f(x) = x(x - l)(x _ 2) in[o, ~ l . , .·. · .· ' .·

(i) ftx) = x(x - l)(x - 2) = 3 _ 3. 2 2x b . . . . . . . ~ . 1
x x +· e1ng a polynon11al 1n x 1s continuous 1n the c ose0
.
mterva1 [O, J]. ·
 THE DERIVATIVE AND MEAN VALUE THEOREMS 443

(ii) f'(:d = 3x2 - 6x + 2 and f ' (x) is a lw ay R unique and definit e for every value of x in
(0 , ½). H ence f{x) js derivable in (0, { ).
:. ftx ) sa tisfies the two conditions of Mea n Va lue Theor em and so there must exi st a
point c with in (0 , t ) such that
((J) - f (O) = f'(c) ·: f (b ) - f ( a ) = f'( c )
t _o
2
\ b- a

3
~- o . a
~ = 3c 2 - 6c + 2 or 3c2 - 6c + 2 = 4 or 12c2 - 24c + 5 = 0
2
24 ± ✓576 - 240 _ 24 ± ✓ 336 _ 24 ± 4✓21 _ 6 ± J21
C = 24 - 24 - 24 - 6

Now the two values of care 1 + ¾J2i and 1- i J2l and of these two , the second value
lies between Oand-½. Hence there exists at least one valuec = 1- ½../21. within (0, ½)such that
{(J)- f(O ) = f '(c ).
1_ 0
2
Hence the verification of mean value theorem.
(b ) f(x) = x 2 - 3x + 2 in [- 2, 3].
Hence /{a) =/{- 2) = 4 + 6 + 2 = 12
f{.b) = fi.3) =9 - 9 + 2 =2
Now fix ) being a polynomial in x is continuous for every value of x and so it is also
continuous in the closed interval [- 2, 3].
Again, f '(x ) = 2x - 3 which is finite and unique for every x in (- 2, 3) and so fi.x ) is
derivable in (- 2, 3).
Thusf{.x) satisfies both the conditions of Mean Value Theorem.
there must exist a value c of x within (- 2, 3) for which
f(b)- f(a1 = f'(c) or 2- 12
b- a 3 - (- 2) = 2c - 3
or 10c - 15 = - 10 or 10c = 5 C -
- 2
.1
which is clearly within ~he interval (- 2, 3).
Hence the verification of Mean Value Theorem.
_ - Exa~pl~ 2. Discuss the applicability of Mean Value Theorem to the follow ing functions
in the specified intervals :

2 if X =J
2
(a)f(x)= x if 1<x<2in[l, 21
{1 if X =2
(b) ftx) = I x I for all x in {- 1, 21.

2 if X = 1
Sol. (a) We have 2
f(x)= x ifl<x<2
{1
if X = 2.
 GO LD EN RE AL ANALYs1s

444
fil ) =2 an d fi2 ) = 1. ial function
Th us
1y no mi a1 fu nc tio n in 1 < x < 2, an d _every po lyn om
Si nc e fix ) = x2 is a po ) is co nti nu ou s for ea ch x 1n 1 < x <
2.
int , the ref or e, fix
is co nti nu ou s at ea ch po 2 I Pu t x = I + Ii
Also Jim f (x ) =x -Jim>1 +0
x
x-> 1+ 0 2 1
= Iitn (1 + h)2 = lim (1 + 2h + h ) =
lr. ➔ O
h ➔ O
I Pu t x = 2- h
lim f(x ) = Jim x2
an d x -+ 2 - 0 h -+ 2 - 0

= liJim (2 - h) 2 = lim (4 - 4h + h )
2 =4
➔ O · lt - >0

Jim fix ) -:I: fil ) an d lim fix ) -:I: fi2 ),

Si nc e x-+ 1+ 0
lt ➔ 2-0
an d x = 2.
ou s at th e en d po int s x = l
the ref or e f{x ) is no t co nti nu in ter va l (1, 2) an d no t in th e clo se d
int erv al. Thus
s in th e op en M ea n Value
:. fix ) is on ly co nti nu ou ge 's M ea n Va lue Th eo re m an d he nc e
co nd iti on of La gr an
f{x ) vi ol at es th e fir st ·
bl e to fix ).
Th eo rem is no t a_p pl ica
(b) We ha ve f{x ) = Ix I
for al lx in [-1 , 2].
[- 1, 2].
ou s in th e clo sed in ter va l
He re f(x ) = I x I is co nti nu in ter va l (- 1, -2 ) ex ce pt at x = 0. Th us
/(x)
po in t of th e op en
Also f{x) is de riv ab le at ea ch 2) an d he nc e th e se c0 nd co nd iti on of th e M ea n
Value
in ter va l (-1 , ) in [-1 , 2].
is no t de riv ab le in th e op en e M ea n Va lue Th eo rem is no t ap pl ica bl e to f(x
the ref or
Th eo rem is no t sa tis fie d an d the sis of La gra ng e's Me an
Va lue Theorem
ill us tra tes tha t tl,le hy po
No te. Th e above ex am ple
ca nn ot be we ak en ed .
- 3) ; a = 0, b = 4, fin d c of La gr an ge 's Mean Value
(x
Ex am pl e 3. lf f(x) = (x - 1)
(x - 2)
Th eo rem .
fix )= (x - 1) (x - 2) (x -
3.) = ~3 - 6x 2 + llx - 6
So l.
fia ) =fi0 ) =- 6 f(b ) =f(4 ) = (3) (2) (1) = 6
f '(c) = 3c -: 12 c + 11
2
2
f'( x) = 3x - l2 x + 11
,·. .

f(b~ =;(a) = f '(c) ⇒ 6

~~-OB) = 3c 2 - 12 c + 11

3 = 3c - 12 c + 11
2 ⇒ 3c 2 - 12 c + 8 = 0
⇒
4✓
12 ± ✓48 12 ± --3 2
12 ± J1 44 -9 6 -- --
-- = 6-- ~ 6 - - ✓3 -- 2 +
⇒ c = -- -- 6
en in ter va l (0, 4)
Both the va lue s lie in th e op
2-
Hence C = 2 ±3.
✓
[a b] .
, u
Ex am pl e 4. Verify L ag ran ge s me an Value Theorem for f(x) = lx2 + mx + n ' x E '
So l. f(x'() =_lx + m x + n_ b em
2 ·
po lyn om
· •
ial 1s co nti
•
nu ou s ov er Ra nd he nc e in [a, b].
g. a
(a, b).
/ x)-:-- 2 lx + m wluch ex ist s fin ite ly for all x in eo re m.
fie s bo th the co nd iti on s of La gr an ge 's M ea n Va lu e Th
f(x ) sa tis
3 c e (a b) st f(b ) - f(a ) = f '(c )
' · · b- a
 IJFR IVATIVC ~NO Mr AN VALlJ I] Tl trom MO
r IH
-- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -~4~4~5 '2 ~
(11, 2 t 1111, 1 11 ) - (1" '1. , ma + n) l. - > I ( h - a ·) + m (b _ a)
) - - - ~ 2 .r.: + '" - - t:: 2lc + m
I, n I>- a

(h - n) ll<b t n) ·r ml l
( ·:
ca 2.c+ m - ~ l( h +a)+m = 2l c+ rn a:t b)
' h- a
a+ b
1(/J + n) • 2lc -~ c =- 2 ( ·: l * 0)
(I + ,, a (n, ,, ), Lr\J{rnngu IH Moun. VnIuo ,..,h ' '(- d
1. corom rn von 10 •
l. ,)<·11 r c:s
S
I ' • 2
Exam ple I'S , Di:;crum the applicn./Jilit,y <>( Lagrange'o Mean Val ue Theorem to
1 in I- J, JI 11 1
(ii) f(x) x : in [- 1, 1J. 0
((x)
(i) 1::,
X
1 fl O) is not finite while Oe [- 1, 1]
Sol. (i) ftx) c:.:
X
L.H.S . 0 - 00 R.I-1.L. = + oo (verify)
~ fix) iB not continuous at x = 0
Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem is not applicable.

(ii) f(.x ) = x 1l3 f '(x) = .! x - 213 = ~13 which does not exist finitely at x = 0 E . (- 1, 1).
3x 3
⇒ ftx) is not differentiable in (- 1, 1).
:. Lagra nge's Mean Value Theorem is not applicable.
However f (l)- f(- l) = f '(c)
1- (- 1)

~ 1 => c2l3 = .!. => . c = (13 )312 = _1_ and- 1- E (-1, 1)

1-(-1 )
2 = 3c 213 3 3✓3 3✓3
conclu sion
Hence the hypoth esis of Lagra nge's Mean Value theore m is not valid but the
neces sary.
is. In other words, the two conditions of L.M.V. theore m are suffic ient but not

Exam ple 6. Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following functions
:
(i ) f(x) = 2x2 - 10x + 29 on [2, 7] (ii) f(x) = x 3 + x2 - 6x on [- 1, 4]
(iii) f {x ) = log x on [1, e] (iv) f(x) = .Jx 2 - 4 on [2, 4]
(v) f {x) = ex on (0, I].
Sol. Please try yourself. [Ans. (i) c = 4.5, (ii) c = 2, (iii) c = e - 1,
(iv) c = JG, (v) c = log (e - 1).]

(1 + x)
Example 7. Show that if x > 0, log (1 + x) > _ x _ and hence prove that x- log
1
l+x
decreases monotonically as x increases from O to oo .

So]. Let f(x) c;: log (1 + x) - _ x_

l+x
f'(x)= - l _ _ (l+x ).1-x .1=_ 1__ 1 =l+ x-l= _x_
2
l+x (l+x) 2 l+x (l+x) 2 (l+x) 2 (l+x)
which is positive, becau se x > O
-
454 GOLDEN REAL ANALYSIS

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1. Verify Cauchy's mean value theorem for the functions x 2 and x 3 in the inter.
val [1 , 2] .
Sol. Let ftx) = x 2 and g(x ) = x 3
f and g are continuous and derivable for all values of x
⇒ f and g a re continuous in [1, 2)
f a nd g are derivable in (1, 2)
Also g'(x) = 3x 2 ~ 0 for any x e (1, 2)
'Thus f and g satisfy the conditions of Cauchy's mean value theorem. Consequently, 3 a
point c E (1 , 2) s .t.
f(2) - f(l) f'(c)
----=--
g(2) - g(l) g'(c) .. .(i )
Now {(2) = 4, f(l) = 1, g(2) = 8, g(l) = 1
f '(x) = 2x :. f '(c) = 2c
2
g'(x) = 3x :. g'(c) = 3c 2

From (i), 4-1 2c 3 2c

--=-o 2
r - = -.-
8-1 3c 7 3c 2
9c 2 - 14c = 0 14
⇒ c(9c - 14) =0 ⇒ c =0 . or
9
·. 14
c •= 0 e (1, 2) whereas c = e (1, 2).
9
Hence Cauchy's· mean value theorem is verified.
Example 2. Find 'c' of Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem for the following pairs of func-
tions :
(i) f{x) = eX, g(x) = e-x in [a, b] (ii) f(x) =x 2, g(x) =x in [a, b]
-J
(iii) f(x) =✓x, g(x) = ✓x in [a, b] (iv) f(x) = -'4- ,· g(x) = -1 in [a, b]

l
X X

(v) f(x} = sin x, g(x} = cos x in [-;, 0

Sol. (i) f(x) = ex, ⇒
f(b)=eb
g(x) = e-x => g(a) = e-c,, g(b) = e- b
f'(x) = ex => f'(c)=ec
g'(x) = - e-x => g'(c) =- e-c
f(b) - f(a) f'(c)
----=-- eC
g(b) - g(a) g'(c) · e-t, e-a ---::;
- -e
eb - ea
⇒ --c::-----,- = _ e2c ⇒
ellb - el/a
⇒ -ea+b = -e2c ⇒ a+ b = 2c
a+b
c- - -2 - .
 v , , . _ ~ .... , , ,_ - • · - ·.
THl:: Ut:H I Vr\ I IV C /"'\1'4 U 1v11- r,1,.

(ii) Ple ase try you rse lf I

f(x ) = J-;, ⇒ fta ) = fa, f(b ) = Jb

(iii)
1 1
g(x ) = -
1
⇒ g(a ) = Fa:' g(b ) = lb
j";
1
f '(x) = I ⇒ f'(c ) = 2k
2~
,g '(x) = - !12 ⇒ g'( c) =- 1,-
2x 2c-vc
1
f(b ) - f(a ) f'(c ) Jb -k 2✓c
... - ⇒ ----
g(b ) - g(a ) g'( c) 1
1. - - 1
- -
Jb ra, 2c Fc
Fa.Jb = ✓ab.
⇒ <lb-fa). Fa -lb =- c - ✓ab = - C :. C

(iv) Please try you rse lf [ An s. c = 2ab]

a+ b

( v) Ple ase try you rse lf [ An s. C =- : ]

- ------11 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ,.__ _ _ _ _ __

h2
Exa mp le 1. If f(x + h) = f(x) + hf '(x) + 2! f "(x + 8h), find the valu e of e as x ➔ a if f(x)
= (x _ aJ5l 2.
Sol . f(x) = (x - a)512 ⇒ f(x + h) = (x + h - a )512

Also f '(x) = 2 (x - a)312

5

⇒
5
f"(x ) = ~ (x - a)
112 f"(x + 0h) = ~ (x + 0h - a) 112

h2
... f(x + h) = f(x) + hf '(x) + 2! f"(x + 8h)
· 5 15
⇒ (x + h - a)512 = (x - a)512
.
+ 2 h(x - a)312 + - 8 h2(x + Sh - a)Il2
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~·-: __-•01\)
vVhen X ➔ a ) we get
15 ⇒ 15
1is12 = S h2. (Sh)112 ⇒ hs12 = 15 h512 0 112 1= - 9112
8 8

0 = 64
225 .
2
Example 2. If f(x ) = f(OJ + xf'(O) + ; ! f"(0x), find the value of e as X ➔ 1 if f(x) = a -x)5l2_

Sol. Please try y ourself [ Ans. i;"]

Example 3. Find Lagrange's and Cauchy's remainders after n terms in the expansion of
(i) log (1 + x ) (ii) cos x
1
(hi) -1-- (iv) ekx.
+x
(- l)n-l (n - 1) !
Sol. (i) f(x) = log (1 + x) ⇒ f n(x) =

Using Maclaurin's expansion for f(x), we have ·

-- Xn fn(n..) = Xn . (- l)n-1 (n - 1) ! = (- l)n-1 ( X Jn
Lagrange's remainder ·cM,
(1+0x)n n 1+0x
x! n!

Cauchy's remainder
= xn(l- e)n-1 f n(ex)
(n-1) !

= xn(l-e)n-l . (- l)n-l (n-1) ! = (- l)n-1 (l-e)n-1 ( X Jn

(n-1)! (1+0x)n l+ex

(ii) f{x) = cos x ⇒ ( x + n 1t

tn(x) = cos
2
J
Using Maclaurin's expansion for f(x), we have

Lagrange's remainder =x
n!
2
f n(ex) = xn
· n!
cos (ex + mtJ
2
xn(l-e)n-1 xn(l-e)n-1 (
= - - - - - - fn ( e x ) = - - - - - cos ex+ -
n1tJ
Cauchy's remainder (n - 1) ! · 2 ·
(n - 1) !

1 f n(x) = (- l)n n!
(iii) f(x)= - - ⇒
l+x (1+ x)n+l
Xn xn (-l)nnl xn
Lagrange's remainder = - f n (ex) =- . ·1 = (- l)n .
n 1. n ! (1 + ex )n+ (1 + ex r+1
Cauchy's remainder
xn (1- 0)11 - l xn (1- e)n-1 (- l)n I n (1- e)n-1
= - - - - - fn(ex)= - - - - - . n. =(-lr _n_x_ _ __
(n -1) ! (n -1) ! (1 + ex )n+l . (1 + ex )n+l

n n (1 e)n-1 kn eek'r: ]
(iv) Please try yourself Ans. ~ kn eflkx , X -
[ n ! (n -1) !