3-67 Acylindrical tank is fully filled with water (Fig. P3-67). In order to increase the flow from the tank, an additional pressure is applied to the water surface by a compressor. For Po = 0, Po = 5 bar, and P, = 10 bar, calculate the hydrostatic force on the surface A exerted by water. Air, Po Water level Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics 3480 Solution A cylindrical tank is filly filled by water. The hydrostatic force on the surface A is to be determined for three different pressures on the water surface Assumptfons Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the cylinder, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for ‘convenience. Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m’ throughout, Analysis Ait, Py Water level pO bar 8 1972N=1.97kN Fg =9810 x04 +e ose VA Yon = Yee 3 bar. Additional imaginary water column Pair ‘Therefore we can imagine the water level as ifit were 30.58 m higher than its original level. In this case, Big = leg =04+30,58 =30.98 20. p=10 bar, Additional imaginary water column 10x10° Pa = 101.94 m Fg =9810 «101.94 x3-69 Consider a heavy car submerged in water in a lake with a flat bottom. The driver’s side door of the car is 1.1 m high and 0.9 m wide, and the top edge of the door is 10 m below the water surface. Determine the net force acting on the door (normal to its surface) and the location of the pres- sure center if (a) the car is well-sealed and it contains air at atmospheric pressure and (d) the car is filled with water. / Solution A cars submerged in water. The hydrostatic foree on the door and its line of action are to be determined for the eases of the ear containing atmospheric air and the car is filled with water Assumptions 1 The botiom surface of the lake is horizontal, 2 The door can be approximated as a vertical rectangular plate. 3 The pressure in the car remains at atmospheric value since there is no water leaking in, and thus no compression of the air inside. Therefore, we can ignore the atmospheric pressure in calculations since it acts on both sides of the door. Properties We take the density of lake water to be 1000 kg/m’ throughout. ‘alysis (a) When the car is well-sealed and thus the pres > swe on the outer surface of the door isthe pressure atthe ex Paw = Po = pete = ph s+ b!2) the car is the atmospheric pressure, the average idpoint) of the surface, and is determined to be 2 iw) = (1000 kg/mm? X9.81 ms? (10 +1.1/2m) — EN __ oan kelaak x | = 103.SkN/m? ree Then the resultant hydrostatic force on the door becomes Fy = Pe A= (103.5 kN’m? X0.9 mx 1.1m) =102.5KN, The pressure center is directly under the midpoint of the plate, and its distance from the surface of the lake is determined to be . . oor. 1.1m x09 m e 1 Le ato te _40.56m 28+ /2) 2” 1200+1.172) ss. o based (6) When the car is filled with water, the net force normal to the surface of the door is zero since the pressure on both sides ‘of the door will be the same. Discussion Note that itis impossible for a person to open the door of the car when it is filled with atmospheric air. But it takes little effort to open the door when car is filled with water, because then the pressure on each side of the door is the,3-68 Consider a 8-m-long, 8-m-wide, and 2-m-high aboveground swimming pool that is filled with water to the rim. (a) Determine the hydrostatic force on each wall and the distance of the line of action of this force from the ground. (b) If the height of the walls of the pool is doubled and the pool is filled, will the hydrostatic force on each wall double yadrunle? Why? Answer: (a) 15 Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid § 369 Solution An above the ground swimming pool is filled with water. The hydrostatic force on each wall and the distance of the line of action fiom the ground are to be determined, and the effect of doubling the wall height on the hydrostatic force is to be assessed. Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the wall of the pool, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for convenience. Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m’ throughout. Analysis The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the centroid (midpoint) of the surface, and is determined to be Prag = Po = pahe = pghi2) IN Lkg- ms’ = (1000 Kym? 9.81 merveronl =9810 Nim? ‘Then the resultant hydrostatic force on each wall becomes Fiz = Py A=(9810 Nim? (8m x 2m) = 156,960 N =157KN, a The line of action of the force passes through the pressure center, which is 2/3 from the free suriace and A’3 from the boitom of the pool. Thesefore, the distunce of the line of action from the ground is > Yp~ 2-2 -0.667m (om the boom) tthe height of the walls of the pool is doubled, the hydrostatic force quadruples since Fg = peli An pe hl {do ni) = peut? (2 and thus the hydrostatic force is proportional to the square of the wall height, #7. Discussion This is one reason why above-ground swimming pools are not very deep, whereas in-ground swimmi ools can be quite deep.3-70 A room in the lower level of a cruise ship has a 40-cm-diameter circular window. If the midpoint of the window is 2 m below the water surface, determine the hydrostatic force acting on the window, and the pressure center. Take the specific gravity of seawater to be 1.025. Answers: 2527 N, 2.005 m Here, q is the diameter of the window. -(Z(sox107)'} 1 FIGURE P3-70 ‘aiculate the hydrostatic force. F=yAh, =SG(pg) Ah, jere, h, is the distance between free surface to center of the windo F =(1.025)(9810)(0.1256 )(2) = 2527.15N herefore, the hydrostatic force is |2969.44 N}. NN f tet the moment of inertia of circular weaon) naa | | =F (40x10 iy Corel =1.25x10" m* ) sh +— Ah, 4 Substitute 125x107 m* for J, and 0.1256 m? for 4 125x107 (0.1256)(2) = 2.005 m3-73 Determine the resultant force acting on the 0.7-m-high and 0.7-m-wide triangular gate shown in Fig, P3~73 and its line of action. zr m, 0.7 m 0.7m Solution The resulting force acting on a triangular gate and its line of action are to be determined. Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the gate, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for convenience. Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m’ throughout. Analysis FIGURE P3-73 0.3 0.7 m water 09m 0.7 m We first determine the angle; 09 Sirk By 9, B=64.16° Fea thy -9810-{[03+ 207) i616 «$07.07 1650N In order to locate Fy on the gate x... and ye, must be found. Daye Noe For simplicity, we can consider x axis to be passing through center of gravity of the gate, so that x-j=0. <0)x0.77 3.334107 af 3.334107 2 Xp OF Ee ggg 7 1776x10 71 an 3 z, x07 =6.67x10° anit 36 6.67 x10 766 =0.801m *0.766 «0.2453476E The flow of water from a reservoir is controlled by a S-ft-wide L-shaped gate hinged at point A, as shown in Fig. P3—76E. If it is desired that the gate open when the water height is 12 fi, determine the mass of the required weight W, Answer: 30,900 Ibm FIGURE P3-76E a ~ ‘Chapter 3 Pressure aad Plaid Stati 377K. Solution The flow of water from a reservoir is controlled by an L-shaped gate hinged at a point A The requir weight I/for the gate to open at 2 specified water height is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the gate, and thus it can be ignored in calculations f convenience. 2 The weight of the gate is negligible. Properties We take the density of water to be 62.4 Ibm'ft’ throughout, Analysis The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the centroid (midpoint) of the surface, and is determined to be P= Pah, = pa(h/2) L Ibe = (62.4 n't? )(32.2 tis? )12 /2 A)/ SE = 374.4 Ibtitt Then the resultant hydrostatic force acting on the dam becomes 374.4 IbpR )(12 R<5 A) = 22.464 bE ‘The line of action of the force passes through the pressure center, which is 2473 from the free surface, yp 2 2x(12 A a BO Taking the moment about point Aand setting it equal to zero gives 8a TMa=9 Fel st yp) = WAR Solving for Wand substituting, the required weight is determined to be G+8)t SE (22,464 Ib!) = 30,900 Ibf The corresponding mass is thus 30,900 Ibm. Discussion Note that the required weight is inversely proportional to the distance of the weight from the hinge,374A. Geomhigh, Semwide rectangular plate blocks the end of a S-m-dsep eshwuter channel, us shown in Fig, P3-74. The plat is hinged abouts horton xs long its upper edge through a point A snd i rexirsined from epee ing by a fied ridge a point B. Determine the force excrid om the plate hy the rid FIGURE P3-74 Azarea of plate under water =$ x5 fg =5/2 Po = PS ig =1000*9.81x 2.5 = 24525[ Fa] = Fy = Pe X A= 24525 x 25 = 613125] N] vertical centrotd location of the green triangle of pressure = Fa (ity +1)— 96 5 {613125 (10 /3-+1)}= 442.090 = 442| kN] Solution A rectangular plate hinged about a horizontal axis along its upper edge blocks a fresh water channel plate is restrained fiom opening by a fixed ridge at a point & The force exerted to the plate by the ridge is to be determined Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the plate, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for convenience. Properties — We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m’ throughout Analysis ‘The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the centroid (midpoint) of the surface, and is determined to be ) Pry = Pe = pathy = paths (kn = (1000 kg/m? 9.81 mis? XS 2m} st _. \ 1000 kg - mi 24.53 kNin? Then the resultant hydrostatic foree on each wall becomes Fe = Pye A= (24.53 kKNim? (6m x $ m) = 735.9m The line of action of the force passes through the pressure center, which is 2473 from the free surface, vp= Taking the moment about point Aand setting it equal to zere gives Tayo Fels yy Solving for Fis. and substituting, the reaction foree is determined to be Fogg = TSE Fg = 843359) 935 ON -O3BKN AB ‘sm Discussion The difference between F, and F, AB Fede(3 For a gate width of 2 m into the paper (Fig. P3—7 determine the force required to hold the gate ABC at its location. Answer: 17.8 KN 3 Solution The force required to hold a gate at its location is to be determined, Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the gate, and thus it can be ignored in calculatio convenience. Properties Specific gravities are given in the figure. Analysis Since there are two different fluid layers it would be useful to convert one of them to another one to the problem easier. The pressure at the interface is p=0.86x9810%0.5 = 4218.3 Pa Now, the question is how much fluid from the second one can make the same pressure. pa 1.239810 12066. =0.35 m=35 an Asce1.23 = ‘Therefore the system can be simplified as shown: Z Original level R =1.23.98105{ 952210 5 0.95}.(09%2 15204.N a eee Yat yA 0155%(0.9*2) Fy = fhA=1.23 «9810 (0.80 +0.35)(0.4x2)=11101 N Take moment about hinge will give Fx0.4=15204x(1 1s-0.1227)-11101x 24 =o F=17.8kN3-80 An open settling tank shown in the figure contains a liquid suspension, Determine the resultant force acting on the gate and its line of action if the liquid density is 850 kg/m’. The gate is parabolic as sketched, looking straight at the gate, Answers: 140 KN, 1.64 m from bottom sm 8), its FIGURE P3-80 (Chapter 3 Pressuce and Fluid States aa Solution An opea settling tank contains liquid suspension. The resultant force acting on the gate and its Hine of action are to be determined. Assumptions Atmosphetic pressure acts oa both sides of the gate and thus it can be ignored in calculations for ‘convenience, Properties We iave the density of water to be 1000 kg/m’ throughout Analysis 3m 800 +900 Pact = 890 dia? Aig = putt. 01 F=f pam | dey GthtA py MLA 0 (via. ‘Based on the figure below, d= 2.MfY, and A= 3— ¥Sid@), X= Therefore s ‘ y Fae 20k [(S~ WMO) = 20. [(9~ YONI AY V2Due [5~ 8ONY a a fo fe _ 1 ve =V388098x{ 2 942-2 sinoy* | =140,428N=140KN 5 a eh wi cms ye, Fatig=| Fos [(6-380NF ars r nesters 140,428 x yay =V12p, ,.82Y"? -0.247435"7 2 = 230,961 cp =O obvinusly124 3-81 From Prob. 3-80, knowing that the density of the suspension depends on liquid depth and changes linearly from 800 kg/m? to 900 kg/m* in the vertical direction, deter- mine the resultant force acting on the gate ABC, and its line f action. (oe Solution An open settling tank contains liquid suspension, The density of the suspension depends on liquid depth Tinearly. The resultant force acting on the gate and its line of action are to be determined. Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the gate, amd thus it can be ignored in calculations for convenience, Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m” throughout. Analysis dF y= pdA, or Fy= J rda~[ petda ao ar) Since the density of suspension is linearly changing with Awe would propose p= 800+ 204 [Ae! a? Based on the figure below, @A=2.4U¥, and 4=5— YSi(@), X=J/V/2 , Therefore 3 ¥3 Fog= & [800 2082 AY = VFe [ (800-4 2045 ~ ¥Si0))ofS~ ¥Sind SPAY ie ie =143,983N=144kN Fx= Ni] 2 sito? ~ 400sinoy"? + 300077 \ To locate Fx, we would use Eq, 1 again. ( x 8 Fe -{1 fia. 20».002 Ye Vig [ (00+ 20(5— YSind))<(5— Sine PY 40 2000 ad 143.983 5, =1i{ 2990" » 2009 spay?” + 180014") =234991 J1s8 234.99! _4 63 m (liam bottom), and x,., = O obviously. [43,983 p