GENERAL

PHYSIC II
FOUR PICS,
ONE WORD!
01
ELECTROSTATIC
 Electrics - (electricity)
Greek word: Elektron, which means “amber”
Electrified - charged with electricity; having an
electric current passing through.

Static Electricity - when the charge is at rest.

Electrostatics - the study of all phenomena

associated with electric charges at rest.
Electric Charges (q).
SI Unit: coulomb (C)
Charles-Augustin de
Coulumb
6.24 x 10^-19 C
Conductivity - the measure of the ease at which an
electric charge moves through a material.
 Conductors - materials that
readily allow the flow of charges
through them.

Insulators - materials that

resist the flow of charges.
Semiconductors are intermediate between conductors and
insulators. Semiconductors are not as conductive as metals,
but they are more conductive than insulators. The
conductivity of a semiconductor in its pure form is very low.
Atoms of different elements in very small amounts (i.e., one
part per million or even less) are added to pure
semiconductors to improve their conductivity. This process is
referred to as doping.

Semiconductors have paved the way for the

development of miniaturized electronic
devices such as transistors and integrated
circuits. Some examples of semiconductors
are silicon, germanium, and galium arsenide.
Superconductors offer practically no resistance to flow of
charges below some critical temperatures. A current in a
superconductor can keep flowing without any decay. In
1911, Dutch physicist Heiken Kamerlingh Onnes
discovered superconductivity by cooling mercury to
temperature of about 4 K. Most conductors only work at
temperatures close to absolute zero. Scientists are now
focused on developing superconductors that will work at
normal and high temperatures. Superconductors
that work at room temperature would make
everyday electricity generation and transmission
vastly more efficient inasmuch as there
will be no power losses.
 Processes of Charging

In neutral atom the number of protons and

electrons are equal. However, an atom may
gain or lose electrons. If the atom gains
electrons, it becomes negatively charged; if its
loses electrons, it becomes positively charged.
A neutral body may be charged through
friction, conduction and induction.
 Charging by Friction
Resulting when two different materials are
rubbed together. The material will eithe
become positively charged or negatively
charged depend on its electron affinity.

Electron Affinity - the measure of the attraction

of atom to an electron, or the tendency of an
atom to become negatively charged.

Triboelectric Series - arranged in order of

increasing electron affinity from top to
bottom. In general, when two different
materials are rubbed together, the one that is
higher on the list will become positively
charged.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. A rubber comb runs through human hair.
What charged is acquired by the hair and by
the comb?

2. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk cloth, the rod

acquires a charge of magnitude 3.45 nC.
(a) Did the glass rod gain or lose electrons?
(b) How many electrons were transferred during the
process?
(c) What is the charge in the mass of the glass rod?
(d) What is the change in the mass of the silk cloth?
 Answer:
a. Because the electron affinity of glass is lower than that of silk in the
triboelectric series, the glass rod loses electrons.
b. Because the glass rod becomes positively charged, the number of
protons is greater than the number of electrons. To get the number of
excess protons, the charge of the glass rod must be divided by the
charge of proton.
3.45� 10−9
������ �� ������ ������� = = 2.154 � 1010 �
1.602� 10−19

Therefore, the number of electrons gained by the silk is approximately 2.154

� 1010 �
 Answer:
c. The glass rod lost 2.154 � 1010 ���������. The mass of the glass rod
decreased by an amount equal to the mass of 2.154 � 1010 ���������. The
mass of an electron is 9.109 � 10−31 ��. �ℎ��,
10 9.109� 10−31
�������� �� �ℎ� ���� �� �ℎ� ����� ��� = (2.154�10 ���������)( )
��������
= 1.962 � 10−20 ��

d. The mass of the silk cloth is increased by 1.962 � 10−20 ��

Charging by Conduction
It requires physical contact
between a charging body and a
neutral body. The sign of the
charge acquired by the neutral
body is the same with that of the
charged body. Likewise, it
becomes negatively charged when
charged by a negaively charged
body.
Charging by
Conduction
 Charging by
Induction
A neutral body may also
be charged without
physical contact with a
charged body. This
process is called
“induction”. In induction,
the body to be charged is
brought very near the
charging body.
 Charging by Induction
The negative charges on the neutral body are attracted to the
charging body if the latter is positive. They are repelled from the
charging body if it is negatively charged. This effect is known as
polarization. The neutral body is then grounded either by touching it
or by using a wire.

Earth is a huge reservoir of charges. It can donate or accept electrons.

The electrons from the neutral body will travel down the ground if
the charging is negative. The electrons will travel up the ground
connection to the neutral body if the charging body is positive. The
ground connection is removed followed by the charging body, leaving
the previously neutral body with a net charge.
CONSERVATION
OF CHARGE
 Conservation of Charge
Another important concept in electrostatics is the conservation of
charge. The principle of conservation of charge states that the
total charge is isolated system remains constant. It means that
charges can neither be created nor destroyed. In any charging
process, charges are merely transferred from one body to another.

In one of his experiments, Coulomb showed that when a sphere

with an initial charge qo is brought in contact with an identically
uncharged sphere, they equally share the total charge. If the
spheres are not identical, they change the total charge according
to the radii, with the quantity of charge directly proportional to
their radii.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Metal sphere A has a net charge of +6.0 C. iIt is brought in contact with a
neutral metal sphere B and then separated. Find the final charges on
spheres A and B if (a) the spheres have equal radius and (b) if the radius of
sphere B is twice the radius of sphere A.
Given: �� = + �. � � ; �� = �. � �
Solution:
a. Since spheres A and B are identical, they will be sharing the total charge
equally. Therefore, after contact, �� = �� = + 3.0 C.
b. Let �� and �� represent the radius of sphere A and B, respectvely.
Hence, �� = 2�� . The charge acquired by each sphere is directly
proportional to their radius.
 1. Recall that if two identical quantities are directly proportional, then
the ratio is constant.

�� ��
=
�� ��
�� ��
=
2�� ��
�� = 2��

But according to the principle of conservation of charge,

�� + �� = + 6.0 C
�� + 2�� = + 6.0 C

Therefore, �� = + 2.0 C and �� = + 4.0 C

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
2. Spheres A, B, and C have charges +8.0 C, +12, and −5.0 C, respectively.
The three spheres are allowed to touch each other simultaneously and
then separated. (a) What is the total charge on the three spheres before
and after touching each other? (b) What is the final charge on each sphere
assuming they are identical? (c) What is the final charge on each sphere
assuming that �� = �� = 2�� ?
Given: �� = + �. � � ; �� = + ��. � � ; �� =− �. � �
Solution:
a. ������ = + �. � � + ��. � � − �. � � = + ��. � �

The principle of conservation of charge states that the total charge before
and after an interaction is constant. Therefore, ������ = + 15.0 C .
 b If the spheres are identical, they will equally share their total charge
upon contact. +15.0 C
�� = �� = �� =
3
c. The charge acquired by each sphere is directly proportional to their
radius. Therefore, �� �� ��
= =
�� �� ��
Since, �� = �� = 2��
�� �� ��
= =
�� �� ��
�� �� ��
= =
2�� 2�� ��

Thus, �� = �� = 2��
 According to the principle of conservation of charge,
�� + �� + �� = + 15.0 C

Using, 2�� + 2�� + �� = + 15.0 C

5�� = + 15.0 C
5�� +15.0 C
=
5 5
�� = + 3.0 C

Thus, �� = 2�� = 2(+3.0 C) = + 6.0 C

�� = �� = + 6.0 C
�� = + 3.0 C
Quantization of Charge

A body becomes charged either by gaining or

losing electrons. It follows that the charge of a
body must be integral multiples of e. In other
words, a charge is “quantized”, with e as the
smallest charge.
 Quarks and Antiquarks, and their Symbols and

Quarks have the Charges

unusual property of Quark/

Antiquark
Symbol Charge (e)

carrying functional _
charges of an electron. up u u + 2/3 - 2/3

The name quark was down d

_
d - 1/3 + 1/3

taken from a line in charm c

_
c + 2/3 - 2/3
James Joyce’s poem _
“Three Quarks for strange s s - 1/3 + 1/3
_
Muster Mark” in his top t t + 2/3 - 2/3

book Finnegans Wake. bottom b

_
b - 1/3 + 1/3
What Is Coulomb’s Law?
According to Coulomb’s law, the force of
attraction or repulsion between two charged
bodies is directly proportional to the
product of their charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
between them. It acts along the line joining
the two charges considered to be point
charges.
Coulomb’s Law Formula:

F = the magnitude of electric force in newtons (N)

�1 and �2 = charges in coulombs (C)
r = the distance in meters (m)
k = Coulomb’s constant
(k=9×109N⋅ m2/C2)
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation:

F = force
G = gravitational constant
r = the distance between center of the masses
m1 and m2 = masses of object 1 and 2
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