1.

Basic Signals and Signal Graphing: a) unit Step, b) Rectangular, c) standard triangle d) sinusoidal and e)
Exponential signal.

a) unit Step signal

n=0:9;
y=ones(1,10);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Samples');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit step function');

b) Rectangular signal

T = 5; % Period of the rectangular signal

A = 1; % Amplitude of the rectangular signal
t = 0:0.01:10; % Time range for plotting
y= A * square(2*pi/T*t,30);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Rectangular Signal');

c) standard triangle
T = 4; % Period of the triangle signal
A = 1; % Amplitude of the triangle signal
t = 0:0.01:10; % Time range for plotting
y = A * sawtooth(2*pi/T * t, 0.5);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Triangle Signal');

d) sinusoidal signal

n=0:.01:1;
f=2;
y=sin(2*pi*f*n);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Samples');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Discrete sine wave');

e) Exponential signal

n=0:10;
a=0.5;
y=exp(a*n);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Samples');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('exponential sequence');
2. Illustration of signal representation in time and frequency domains for a rectangular pulse.

pulse_amplitude = 1; % Amplitude of the pulse

pulse_width = 1; % Duration of the pulse (in seconds)

t = -2*pulse_width:0.01:2*pulse_width % Time range with sufficient resolution

pulse = pulse_amplitude * (abs(t) <= pulse_width/2)

% Plot pulse in time domain

figure(1);
plot(t, pulse);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Rectangular Pulse in Time Domain');

% Perform Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

freq_domain = fftshift(fft(pulse)); % Apply fftshift for proper centering

% Calculate absolute value (magnitude) of the spectrum

magnitude_spectrum = abs(freq_domain);

% Define frequency vector based on sampling rate

fs = 1/0.01; % Sampling rate (inverse of time resolution)
f = linspace(-fs/2, fs/2, length(freq_domain)); % Frequency range

% Plot magnitude spectrum in frequency domain

figure(2);
plot(f, magnitude_spectrum);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
title('Magnitude Spectrum of Rectangular Pulse');

3. Amplitude Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant signals and its spectrums.
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = 0:1/Fs:1; % Time vector
fc = 50; % Carrier frequency
fm = 5; % Message signal frequency
Ac = 1; % Carrier signal amplitude
Am = 0.5; % Message signal amplitude

m_t = Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t); % Generate message signal

c_t = Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Generate carrier signal

s_t = (1 + m_t).*c_t; % Modulated signal

% Plotting the signals

figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, m_t);
title('Message Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t, c_t);
title('Carrier Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t, s_t);
title('Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Spectra of the signals

M_f = fftshift(fft(m_t))/length(m_t);
C_f = fftshift(fft(c_t))/length(c_t);
S_f = fftshift(fft(s_t))/length(s_t);
f = linspace(-Fs/2,Fs/2,length(t));

figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(f, abs(M_f));
title('Message Signal Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(f, abs(C_f));
title('Carrier Signal Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(f, abs(S_f));
title('Modulated Signal Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
% Demodulation
% Demodulate using envelope detection
s_env = abs(hilbert(s_t));
demodulated_signal = s_env - Ac;

% Plotting the demodulated signal

figure;
plot(t, demodulated_signal);
title('Demodulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

4. Frequency Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the

relevant signals and its spectrums.
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = 0:1/Fs:1; % Time vector
fc = 50; % Carrier frequency
fm = 5; % Message signal frequency
Ac = 1; % Carrier signal amplitude
Am = 0.5; % Message signal amplitude
kf = 10; % Modulation index

m_t = Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t); % Generate message signal

c_t = Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Generate carrier signal

% Frequency modulation
%s_t = Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t + 2*pi*kf*cumsum(m_t)/Fs);
s_t =fmmod(m_t, fc, Fs, kf*Am);

% Plotting the signals

figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, m_t);
title('Message Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t, c_t);
title('Carrier Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t, s_t);
title('Frequency Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Spectra of the signals

M_f = fftshift(fft(m_t))/length(m_t);
C_f = fftshift(fft(c_t))/length(c_t);
S_f = fftshift(fft(s_t))/length(s_t);
f = linspace(-Fs/2,Fs/2,length(t));

figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(f, abs(M_f));
title('Message Signal Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(f, abs(C_f));
title('Carrier Signal Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(f, abs(S_f));
title('Frequency Modulated Signal Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

% Demodulation
% Demodulate using frequency discriminator
%demodulated_signal = diff(unwrap(angle(s_t)));
demodulated_signal =fmdemod(s_t, fc, Fs, kf*Am);

% Plotting the demodulated signal

figure;
plot(t, demodulated_signal);
title('Demodulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

5. Sampling and reconstruction of low pass signals. Display the signals and its spectrum.

Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency

T = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
t = 0:T:1; % Time vector
fc = 50; % Cutoff frequency of low-pass filter
fm = 5; % Frequency of the input signal

% Generate low-pass signal

low_pass_signal = sin(2*pi*fm*t);

% Plot original signal and its spectrum

figure;
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t, low_pass_signal);
title('Original Low Pass Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Spectrum of original signal

low_pass_signal_spectrum =
fftshift(fft(low_pass_signal))/length(low_pass_signal);
f=linspace(-Fs/2,Fs/2,length(t));
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(f, abs(low_pass_signal_spectrum));
title('Spectrum of Original Low Pass Signal');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlim([-100, 100]); % adjust based on the frequency content of the signal

% Sampling
Fs_new = 200; % New sampling frequency
T_new = 1/Fs_new; % New sampling period
t_new = 0:T_new:1; % New time vector
sampled_signal = sin(2*pi*fm*t_new);
% Plot sampled signal
subplot(4,1,3);
stem(t_new, sampled_signal);
title('Sampled Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Spectrum of sampled signal

sampled_signal_spectrum =
fftshift(fft(sampled_signal))/length(sampled_signal);
f_new=linspace(-Fs_new/2,Fs_new/2,length(t_new));

subplot(4,1,4);
plot(f_new, abs(sampled_signal_spectrum));
title('Spectrum of Sampled Signal');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlim([-100, 100]); % adjust based on the frequency content of the signal

% Reconstruction using zero-order hold

reconstructed_signal = zeros(size(t));
for i = 1:length(t_new)
index = round(t_new(i) / T) + 1;
reconstructed_signal(index) = sampled_signal(i);
end

% Plot reconstructed signal

figure;
plot(t, reconstructed_signal);
title('Reconstructed Signal (Zero-Order Hold)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Spectrum of reconstructed signal

reconstructed_signal_spectrum = fftshift(fft(reconstructed_signal));
figure;
plot(f, abs(reconstructed_signal_spectrum));
title('Spectrum of Reconstructed Signal (Zero-Order Hold)');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlim([-100, 100]); % adjust based on the frequency content of the signal

6. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Demultiplexing

Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
T = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
t = 0:T:1; % Time vector
N = 4; % Number of channels
frequencies = [10, 20, 30, 40]; % Frequencies of the channels

% Generate example signals for each channel

channels = zeros(N, length(t));
for i = 1:N
channels(i, :) = sin(2*pi*frequencies(i)*t);
end

% Time Division Multiplexing

multiplexed_signal = sum(channels);

% Plot multiplexed signal

figure;
plot(t, multiplexed_signal);
title('Multiplexed Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Demultiplexing
demultiplexed_signals = zeros(N, length(t));
for i = 1:N
demultiplexed_signals(i, :) = multiplexed_signal .* channels(i, :);
end

% Plot demultiplexed signals

figure;
for i = 1:N
subplot(N, 1, i);
plot(t, demultiplexed_signals(i, :));
title(['Demultiplexed Channel ', num2str(i)]);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
end

7. PCM Illustration: Sampling, Quantization and Encoding

clc
close all
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
T = 1; % Duration of the signal (seconds)
t = 0:1/fs:T; % Time vector

% Generate a test signal (e.g., a sine wave)

f_signal = 5; % Frequency of the sine wave (Hz)
x = sin(2*pi*f_signal*t);

% Plot the original signal

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Original Signal');

% Sampling
fs_new = 50; % New sampling frequency (Hz)
t_new = 0:1/fs_new:T; % New time vector
x_sampled = sin(2*pi*f_signal*t_new)

% Plot the sampled signal

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(t_new,x_sampled);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Sampled Signal');

% Quantization
bits = 4; % Number of quantization bits
levels = 2^bits; % Number of quantization levels
x_quantized = round((x_sampled + 1) * (levels - 1) / 2) / ((levels - 1) / 2) -
1
x_quantized = max(min(x_quantized, 1), -1) % Limit values to [-1, 1]

% Plot the quantized signal

subplot(3,1,3);
stem(t_new,x_quantized);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Quantized Signal');

% Encoding (converting quantized signal to binary)

x_quantized_integer = (x_quantized + 1) * (levels - 1) / 2; % Scale to integer
values
x_quantized_integer = max(min(round(x_quantized_integer), levels - 1), 0); %
Ensure values are within [0, levels-1]
x_encoded = de2bi(x_quantized_integer, bits, 'left-msb');

% Display the encoding result

disp('Encoding result (binary representation):');
disp(x_encoded);