CE142P-2

Fluid
Dynamics
Engr. Cris Edward F. Monjardin
BSCE
MSCE Major in Water Resources
Engineering
 Introduction to Hydraulics

• Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the

mechanical properties of liquids or fluids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the
liquid version of pneumatics. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation
for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties. In fluid
power, hydraulics are used for the generation, control, and transmission
of power by the use of pressurized liquids. Hydraulic topics range through some
part of science and most of engineering modules, and cover concepts such as
pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control
circuitry, pumps, turbines, hydropower, computational fluid dynamics, flow
measurement, river channel behavior and erosion.
 FLUID DYNAMICS

• This is a branch of hydraulics dealing with

the forces exerted by or upon liquids in motion
 Newton’s Laws of Motion

First Law of Motion

 A body at rest or in motion with a uniform velocity along a
straight line will continue in the same state of rest or motion
provided that the net force acting on the body is zero
 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Second Law of Motion

 The rate of change in the momentum of a moving body is
proportional to the force producing that change which occurs
during or along the straight line in which the force acts
 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Third Law of Motion

 For every action there is an equal add opposite reaction
 Flow Properties

𝑁 𝐾𝑁
1.Pressure (P) in 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎, 𝑜𝑟 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑚
2.Velocity (𝑣) in
𝑠
𝑚3
3.Discharge (Q) in
𝑠
 Flow Rate - amount of flow
with time

2 types of flow rate

• Mass Flow Rate – Mass flow with respect to time

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
𝑚= = ( 𝑜𝑟 )
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
• Volume Flow Rate – Volume with respect to time
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑚3 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑄= = ( 𝑜𝑟 )
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
 Definition
1. Streamlines
of Terms
are imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate
the direction of motion in various section of flow of the fluid system.
2.
Definition of Terms
Stream tube represents elementary portion of a flowing
fluid bounded by a group of stream lines which confines
the flow.
 Classifications of Flow
• REAL FLOW – considers energy losses in the flow

• IDEAL FLOW – neglects the effects of viscosity and friction in fluid flow, thus no energy losses are
considered

Ideal Flow
Real Flow
 Classifications of Flow
• UNIFORM FLOW - flow velocity and cross-sectional area of flow at a
given instant do not change with distance

• NON-UNIFORM FLOW – flow velocity and cross-sectional area of flow

varies with distance

𝑑𝑣
 Uniform Flow =0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
 Non-Uniform Flow ≠0
𝑑𝑡
Different Types of Flow
• STEADY FLOW – flow velocity and area of flow do not
change with time

• UNSTEADY FLOW – flow velocity and area of flow varies

with time

𝑑𝑣
 For Steady Flow, =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
 For Unsteady Flow, ≠0
𝑑𝑡
 Reynold’s Number
• In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number (Re) is a
dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of
inertial forces to viscous forces for given flow conditions.
The Reynolds number is an important parameter that
describes whether flow conditions lead to laminar or turbulent
flow

• The Reynolds number is an experimental number used in fluid

flow to predict the flow velocity at which turbulence will occur.
It is described as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
For flow through a tube it is defined by the relationship:
 Reynold’s Number

Where

Re = (ρ u2) / (μ u / L) Re = Reynolds Number (non-dimensional)

=ρuL/μ ρ = density (kg/m3, lbm/ft3 )
=uL/ν u = velocity based on the actual cross section area of the duct or pipe (m/s, ft/s)
μ = dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2, lbm/s ft)
L = characteristic length (m, ft)
ν = kinematic viscosity (m2/s, ft2/s)
Reynolds Number for a Pipe
or Duct
 Laminar Flow
When Re < 2000

• Laminar flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels
smoothly or in regular paths, in contrast to turbulent flow.

• In laminar flow, sometimes called streamline flow, the velocity, pressure, and
other flow properties at each point in the fluid remain constant. Laminar flow
over a horizontal surface may be thought of as consisting of thin layers, or
laminar, all parallel to each other. The fluid in contact with the horizontal surface
is stationary, but all the other layers slide over each other. A deck of new cards, as
a rough analogy, may be made to “flow” laminarly.

• Laminar flow is common only in cases in which the flow channel is relatively
small, the fluid is moving slowly, and its viscosity is relatively high
Laminar Flow
 Turbulent Flow

• Flow descriptions such as Poiseuille's law are valid only for conditions
of laminar flow. At some critical velocity, the flow will become turbulent
with the formation of eddies and chaotic motion which do not contribute
to the volume flowrate. This turbulence increases the resistance
dramatically so that large increases in pressure will be required to
further increase the volume flowrate.
• In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime
characterized by chaotic property changes. This includes low momentum
diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure
and flow velocity in space and time.
Turbulent Flow
 Basic Equations Used in
Fluid Dynamics
1. Continuity Equation
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉

Where:

Q = Discharge

A = Water Area

v = Mean or Average Velocity

 Basic Equations Used in
Fluid Dynamics

2. Energy Equation
 The total energy 𝐸𝑇 is the sum of three heads. That is,

𝑣2 𝑃
𝐸𝑇 = + +𝑧
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿
• From the figure, applying energy equation between points
1 and 2,

𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + ∑ℎ𝐿

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ∑ℎ𝐿
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿

• Applying Bernoulli Energy Equation (Headloss are

Neglected)

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾𝐿 2𝑔 𝛾𝐿
𝐸1 = 𝐸2
 Flow Measurement
1.Pitot Tube
Flow Measurement
2. Venturimeter
Flow Measurement
3. Orificemeter
 Sample Problem
1. Waterflows through a venture meter as shown at a rate of
2.12 cfs.

1.Determine the change in pressure head between 1 and 2

2.Determine the velocity at the throat
3.Determine the discharge coefficient
Sample Problem

2. A mercury-kerosene manometer is connected to a

Pitot tube as shown in the figure. The deflection on
the manometer is 7 in. Assume specific gravity of
kerosene is 0.81.
 What is the difference in pressures between
point 1 and point 2?
 What is the kerosene velocity in the pipe?
 What is the flow rate in the pipe if its diameter
is 6”?
 Sample Problem
3. A 2-in circular orifice ( not standard ) at the end of the 3-in-
diameter pipe shown in the figure discharges into the
atmosphere a measured flow of 0.60 cfs of water when the
pressure in the pipe is 10 psi. The jet velocity is determined by
a pitot tube to be 39.2 fps.
 Find the coefficient of velocity, Cv .
 Find the coefficient of contraction, Cc.
 Find the coefficient of contraction, Cc.
Time to Discharge Problem
(Orifice)

𝑽
𝑸=
𝒕
 Sample Problem

• A cylindrical tank 1.0 m diameter and 4m high has 80% of its volume filled with
water . An orifice 10mm diameter is located on the vertical side of the tank 50cm
from the bottom. Assuming C=0.60 and Cv = 0.98.
A. At an instant the orifice is opened, determine the discharge through the orifice.
B. Time to discharge one-fifth (1/5) of the content
 Sample Problem

• A vertical storage tank has a hemispherical bottom and a cylindrical

shell of 4m inside diameter and 4m height. It is filled with water.
Compute the time it will take to empty the tank through a sharp-
edged orifice 15cm in diameter. Located at the lowest point. Assume
C=0.6
Coordinate Method of Solving
Velocity of the Jet issuing
from an Orifice
 Sample Problem

• A cylindrical vessel with axis vertical contains water. A 5cm

diameter standard circular orifice is located on the side 60cm from
the bottom and 150cm directly above this orifice is another standard
circular orifice 8cm in diameter if the head on the upper orifice is
150cm,

Determine

A. Point of intersection of centers of the jets

B. Combined discharged from orfices assume Cv= 0.98 , C= 0.6

Orifice on a side with a
backward inclination
 Sample Problem

• A jet issues from the side of the tank under a head of 3m. The side of
the tank has a backward inclination of 45deg with the horizontal.
The total depth of water in the tank is 7m. If Cv= 1.00
A. Calculate the maximum height in which the jet rises
B. The distance from the orifice the jet strikes a point on a ground 1m below
the tank bottom.
Two Prismatic tanks
communicating by an opening
(orifice)
 Sample Problem

• Two Prismatic tanks are communicating by means of an orifice of diameter 2cm.

The orifice is located 1m above the bottom as shown below. The water in the left
tank A stands 5m while in the right tank B 2m. If the coefficient of discharge of
the orifice is 0.60. calculate the time in minutes that will take so that the surfaces
in the tanks will be 1m apart.
 Pipe Flow
• Always full flowing

• Pressurized flow

• Constant velocity if constant diameter

• Wall drag and changes in height lead to pressure drops

 Head Losses
• Darcy – Weisbach Equation

If Re < 2000 , Laminar Flow

𝟔𝟒
𝒇=
𝑹𝒆
 Head Losses

• Manning’s Formula

Metric System English System

𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟐 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐

𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺 𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺
𝒏 𝒏
 Head Losses

• HAZEN WILLIAMS’

𝑄 = Metric System
0.2785𝐶𝐷 2.63 𝑆 0.54 𝑄 = 0.4322𝐶𝐷2.63 𝑆English
0.54

System
 Minor Head losses
• Losses due to change in shapes or forms of the conduits of pipes

𝑣2
General Formula : ℎ𝐿 = 𝐶 2𝑔

Where:

C – Form loss coefficient

𝑣2
- velocity head
2𝑔

Note:

𝐿
Check first length L and Diameter D Ratio, to know whether minor losses can be neglected
𝐷

𝐿
If ≥1000, minor losses can be neglected
𝐷
 Minor Head Loss

1. Minor Loss Due to Bend, 𝒉𝒃

 Minor Head Loss
2. Minor Loss due to contraction of cross-section of conduits or
entrance, ℎ𝑐
 Minor Head Loss
3. Minor Loss due to enlargement of cross-section or exit, ℎ𝑒
Other Minor Head Loss
 Pipe Connections (Series
Connection)
A. Pipes Connected in Series
Notes:

1. For pipes in series, the discharges are

equal. That is,
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸

2. The total Headlosses∑ 𝒉𝑳𝑻 is equal to the

sum of the individual headlosses. That is,
𝒉𝑳𝑻 = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑
 Pipe Connections (Parallel
connection)

B. Pipes connected in Parallel

Notes:
1. For pipes connected in parallel, the headlosses are equal to each
other.

In the figure, Pipes 1, 2, 3 are connected in parallel with each

other, hence,
𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 𝒉𝒇𝟑
2. The Discharge entering junction is equal to the discharge leaving the
junction. That is,
𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸𝑻
 Pipe Connections (Series
and Parallel Connection)
C. Pipes Connected in
parallel and series
 Combination of Series and
Parallel pipes properties
Sample Problem
Given are the following data for pipes connected in series.
Determine the total headloss from point A to point B. using :
a. f = 0.02
b. C = 120
c. n = 0.013 𝑚3
Q = 0.10
𝑠
𝐿1 = 50 𝑚 𝐷1 = 0.50 𝑚
𝐿2 = 80 𝑚𝐷2 = 0.80 𝑚
𝐿3 = 60 𝑚𝐷3 = 0.60 𝑚
Sample Problem
Using the Figure Below determine the discharge in each pipe if the
total headloss from A to B is 15 m.

𝐿1 = 100 𝑚 𝐷1 = 50 𝑐𝑚
𝐿2 = 150 𝑚 𝐷2 = 40 𝑐𝑚
𝐿3 = 80 𝑚 𝐷3 = 60 𝑐𝑚
𝐿4 = 150 𝑚 𝐷4 = 80 𝑐𝑚
𝐿5 = 120 𝑚 𝐷5 = 100 𝑐𝑚
Using
a. f = 0.02
b. C = 120
c. n = 0.013
Sample Problem
If the total headloss from A to B is 30m. Calculate the discharge in
each pipe. Assuming friction factor for all pipes to be 0.021

𝐿1 = 350 𝑚 𝐷1 = 400 𝑚𝑚
𝐿2 = 500 𝑚 𝐷2 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝐿3 = 250 𝑚 𝐷3 = 350 𝑚𝑚
𝐿4 = 300 𝑚 𝐷4 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝐿5 = 275 𝑚 𝐷5 = 350 𝑚𝑚
𝐿6 = 400 𝑚 𝐷6 = 300 𝑚𝑚
PIPE-RESERVOIR
SYSTEM
TWO RESERVOIR
SYSTEM:
 Sample Problem
A new cast iron pipe (C=110) 200mm diameter and 30 m long. Having
a sharp-covered entrance draws water from a reservoir and discharges
it into air. What is the difference in elevations between the water
surface in the reservoir and the discharge end of the pipe if the flow is
𝑚3
0.15 ? Assume Cc = 0.5
𝑠
 Pipes with Pump and Turbine

A. Pump
Pump
• Applying Energy Equation from point 1 to point 2

• Power
𝑃𝑜
𝑃𝑜 = 𝛾𝐿 𝑄𝐸𝑝 𝑃𝑖 =
𝑒𝑓𝑓

Where:

𝑃𝑜 = power output of the pump (kW)

𝛾𝐿 = Specific weight of the liquid flowing in the pipes (kN/𝑚3 )

Q = discharge (𝑚3 /s)

𝐸𝑝 = energy input of the pump (m)

𝑃𝑖 = power input of the pump (kW)

1ℎ𝑝 = 746 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 (𝑆𝐼)
eff = efficiency of the pump
1ℎ𝑝 = 550 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑔
=
 Pipes with Pump and
Turbine
B. Turbine
Turbine
• Applying Energy Equation from point 1 to point 2

• Power
𝑃𝑖 = 𝛾𝐿 𝑄𝐸𝑇 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑓𝑓

Where:

𝑃𝑜 = power output of the turbine (kW)

1ℎ𝑝 = 746 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑆𝐼
𝛾𝐿 = Specific weight of the liquid flowing in the pipes (kN/𝑚3 ) 1ℎ𝑝 = 550 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 (𝑒𝑛𝑔)

Q = discharge (𝑚3 /s)

𝐸𝑇 = energy extracted of the turbine (m)

𝑃𝑖 = power input of the turbine (kW)

eff = efficiency of the turbine

 Sample Problem
A Pump draws water from a 200mm diameter suction pipe and
discharges through a 150mm diameter pipe in which the velocity is
3.60 m/s. the pressure at A in the suction pipe is -34.475 Kpag. The
150 mm diameter pipe discharges horizontally into the air at C. To
what height, h, above B can the water be raised if B is 1.80m above A
and 15 kW is delivered to the pump? Assume that the pump operates
at 70% efficiency and that the frictional loss in the pipes from A to C is
3.0m.
Sample Problem
2. Water flows from an upper reservoir to a lower one while passing
through a turbine, as shown in the figure below. Find the power
generated by the turbine. Neglect minor losses.
Three – Reservoir System
Three – Reservoir System
Possible Cases
1. 𝑄1 = 𝑄3
If this condition controls, the calculated values are the solutions to the problem. Meaning, the
discharge in the pipe connected to reservoir B which is 𝑄2 is really zero

2. 𝑄1 > 𝑄3
If this condition governs, then 𝑄2 is toward the reservoir or away the junction. The controlling
continuity equation is:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

3. 𝑄1 < 𝑄3
If this condition exists then 𝑄2 is away from the reservoir or toward the junction. The
controlling continuity is:
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄3
 Sample Problem
𝐿1 = 4000 𝑚 𝐷1 = 300 𝑚𝑚 El. A
𝐿2 = 3000 𝑚 𝐷2 = 200 𝑚𝑚 El. B
𝐿3 = 5000 𝑚 𝐷3 = 150 𝑚𝑚 El. C

Use friction factor = 0.022

Determine the flow into or out

of the reservoir (𝑄1 , 𝑄2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄3 )
 Open Channel Flow
• Open Channel Flow is defined as fluid flow with a free surface open to the
atmosphere. Examples include streams, rivers and culverts not flowing full. Open
channel flow assumes that the pressure at the surface is constant and the hydraulic
grade line is at the surface of the fluid.

• Steady and unsteady flow depend on whether flow depth and velocity change with
time at a point. In general if the quantity of water entering and leaving the reach does
not change, then the flow is considered steady.

• Steady flow in a channel can be either Uniform or Non-uniform (varied).When

the average velocities in successive cross sections of a channel are the same, the flow
is uniform. This occurs only when the cross section is constant. Non-uniform flow
results from gradual or sudden changes in the cross sectional area.

• Uniform flow and varied flow describe the changes in depth and velocity with
respect to distance. If the water surface is parallel to the channel bottom flow is
uniform and the water surface is at normal depth. Varied flow or non-uniform flow
occurs when depth or velocity change over a distance, like in a constriction or over a
riffle. Gradually varied flow occurs when the change is small, and rapidly varied flow
occurs when the change is large, for example a wave, waterfall, or the rapid transition
from a stream channel into the inlet of a culvert.
v 2 A
Q Av1v 1  A 2 v 2
d
2g
Uniform flow vs Varied flow
 Velocity of Flow Computation

Chezy’s Equation 𝑽 = 𝑪 𝑹𝑺
 Velocity of Flow Computation
• Manning’s Formula
 Boundary Shear Stress
𝝉 = 𝜸𝑹𝑺
 Common Channel Sections
Used
• Rectangle
 Common Channel Sections
Used
• Triangle
 Common Channel Sections
Used
• Trapezoidal
 Common Channel Sections
Used
• Circle
 Specific Energy
𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟏
𝑬= + + 𝒛𝟏
𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝑳
Froude Number
FROUDE NUMBER – ratio of inertia forces to gravity forces
 Sample Problem

• A circular channel having a diameter of 2m has a roughness

coefficient of 0.012. The channel laid on a slope of 0.00122 carries
water at a depth of 0.70 the diameter D. Calculate the discharge in
the channel.
 Sample Problem
• Water is to flow at a rate of 30 𝑚3 /𝑠 in the concrete channel shown in
the figure below. Find the required vertical drop of the channel
bottom per kilometer length
 Sample Problem
• Water flows in the symmetrical trapezoidal channel lined with
asphalt as shown in the figure with n = 0.015. the channel bottom
drops 0.1 ft vertically for every 100 ft of length. What are the water
velocity and flow rate?
 Sample Problem

• Water is moving at a speed of 4 m/s in a very wide horizontal channel

at a depth of 1m. If n=0.025 for earth in good condition at what
distance L downstream will the depth be increased to 1.1 m? So =
0.001
 Sample Problem

• In a rectangular channel 12.5 m wide, having a bed slope of 0.0007,

water flows at a uniform depth of 1m. The value of n=0.02. Assuming
that the partial closure of a gate near the exit end of the channel,
raises the level at that point by 0.5, how far the upstream will it be
to where the depth is 1.35m?
WEIR CLASSIFICATIONS
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
RECTANGULAR
WEIR
TRIANGULAR WEIR
TRAPEZOIDAL
WEIR
CIRCULAR WEIR
PARABOLIC WEIR
WEIR CLASSIFICATIONS
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF CREST
SHARP CRESTED
WEIR
BROAD CRESTED
WEIR
WEIR CLASSIFICATIONS
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF END
OF CONSTRACTION

UNCONTRACTED
WEIR
CONTRACTED
WEIR
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
RECTANGULAR WEIR
SUPPRESSED WEIR
𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝟑
𝑸𝑻 = 𝑳𝑯𝟐
𝟑
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑸𝑻
𝟐
𝑪′ = 𝑪 𝟐𝒈
𝟑
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐶 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
RECTANGULAR WEIR 𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝟑
𝑸𝑻 = 𝑳′𝑯𝟐
𝟑
CONTRACTED WEIR 𝒏
𝑳′ = 𝑳 − 𝑯
𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑸𝑻
𝟐
𝑪′ = 𝑪 𝟐𝒈
𝟑
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐶 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐿′ = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
RECTANGULAR WEIR
FRANCIS FORMULA
SUPPRESSED WEIR CONTRACTED
WEIR
𝟑 𝒎𝟑 𝟑 𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝑳𝑯𝟐 ( ) 𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝑳′𝑯𝟐 ( )
𝒔 𝒔
𝟑 𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝟑 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝑳𝑯𝟐 ( )
𝒔 𝑸𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝑳′𝑯𝟐 ( )
𝒔
Cd = 0.611 + 0.075(H/P)
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
TRIANGULAR WEIR (V-NOTCH)

𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑
𝑸𝑻 = 𝑳𝑯𝟐
𝟏𝟓 𝟒
𝑪′ = 𝑪 𝟐𝒈
𝟖 𝜽 𝟑 𝟏𝟓
𝑸𝑻 =
𝟏𝟓
𝟐𝒈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑯𝟐
𝟐 or
𝟖 𝜃
𝑪′ = 𝑪 𝟐𝒈 tan
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑸𝑻 𝟏𝟓 2
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
TRIANGULAR WEIR (V-NOTCH)
V-NOTCH 90O

𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝑯𝟓/𝟐

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶 = 0.6
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR

𝑸𝑨(𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒑) = 𝑸𝑨(𝒕𝒓𝒊) + 𝑸𝑨(𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕)

𝟖 𝟐𝒈 𝜃 𝟓 𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝟑
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪 tan + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑪𝑳𝑯𝟐
𝟏𝟓 2 𝟑
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR
CIPPOLETTI WEIR

𝜽 𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 =
𝟐 𝟒
𝟑 𝑚3
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟗𝑳𝑯𝟐 ( )
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝟑 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝑳𝑯𝟐 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
BROAD-CRESTED WEIRS
SQUARE UPSTREAM CORNER
𝟑
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑳𝑯𝟐

𝒃
<𝟐 𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐
𝑯
𝒃
𝟐< <𝟓 𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗
𝑯
BROAD-CRESTED WEIRS
ROUNDED UPSTREAM CORNER

𝟑
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑳𝑯𝟐
𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏
 Sample Problem
• A sharp-crested, contracted, rectangular weir is to carry water at a
flow rate of 12.75 cfs. What must the weir width be in order for the
head of flow to be 1.50 ft?
 Sample Problem
• Water flows over a Cipolletti weir 8ft long under a head of 1.2ft.
What is the flow rate of water over the weir?
 Sample Problem
• A Sharp-crested, triangular weir with an angle of 60 deg
carries water under a head of 1.23 ft. Determine the flow
rate of water over the weir.
 Sample Problem
• A contracted weir is to be built in a rectangular channel
3m wide, discharging a quantity of 225 liters/sec. what
length and crest height should the weir have in order that
the head shall not exceed 200mm or the water depth
behind the weir 900mm. Use Francis Formula
 Sample Problem
• A triangular weir has one side sloping 45deg and the other at “x”
horizontal to 1 vertical. Assuming coefficient of discharge to be 0.6.
What value of x should give a discharge of 280 liters/sec under a
head of 300 mm?