Homework 1 for OS22- OSDHE (Due September 25th, 2023)

Chapter 05.Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganism:

1. What organelle were thought to be the product of symbiosis?

Mitochondria and Chloroplast
2. What organelle do ribosome associated with?
Nucleolus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Rough endoplasmic reticulum
3. How does flagella differ from cilia?
Flagella Cilia
Length Longer Shorter
Number Smaller (usually ranges from Larger (typically ranges in
1 to 8) the thousands)
Found in Prokaryotic and eukaryotic Mainly eukaryotic cells
cells (animal cells)
Function Motility Motility, feeding and
filtering

4. Give the definition of glycocalyx?

A glycocalyx, literally meaning "sugar coat", is a network of polysaccharides that project from cellular surfaces of many bacteria,
epithelial cells or other cells.

5. How does cell wall of eukaryote differ from bacteria?

- Bacterial cell wall is made from carbohydrates and peptidoglycans.
- Eukaryotic cell walls of plant cells are primarily made of cellulose

6. Draw a table listing organelle, location and Function

Organelle Location Function

1. Nucleus At the center of eukaryotic Store chromomes (DNA)
cells which is the genetic
information of the cells.
2. Ribosomes - Mainly attached to the Function in protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum;e
- Present freely in the
cytoplasm
3. Vesicle - Located in the cytoplasm; Stores and transports cellular
- Near the RER, Golgi and products and digests
plasma membrane metabolic wastes within the
cell
4. Rough ER Lies immediately adjacent to Area where ribosomes
the cell nucleus synthesize proteins
5. Smooth ER Located near, and continuous Synthesis and storage of
with, the rough er lipids
6. Golgi Apparatus Closely associated with ER Modifications, targeting, and
packaging of proteins and
lipids
7. Cytoskeleton Throughout cytoplasm Involved in movement of
cytoplasm, emoeboid
movement, and structural
support
8. Mitochondria The cytoplasm of cells Energy production
9. Chloroplast Cytoplasm of plant cells Primary producer of organic
nutrients for algae and plant
cells; helps in photosynthesis.
10. Vacuole Typically located in the - Normally stores nutrients
central area of a plant cell and food, and also store
waste product;
- Helps the plant maintain its
firm shape.
11. Lysosome Cytoplasm of animal cells Involved in intracellular
digestion of food particles
and in protection against
 invading microbes.
12. Centrosome Near the nucleus in the Organize the microtubules
cytoplasm and the cell division process
13. Plasma membrane Situated between the - Provides protection for a
cytoplasm and cell wall cell
- Transport nutrients into the
cell and also to transport
toxic substances out of the
cell
14. Cell wall - Located on the outside of Provide structural support
the cell membrane of and shape
bacterial and plant cells;
- In prokaryotic cells, it is
sometimes located between
the cell membrane and the
capsule.

DO NOT STUDY FUNGI – ALGAE – HELMINTHES

Homework 2: (Sep 28th)

1. Draw a table just like the below (please exclude Fungi and Anthropod) but still listing common Genera of bacteria [giống vi khuẩn
chung] and remarks
Extra credits: include a column listing the disease that each bacteria cause (symptoms ,diagnosis, Rx)
2. Draw a table or a circle listing the most common bacteria infection in the hospital (non-socomial infection).
Homework 3:
Cocci Infection of Medical Important:
1. List the ways to tell the cocci apart from one another (tree of separation).
2. Make a table Listing:
Name of Characteristic Subspecies Characteristics Disease Symptom Diagnosis Rx
the Group s of the of each
group species
Localized
cutaneous
Aureus infections:
Systemic infections:
Toxigenic diseases:
Staph Epidermidis Novobiocin-
sensitive
Hominis
Capitis
Saprophyticus Novobiocin-
resistant
Pyogenes
Agalactiae
Mutans
Oralis
Strept Salivarus
Sanguis
Milleri
Mitis
Pneumoniae
Gonorrhoeae
Neisseria
Meningitidis
Homework 2, tìm ý
Rx: thuốc kê đơn (hoạt chất)(chứ không phải là nhóm)
Ví dụ Rx clindamycin thuộc nhóm Licosamide antibiotic

Anatomic Common genera Disease Symptom Diagnosis Rx Remarks

sites
Skin Pseudomonas Ghi
Micrococcus giống
Corynebacterium Pitted keratolysis Feet become abcxyz trong
(Caused by: smelly and white table
Corynebacterium with clusters of 13.3
- clindamycin (lincosamide)
minutissimum) punched-out pits
- erythromycin (macrolide)
Erythrasma abcxyz abcxyz
- fusidic acid (fusinadines)
(Caused by:
Corynebacterium
minutissimum)
Trichomycosis abcxyz abcxyz
axillaris
(Caused by:
 Corynebacterium
tenuis)
Propionibacterium
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus

Oral cavity

Skin:
1. Pseudomonas:
 Disease: Folliculitis (Pseudomonas aeruginosa); Paronychia (Pseudomonas spp);
 Symptoms: redness of the skin, abscess formation in the skin, draining wounds
 Diagnosis: Pseudomonas infections are suspected on physical examination when there is a a greenish or blackish, fruity-
smelling discharge. They are confirmed by laboratory studies of cultures taken from the affected area.
 Rx:
o Symptomatic relief of Pseudomonas folliculitis may be achieved through the use of acetic acid 5% compresses for 20
minutes twice a day to 4 times a day.
 o In Pseudomonas folliculitis patients with associated mastitis, in those with persistent infections, or in those who are
immunosuppressed, a course of ciprofloxacin (500 or 750 mg PO bid) is advised. (PO bid là gì? PO: orally, BID: 2
lần 1 ngày)
2. Micrococcus: Micrococci are human commensals that colonize the skin, mucosa and oropharynx
 Disease: x
 Symptoms: x
 Diagnosis: x
 Rx: x
3. Corynebacterium: Corynebacteria are small gram-positive cocci generally considered to be commensal organisms.
However, under certain circumstances, they can cause skin problems.
 Disease: Pitted keratolysis [Bệnh hôi chân] (Corynebacterium minutissimum), Erythrasma [Erythrasma là một nhiễm trùng nếp
kẽ] (Corynebacterium minutissimum), Trichomycosis axillaris (Corynebacterium tenuis)
 Symptoms: smelly feet, either the forefoot or the heel or both become white with clusters of punched-out pits. It presents as a
slowly enlarging area of pink or brown dry skin, Yellow, or less often, black or red, granular nodules or concretions envelop
the hair shaft. Sweat may be discoloured and clothing stained.
 Diagnosis: Diagnosis is often clinical given its distinctive appearance and malodour. Wood's light examination reveals coral-
pink fluorescence due to porphyrins released by the bacteria. The diagnosis can be confirmed by a swab or scraping for
microscopy and culture. Trichomycosis axillaris is mostly diagnosed by its clinical appearance. Wood lamp examination shows
pale-yellow fluorescence, Potassium hydroxide preparation and Gram staining can identify the bacteria.
 Rx: fusidic acid cream, or with oral erythromycin, fusidic acid cream or clindamycin solution, clindamycin, erythromycin and
fusidic acid
4. Propionibacterium:
 Disease: acne vulgaris
 Symptoms: Pain, stiffness, irritation
 Diagnosis: culture, PCR
 Rx: penicillins, carbapenems, and clindamycin
5. Staphylococcus:
 Disease: Abscesses and boils, Cellulitis, Folliculitis, Impetigo, Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)
 Symptoms: painful rash, blisters
 Diagnosis: Take a sample of the skin to test for bacteria.
 Rx: cefazolin, nafcillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid
6. Streptococcus:
 Disease: Impetigo, Ecthyma, Cellulitis, Erysipelas, Necrotising fasciitis.
 Symptoms: Rash on your neck, underarms or groin; Small, red to purple sores on the nose, mouth, arms and legs; Itchy skin;
Sores that leak a clear to yellow fluid or pus; Crusty yellow scabs form over the sores.
 Diagnosis: blood test, biopsy, MRI, CT scan or ultrasound to look at the damage underneath your skin caused by the infection
 Rx: penicillin, patients with penicillin allergy may be given erythromycin or a cephalosporin

Oral cavity:
1. Streptococcus:
 Disease: Pharyngitis (S. pyogenes), peritonsillar abscess; dental caries (S. mutans and S. sobrinus)
 Symptoms: sore throat, fever, beefy-red pharynx, and purulent tonsillar exudate; toothache, tooth sensitivity, grey, brown or
black spots on your teeth; bad breath
 Diagnosis: Culture, Rapid antigen-detection tests, antibody titers; examine the teeth, dental X-rays (to dectect before the
decay is visible.)
 Rx: Penicillin V (250 mg for children < 27 kg) orally every 12 hours, Amoxicillin (50 mg/kg (maximum 1 g) once a day for
10 days (which is an effective substitute for penicillin V); có những phương pháp khác nhưng there are no Rx for treating
dental caries
2. Neisseria:
 Disease: acute pharyngitis or tonsillitis (N.gonorrhoeae)
 Symptoms: noticeable symptoms; persistent sore throat, swollen, burning, or painful glands in the throat, occasionally white
spots
 Diagnosis: throat culture swab test
  Rx: 500-milligram (mg) intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone (thuộc nhóm cephalosporin, ceftriaxone là cephalosporin thế hệ 3-
nhóm thuốc trị ký sinh trùng)
3. Veillonella:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
4. Fusobacterium:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
5. Lactobacillus:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
6. Bacteroides:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
7. Actinomyces:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
8. Eikenella
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
  Diagnosis:
 Rx:
9. Treponema:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
10. Haemophilus:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:

Large intestine and rectum

1. Bacteroides:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
2. Fusobacterium:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
3. Bifidobacterium:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
4. Clostridium:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
5. Fecal Streptococci and Staphylococci: (tách ra thành 5.1 và 5.2 cũng được)
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
6. Lactobacillus:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
7.1 Coliforms - Escherichia:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
7.2. Coliforms - Enterobacter:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
8. Proteus spp.:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:

Upper Respiratory Tract

Genital Tract
1. Lactobacillus:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
2. Streptococcus:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
  Rx:
3. diphtheroids (Corynebacterium and relatives (Mycobacterium and Nocardia)): điều chỉnh bố
cục cho phù hợp
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
4. Escherichia:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
5. Gardnerella
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:

Urinary Tract
1. Staphylococcus:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
2. Streptococcus:
  Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
3. Corynebacterium:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
4. Lactobacillus:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:

Eye
1. coagulase-negative Staphylococci:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
2. Streptococcus:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
3. Neisseria:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:

Ear
1. Staphylococci:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx:
2. diphtheroids:
 Disease:
 Symptoms:
 Diagnosis:
 Rx: