International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)

www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.2, March-April. 2013 pp-1245-1252 ISSN: 2249-6645

Anomaly Detection Using Generic Machine Learning

Approach With a Case Study of Awareness

Goverdhan Reddy Jidiga, 1 Dr. P Sammulal2

1
Research Scholar, JNTU & Lecturer in CSE, Department of Technical Education, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Senior Assistant Professor, JNTUCEJ, JNT University Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract: Security of computer systems and information in flow is essential to acceptance for every network user utilities
Now the standalone computer and internets are exposed to an increasing number of security threats with new types of
attacks continuously appearing. For this to develop a robust, flexible and adaptive security oriented approaches is a severe
challenge. In this context, anomaly based intrusion detection technique is an advanced accurate technique to protect data
stored at target systems and while flow in the networks against malicious activities. Anomaly detection is an area of
information security that has received much attention in recent years. So in this paper we are going to elaborate a latest
techniques available in machine learning approach applied to anomaly detection which are used to thwarts the latest attacks
like cyber based attacks and malware infections. Finally a case study is discussed on latest cyber attacks phased by top web
domains and countries in the world motivated by a traditional security ethic are called E-Awareness.

Keywords: Anomaly, Cyber attacks, Machine learning, Malware, Phishing,

I. INTRODUCTION
Every day the cyber criminals are invading countless homes and offices across the nation not by breaking down
windows and doors, but by breaking into laptops, personal computers, and wireless devices via hacks and bits of malicious
code. For this billions of dollars are lost every year repairing systems hit by such attacks. Some take down vital systems,
disrupting and sometimes disabling the work of hospitals, banks, other services around the world. Today, these computer
intrusion cases like counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminals are the paramount priorities of our cyber program
because of their potential relationship to national security. The solutions are there, but not terminate permanently so only
case that gather vital intelligence that helps us identify the cyber crimes that are most dangerous to our national security and
to our economy.
Anomaly detection is type of Intrusion detection and the Intrusion detection [29] defined as the process of
monitoring the anomaly based events occurring in a computer system or network and analyzing them for signs of intrusions,
defined as attempts to bypass the standard security mechanisms of a clean computer or network that are compromise the
confidentiality of the valuable data, data integrity, availability and access control of information sources as well as resources.
Intrusion detection system (IDS) [15] is a combination of software and hardware that attempts to perform intrusion detection
protection to normal users and system resources from information security threats. Computer security analysts use intrusion
detection systems to assist them in maintaining computer system security. There were numerous attacks on software systems
result in a process execution or human coding mistakes deviating from its normal behavior[2] , all these prominent examples
include a malware related code injection attacks on internet server’s processes and with resulting from buffer overflow and
format string vulnerabilities. Up to now we have seen significant amount of research to detect such attacks through
monitoring the behavior of the suspected process and comparing that behavior to a model [3] consist of normal behavior
collected from past experiences. These are also called anomaly detection techniques because in compare to signature based
detection which deviates from the normal behavior are taken as indications of anomalies.

II. ANOMALY DETECTION

2.1 Introduction
In this the basic unit of finding abnormal behavior is identified as an anomaly. Anomaly [8, 29] is a pattern in the
data that does not conform to the expected behavior, depending on the nature of input data collected from profiles that
represent normal behavior of users, applications, hosts, networks, and detecting attacks as significant deviations from this
profile. Anomaly detection is monitors program executions and detects anomalous program behaviors through reverse
analysis of executable program including a critical behavior monitoring points can be extracted from binary code sequences
[2] and memory space. Most of the available intrusion detection systems are predominantly signature based, so such systems
are not used to find the frequent rule based attacks, unknown attacks and updates. The existing systems even if it is designed
by traditional and advanced anomaly detection techniques are not observing real world anomalies like emerging cyber
threats, cyber intrusions, credit card frauds...etc. The anomalies occur relatively infrequently and their consequences can be
quite dramatic, negative sense in the running of applications

2.2 Why Anomaly Detection

The security breaches are very common now in the society and organizations fail to take effective measures, with
the legal action by authorities over breaches of and devastating damage to brands, reputation and customer confidence.
When it comes to new technologies organizations have needed to move quickly, but they are not responding fast. Now smart

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 International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.2, March-April. 2013 pp-1245-1252 ISSN: 2249-6645

phones and latest gadgets were primarily used by everyone, so in the same way risks related to mobile devices, social media
and in critical infrastructure are worst[21]. The business and personal use they have forced organizations to urgently
implement policies that address the risks associated with an evolving array of emerging technologies.
Also the organizations are protecting how they guard to their data of the employees and their customers like service
based organizations in the world phasing number of problems from attacks and threats with latest criminal mind showing
their illegal operations. Today cyber attacks are common in the public banking sector, health organizations, defense, and
service sector , so organizations are need to give training and guidelines, policy adjustments, stepping up awareness
programs. So our aim is to prepare for an effective solutions working online and on the fly counter action is required to avoid
the cyber criminals, viruses, malware and botnets shown. The security teams and experts must work round the clock to
actively manage the risks created by threats in different top rated domains like business, online-shopping, social media
including comprehensive policies and effective security controls. Now experts need to not only consider how they can occur
and use powerful analytics to detect security events but also realize to aware of dynamic threats caused by malicious events.

According to information security survey [21, 22, 23] up to 2012 the threats and malware infections on the top list
found in the world is classified according to area or domain as following Figure-1. In this there are many critical
infrastructure top web domains are affected by different threats and their impact low, medium, and high. To overcome these
threats we use the anomaly detection with usage of machine learning approaches [29]. The main uses for Anomaly Detection
are detect precedent attack behavior, zero day attack detection, intrusion model, insider threat detection, situational
awareness and validate or assist with signature data. The major advantages of anomaly detection are network intrusion
detection, insurance or credit card fraud detection, healthcare informatics or medical diagnostics, industrial spoil detection,
video surveillance or image processing, novel topic detection in text mining and so on. Anomaly detection (AD) systems
have some advantages [27, 29]. First AD have the capability to detect insider attacks like someone using a stolen account
starts performing actions that are outside the normal user profile, an anomaly detection system generates an alarm.
Second, AD is based on customized profiles, it is very difficult for an attacker to know with certainty what activity
it can carry out without setting off an alarm. Third, an anomaly detection system has the ability to detect previously unknown
attacks.

III. RELATED WORK

Most of the anomaly intrusion detection systems are signature based and fundamental statistics or knowledge based,
but these are all suitable in some applications and not suitable today in advanced technical concepts. Now we discussed some
related work on old and new one is based on machine learning discussed in next paragraph. Anderson is the first person
elaborated the intrusion concept in security and he developed model [1] threats are classified as external penetrations,
internal penetrations, and misfeasance. The Anderson model [5] is good initially, but now it is not suitable. Denning
proposed several models for Intrusion Detection System (IDS) development based on statistics, Markov chains, time-series,
etc [4]. In Denning model, user’s behavior that deviates sufficiently from the normal behavior is considered anomalous.
Stanford Research Institute developed an Intrusion Detection Expert System (IDES) that continuously monitored user
behavior and detected suspicious events. Later SRI developed an improved version of IDES called the Next-Generation
Intrusion Detection Expert System (NIDES) [05] that could operate in real time for continuous monitoring of user activity.
NIDES enable the system to compare the current activities of the user/system/network with the audited intrusion detection
variables stored in the profile and then raise an alarm if the current activity is sufficiently far from the stored audited activity.
A statistical anomaly based IDS were proposed by Haystack [29], which used both user and group based anomaly detection

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 International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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strategies. In this system, a range of values were considered normal for each attribute and during a session if an attribute fell
outside the normal range then an alarm raised. It was designed to detect six types of intrusions: attempted break-ins by
unauthorized users, masquerade attacks, penetration of the security control system, leakage, denial of service, and malicious
use. SNORT is an open source network intrusion detection and prevention system (NIDPS) developed by Sourcefire. In
1996, Forrest proposed an analogy between the human immune system and intrusion detection that involved analyzing a
program’s system call sequences to build a normal profile [10], if the sequences deviated from the normal sequence profile
then it considered as an attack. The system they developed was only used offline using previously collected data and used a
quite simple table-lookup algorithm to learn the profiles of programs.
Machine learning based work: In 2000, Valdes [11] developed an anomaly based intrusion detection system that
employed naïve Bayesian network to perform intrusion detecting on traffic bursts. In 2003, Kruegel [26] proposed a
multisensory fusion approach using Bayesian classifier for classification and suppression of false alarms that the outputs of
different IDS sensors were aggregated to produce single alarm. In the same year, Shyu [12] proposed an anomaly based
intrusion detection scheme using principal components analysis (PCA), where PCA was applied to reduce the dimensionality
of the audit data and arrive at a classifier that is a function of the principal components. In [19,20] proposed an anomaly
based intrusion detection using hidden Markov models that computes the sample likelihood of an observed sequence using
the forward or backward algorithm for identifying anomalous behavior from normal behaviors. Lee [7, 13] proposed
classification based anomaly detection using inductive rules to characterize sequences occurring in normal data. In 2000,
Dickerson [14] developed the Fuzzy Intrusion Recognition Engine using fuzzy logic that process the network input data and
generate fuzzy sets. So therefore, the primary and most important challenge is we needs to be develop the on the fly
countermeasures and effective strategies to reduce the high rate of false alarms.

IV. MACHINE LEARNING

In this paper we concentrated on machine learning techniques , because machine learning approaches use strong
statistical foundations to enhancing the dynamic and accurate learning that gives better accuracy, small false alarm rates,
learned detectors use a more compact representation, possible performance improvements, ability to detect novelty,
protection against zero-day exploits, faster incident response times.etc. Machine Learning systems [17, 27] offer unparallel
flexibility in dealing with evolving input in a variety of applications, such as intrusion detection systems and spam e-mail
filtering. However, machine learning algorithms themselves can be a target of attack by a malicious adversary. In the
machine learning different novel contributions of techniques include taxonomy of different types of attacks on systems, a
variety of defenses against those attacks.

Fig.2. Taxonomy of Anomaly Detection based on Machine learning.

In the fig.2 the anomaly detection taxonomy[8,15] is given, it is based on classification of anomaly detection which
is purely based foundational work done past authors of intrusion detection systems models and today performance based
machine learning approaches. In this taxonomy the anomaly detection is based on machine learning and data mining
approaches. The machine learning approaches use strong statistical foundations to enhancing the dynamic and accurate
learning that gives better accuracy, small false alarm rates.

4.1 Proposed Model

In fig.3 the machine learning based AD (Anomaly Detection) is used and prototype is given with preprocessing
data. In AD (Anomaly Detection) prototype model the audit data collection module is used in the data collection phase. The
data collected in this phase is analyzed by the anomaly detection algorithm to find traces of suspicious activity. The
source of the data can be host/network activity logs, command-based logs, application-based logs, etc. audit data in intrusion
detection systems store the audit data either indefinitely or for a sufficiently long time for later reference. The volume of
data is often exceedingly large, so persistent database is maintained.

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 International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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Fig.3. Anomaly Detection (AD) Prototype Model with Machine learning.

In Anomaly detection model the processing is here the algorithms to detect suspicious activities are implemented.
Algorithms for the analysis and detection of intrusions have been traditionally classified into three broad categories:
signature (or misuse) detection, anomaly detection and hybrid (or compound) detection. The configuration data is extracted
from network database and user deployed rules framed from information that is pertinent to the operation of the
intrusion detection system itself such as information on how and when to collect audit data, how to respond to intrusions,
etc. Due to the complex and dynamic properties of intrusion behaviors, machine learning and data mining methods have
been generally employed to optimize the performance of intrusion detection systems to finding specific point anomalies or
range anomalies at moment of time. We give an efficient algorithm for provably learning uphill decision tree with extension
adornments of existing multi-way decision tree algorithm. In fig.3 the machine learning is decision tree algorithm is
considered first and later it is extended to uphill decision tree also called regression tree. The processing element must
frequently store intermediate results such as information about partially fulfilled anomalies. The model contains a logic taken
from uphill decision tree detect the anomalies by raising notified alarms.

4.2 Proposed Machine Learning Algorithm : A Uphill Decision Tree (UDT)

The Decision tree (DT) learning [18, 29] is a type of machine learning algorithm used in many application of
information security in previous research. The decision tree (DT) is very powerful and popular data mining algorithm for
decision-making and classification problems. It has been using in many real life applications like medical diagnosis, radar
signal classification, weather prediction, credit approval, and fraud detection etc. DT can be constructed from large volume
of dataset with many attributes, because the tree size is independent of the dataset size. A decision tree has three main
components: nodes, leaves, and edges. Each node is labeled with an attribute by which the data is to be partitioned. Each
node has a number of edges, which are labeled according to possible values of the attribute. An edge connects either two
nodes or a node and a leaf. Today it is olden and not effecting in current cyber attacks. So the extension of this is an uphill
decision tree.
A decision tree with real values at the leaves is called an uphill decision tree if the values on the leaves are non-
decreasing in order from left to right. An Uphill decision tree is similarly a tree structured solution in which a constant or a
relatively simple regression model is fitted to the data in each partition. In this algorithm we considered the data collected for
e-mail to filtering whether it is phishing or spam.
Phishing [21] is a type of Internet fraud deployed to steal confidential financial information that includes theft of net
banking passwords, corporate secrets, credit card numbers, financial status, bank account details and other valuable
information and spam is anonymous, unsolicited bulk email diverting the cybercitizen’s minds to use their services and
products etc. phishing is also type of spam.
The total number of phishing emails and spam are increasing day to day, up to 2012 the top domains and areas in
the world suffering with cyber threats like DOS, DDOS,SQL Injection, spamming attacks , phishing attacks and others. In
that most of them are spam , phishing attacks affected on online banking, Online purchasing (PayPal, Amazon, eBay, etc.),
Social media (Face book, Twitter, blogs, etc.) in all corners.
The semantics of e-mail are like domain, class, frequency, link, URL, IP address, script, validation, port address,
dot, images, no. of ports valid or not, link valid or not, mismatching ..Etc available. Based on that we can estimate that the
mail or websites are legitimate or phishing by using a pre determined set of rules designed in the construction of uphill
decision tree.

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 International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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Fig.4. Uphill Decision Tree for e-mail verification to estimate the Phishing attack.

In fig.4 we have applied a concept of uphill decision tree (statistics are assumptions only) for e-mail verification
whether the e-mail is come from legitimate organizations or not. The mail semantics are compiled by tree one by one and
find the some unknown semantics are encountered that we compare with original semantics of e-mail.
In this we take an example-1 of e-mails is [email protected], from jntuh.ac.in/new/academic/contacts_us.html, in JNTU.

Here if (domain=TRUE&e-mail-has=HTML&script=Java_script&Validation=TRUE&server=authenticate)
Then P (e-mail Semantics) = “90%”. (This value depending on other semantics also)

In this e-mail, if all semantics are correct and verified by decision tree including URL, no. of dots in URL, IP
address and port of application then we can probably identify that mail come from authorized party.

Example-2: VISA card related mail from VISA organization contains unknown hits like “dear valued customer”
shown in fig.5, But in original mail from bank is not contains semantics like “dear valued customer”.

Fig.5. Phishing attack based e-mail verification came from VISA

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Here if (domain=TRUE &e-mail-has=”unknown hits”) then P (e-mail Semantics) = “20%”. (This value
depending on other semantics also)
In this e-mail, first semantic is correct and verified by decision tree and semantic at node-3 has unknown hits may
not included in semantics of VISA mail including URL, no. of dots in URL, IP address and port of application then we can
probably identify that mail come from unauthorized party.

4.3 Ethical Solution to Phishing : E-Awareness and Case Study

The basic E-security awareness [23] is a process of keeping people in continuous attention of security to save
information. In the abstract we clearly mentioned e-awareness also a part information security ethics to thwart a most
vulnerabilities as “security awareness is better than prevention and prevention is better than detection”. This was an ethic
concept applied in all kinds of human life applications to survive in the nature. The people who are expert in security aspects
to thwart the security deficiencies, eligible to train all users of information technology to identify and report the all kind of
suspicious activities in their electronic environment. Now it is essential that each of us take responsibility and understand our
role in securing cyberspace.
ACM Report[28] given the countermeasures on phishing is creating awareness and train end users to proactively
recognize and avoid phishing attacks (ethical and very popular approach).The solutions are motivating people to be secure,
micro games designed to teach people about phishing and embedded training.

Fig.6. Phishing attack Ranking

From 2010 to 2013 USA ranking is going to down shown in fig.6, because the public and private partnership
security awareness months [21, 23, 24] programs conducted by hundreds of organizations like
1) National Cyber-Security Alliance, FBI
2) U.S. Department of Homeland Security
3) DHS with RSA-EMC, Google, McAfee, Microsoft, Symantec, ADP, AT&T, Cisco, IBM
4) CERT, FTC, NCL.

The DHS of USA taking an active involvement in the control of all types of cyber threats by creating awareness,
responsibility, co-operation, policy enforcement, and also motivating people to learn ethics.

The reasons to reduce the phishing in USA:

1) They are conducting fast track E-security awareness programs by monthly in different states.
2) Most of government and private organizations believing that “Awareness is only an impressive and vital element of the
phishing combat”.
3) USA promoting awareness, education, research on addressing the latest challenges well in advance.
4) Regular recommendations to update policies, guidelines, and risk assessment.
5) USA anti phishing group suggesting to use look ahead technology to avoid loss.
6) Respond rate is high due to education and motivation.
7) In 2012 USA conducted 120 awareness programs conducted approximately.
8) Regular alerts and reports.
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The reasons to increase the phishing attacks in UK:

1) UK banking and financial institution customers use heavy online money transactions.
2) 84% people of UK using internet daily at least once and create breaches.
3) In UK most of the people use the mobile internet transaction leads to increasing phishing and also malware infection.
4) Insider impersonation of the organization.
5) Lack of coordination among the consumers and financial institutions to report latest trends in phishing.
6) Latest brands in the market

What are the reasons for increasing phishing and spam [22] in India are :
1) Lack of awareness, education and responsibility.
2) Lack of use of new technology and using of poor technology.
3) High unemployment, illiterate, ignorance, population and competition in the market.
4) Lack of government support, policy constraints, coordination, law.
5) Greediness in earning of easy money.
6) May fast economy development and technology using.
7) Use of pirated software.
8) Rate of using internet.
9) Huge growth in the usage of Mobiles.
10) System sharing.

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper we accepted only a machine learning approach to anomaly detection and applying to phishing attacks.
Now phishing will persist in any electronic medium pursue a problem that can never truly be solved. In this nest better we
can work on always to preventing, detecting, and responding to this e-awareness. Finally in this paper we present a case
study on phishing attack based on the awareness model and today the machine learning is only approach encouraged by well
known scientists in the field of security. So this will give concepts and motivates to you a do further research and also hope
that this work to be true at our knowledge.

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