LTE, LoRaWAN

• With low power energy consumptions and short range coverage

constraints are reasonable to use wireless personal area network (WPAN)
technologies as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) among
other options.
• For applications with low power energy consumptions and medium
coverage constraints is typical to use wireless local area network (WLAN)
technologies as IEEE 802.11 (n/g/h).
• In the case of large coverage and low power energy consumptions is
common to use low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies as
LoRaWAN, SigFox.
• In the case of applications without any energy consumptions constraint
and large coverage network is advisable to use broadband technologies as
LTE, LTE-A defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
standard.
• In particular case of rural areas is to use LTE in sub-1GHz bands in order to
improve Radio Frequency (RF) propagation at low frequency bands.
Long Term Evolution
• LTE is the project name given to development of a high performance air
interface for cellular mobile communication systems.
• It is the last step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies
designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone networks.
• Bandwidth: -1.4/3/5/10/20 MHz
• Radio Access- DL-OFDMA
• UL-FDMA
• Uplink Peak Rate - ˃ 50 Mbps
• Downlink Peak Rate - ˃ 100 Mbps
• They enable LTE to operate more efficiently with respect to the use
of spectrum, and also provide the much higher data rates that are
now required.
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex)
• OFDM technology has been incorporated into LTE because it enables high
data bandwidths to be transmitted efficiently while still providing a high
degree of resilience to reflections and interference.
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
• One of the main problems that previous telecommunications systems have
encountered is that of multiple signals arising from the many reflections that
are encountered in antenna deployments.
• By using MIMO, these additional signal paths can be used to advantage and
are able to be used to increase the throughput.
SAE (System Architecture Evolution)
• With the very high data rate and low latency requirements for 3G LTE, the
system architecture must evolve to achieve the performance improvement
benchmarks. One change is that a number of the functions previously
• handled by the core network have been transferred out to the periphery.
Essentially this provides a much "flatter" form of network architecture. In this
way latency times can be reduced and data can be routed more directly to its
destination.
LTE in IOT
• The fourth generation of mobile networks, the Long Term Evolution
(LTE), has been designed for greatly enhanced capacity in order to
provide support to a large number of connected devices.
• As such, LTE introduces significant improvements at the Radio Access
Network (RAN) and a more flexible IP-only (Internet Protocol)
architecture at the Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
• Although a substantial percentage of current M2M systems operate
over legacy second and third generation (2G and 3G) mobile
networks, LTE is expected to be the main driver of the emergence of
the IoT on cellular networks
LTE in IOT
• From the IoT applications point of view, LTE could be considered as a
back-haul technology that provides connectivity to intelligent
terminals (IT), which are responsible to create capillarity in
transportation layer using other radio access solutions as for example
LPWAN technologies.
• LTE network is designed for large packet data applications. It is not
designed originally for IoT applications.
• However, it becomes a useful communication technology to be used
as back-haul for IoT specially in transportation layer.
LTE Architecture
• LTE is basically composed by an EPC (evolved packet core) that define the
core network, and a radio access network called E-UTRAN (evolved
universal terrestrial radio access network).
Core Network:
• The EPC consists of two control-plane nodes, namely mobility management
entity (MME) and home subscriber server (HSS), and three user-plane
nodes, namely serving gateway (S-GW), packetdata network gateway (P-
GW), and policy and charging rules function (PCRF).
Access Network:
• The access network for normal user traffic does not have a centralized
controller in E-UTRAN (a group of base stations), so the architecture is said
to be flat. The evolved NodeB (eNodeB) provides the radio interface and
performs radio resource management (RRM), including radio bearer
control, and radio admission control.
Important key advantages to use LTE at sub-1GHz:
QoS management is an important tool that is available in LTE that is
complemented with other features as for example,
➢ congestion control,
➢adaptive modulation,
➢interference management,
➢carrier aggregation.
➢LTE operating at sub-1GHz provides an improved radius coverage.
LoRaWAN
• LoRaWAN is a network technology that is based on an open standard of
Media Access Control (MAC) layer that complement a physical layer
technology called LoRa.
• LoRa is a proprietary technology licensed by Semtech Corporation, it
designated for low power long range transmission.
• This physical layer uses modulation based on chirp spread spectrum (CSS)
with integrated forward error correction (FEC) into the protocol
LoRaWAN Network Architecture:
• LoRaWAN Network Architecture is comprised by three elements, the end-
node or end-device, LoRa gateway, and LoRa network server, in which
there are different IoT applications communicating between application
layer at the end-node side and the application server side
Important key advantages to use LoRaWAN:
• Using CSS modulation result is some advantages such as:
• great link budget;
• resilience to interference;
• good performance at low power;
• resistance to multi-path effects/fading;
• resistance to Doppler effect (mobile applications);
• high clock tolerance;
• good sensitivity; reception is simple.
• But like other technologies that use Spread Spectrum, it is inefficient
in terms of spectral efficiency
Intelligent Terminal
❑ IT which is a gateway between LTE and
LoRaWAN interfaces , it means that IT
has an interface composed by an UE
(LTE element) and other interface
composed by a Gateway LoRa
(LoRaWAN element).
❑ End-devices are LoRaWAN elements
that are installed in sensor devices.
❑ Other important element considered
at high level architecture is the
eNodeB, which is an element used as
base station in LTE cellular networks
which is complemented by elements of
a typical cellular network