IET DEPARTMENT

Data Structure and

Algorithms
Lab Manual
 Lab 2: Arrays
Objectives
 Revision of OOP Concepts-Arrays & Pointers
 Revision and Practice on Arrays
 CRUD (create, read, update and delete) Operations on Arrays
Introduction
An array is used to process a collection of data all of which is of same type, such as a list of
temperatures or list of names. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often
more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.
For example, you want to store the score of 5 students, you can declare 5 variables, int
student1, student2, student3, student4, student5;
Now what if the scenario changes and now we want to store the score of 100 students?
So instead of declaring individual variables, you declare one array variable such as students
and use students [0], students [1], and ..., students [99] to represent individual variables.
In this lab you will revise the basic working of arrays and pointers

Activity Time boxing

Task No. Activity Name Activity time Total Time
Lab Manual Lecture 30 min
Examples 20 min
Walkthrough Tasks 20 min
Practice Tasks 75 min
Tasks Evaluation/Viva 35 min 180 minutes

Lab Manual Lecture [Expected time = 30 minutes]

 Concepts of Data Structure
 What is Array
 CRUD operations on Arrays
 Pointers

Concept Map
What is a data structure?
It is a data organization, management and storage format that enables efficient access and
modification.
Examples are arrays, Lists, Binary trees, Heaps.
Today we will discuss and revise arrays.

Arrays: An array is a collection of data that holds fixed number of values of same type. For
example: int age[100];
Here, the age array can hold maximum of 100 elements of integer type. The size and type of
arrays cannot be changed after its declaration.

Declaring array:
type arrayName [ arraySize];
int students [5];
Initializing array: students = {10, 8, 9, 5,7};

Sample Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
int students [ 5], i; // n is an array of 5 integers
// initialize elements of array
cout << "Enter marks" <<endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cin>>students[i]; }
// output each array element's value
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{cout << "Student" <<i<< "scored" <<students[i] << "marks" <<endl;}
return 0;}

Array Operations
There are some basic operations that can be performed on array which are adding data
element to array, searching and updating particular data element in an array and
deleting data element from array. In this lab the detailed description of these operations

Following are the basic operations supported by an array.

 Traverse − print all the array elements one by one.
 Insertion − Adds an element at the given index.
 Deletion − Deletes an element at the given index.
 Search − Searches an element using the given index or by the value.
 Update − Updates an element at the given index.

I. Traverse Operation
This operation is to traverse through the elements of an array. Following program traverses
and prints the elements of an array:
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ int LA[] = {1,3,5,7,8};
int item = 10, k = 3, n = 5;
int i = 0, j = n;
cout<< "The original array elements are"<<endl;
for(i = 0; i<n; i++) {
cout<< LA[i]<<endl;
}
return 0;}

II. Insertion Operation

Insert operation is to insert one or more data elements into an array. Based on the
requirement, a new element can be added at the beginning, end, or any given index of array.
add data at the end of the array
III. Add data at the specific position of the array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int array[100], position, c, n, value;
cout<<"Enter number of elements in array\n"<<endl;
cin>>n;
cout<<"Enter elements\n"<<endl;
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
{
cin>>array[c];
}
cout<<"Enter the location where you wish to insert an element\n"<<endl;
cin>>position;
cout<<"Enter the value to insert\n"<<endl;
cin>>value;
for (c = n - 1; c >= position - 1; c--)
{
array[c+1] = array[c];
}
array[position-1] = value;
cout<<"Resultant array is\n"<<endl;
for (c = 0; c <= n; c++)
{ cout<<array[c]; }
return 0;}

IV. Update Operation

void Update Values ()
{ cout<<"Enter Index Number to Update Value:";g
int index;
cin>>index;
cout<<"Enter the New Value For Index array [ "<<index<<" ] = ";
cin>>array[index];
cout<<"Array Updated... Successfully "<<endl;}

V. Search Operation

1. First take number of elements in array as input from user and store it in a variable size.
2. Using a loop, take input from user and store it in array (Let the name of the array be
inputArray).
3. Ask user to enter element to be searched. Let it be num.
4. Now, using a for loop, traverse inputArray from index 0 to size-1 and compare num with
every array element. If num is equal to any array element then print a message saying
"Element found at index 4" otherwise print "Element Not Present".

VI. Delete Operation

Deletion refers to removing an existing element from the array and re-organizing all elements
of an array.
Algorithm
Consider LA is a linear array with N elements and K is a positive integer such that K<=N.
Following is the algorithm to delete an element available at the Kth position of LA.

#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ int del; int count;
int array[10],m;
cout<<"Enter the size of your array:";
cin>>m;
for(int i=0;i<m; i++)
{
cin>>array[i];}
cout<<"Enter the number to delete"<<endl;
cin>>del;

for (int i=0; i<m; i++)

{
if(array[i]==del)
{
for (int j=i; j<(m-1); j++)
{
array[j]=array[j+1]; }
count++;
break;
} }
if(count==0) {
cout<<"Element not found...!!";
}
else {
cout<<"Element deleted successfully...!!\n"; cout<<"Now the new array is :\n";
for(int i=0; i<(m-1); i++)
{
cout<<array[i]<<" ";
}}
return 0;}

Pointers
A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable. Like any variable or
constant, you must declare a pointer before you can work with it. The general form of a
pointer variable declaration is −
type *var-name;

Here, type is the pointer's base type; it must be a valid C++ type and var-name is the name of
the pointer variable. The asterisk you used to declare a pointer is the same asterisk that you
use for multiplication. However, in this statement the asterisk is being used to designate a
variable as a pointer. Following are the valid pointer declaration −
int *ip; // pointer to an integer
double *dp; // pointer to a double
float *fp; // pointer to a float
char *ch // pointer to character

Use of Pointers

There are few important operations, which we will do with the pointers very frequently.
(a) We define a pointer variable.
(b) Assign the address of a variable to a pointer.
(c) Finally access the value at the address available in the pointer variable.
This is done by using unary operator * that returns the value of the variable located at the
address specified by its operand.

How to use a pointer?

• Define a pointer variable
• Assigning the address of a variable to a pointer using unary operator (&) which returns
the address of that variable.
• Accessing the value stored in the address using unary operator (*) which returns the
value of the variable located at the address specified by its operand.
The reason we associate data type to a pointer is that it knows how many bytes the data is
stored in. When we increment a pointer, we increase the pointer by the size of data type to
which it points.

Reference operator (&) and Deference operator (*)

Reference operator (&) as discussed above gives the address of a variable.
To get the value stored in the memory address, we use the dereference operator (*).
For example: If a number variable is stored in the memory address 0x123, and it contains a
value 5.
The reference (&) operator gives the value 0x123, while the dereference (*) operator gives
the value 5.

Example

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int *pc, c;
c = 5;
cout << "Address of c (&c): " << &c << endl;
cout << "Value of c (c): " << c << endl << endl;

pc = &c; // Pointer pc holds the memory address of variable c

cout << "Address that pointer pc holds (pc): "<< pc << endl;
cout << "Content of the address pointer pc holds (*pc): " << *pc << endl << endl;

c = 11; // The content inside memory address &c is changed from 5 to 11.
cout << "Address pointer pc holds (pc): " << pc << endl;
cout << "Content of the address pointer pc holds (*pc): " << *pc << endl << endl;

*pc = 2;
cout << "Address of c (&c): " << &c << endl;
cout << "Value of c (c): " << c << endl << endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Address of c (&c): 0x7fff5fbff80c

Value of c (c): 5

Address that pointer pc holds (pc): 0x7fff5fbff80c

Content of the address pointer pc holds (*pc): 5

Address pointer pc holds (pc): 0x7fff5fbff80c

Content of the address pointer pc holds (*pc): 11

Address of c (&c): 0x7fff5fbff80c

Value of c (c): 2

NULL Pointers
A pointer that is assigned NULL is called a null pointer.
The NULL pointer is a constant with a value of zero defined in several standard libraries,
including iostream.

Void Pointer
A void pointer is a pointer that has no associated data type with it. A void pointer can hold
address of any type and can be type casted to any type.
int a = 10;
char b = 'x';

void *p = &a; // void pointer holds address of int 'a'

p = &b; // void pointer holds address of char 'b'.

Pointer and arrays

While handling arrays with pointers you need to take care few things. First and very
important point to note regarding arrays is that the array name alone represents the base
address of array so while assigning the address of array to pointer don’t use ampersand
sign(&). Do it like this:
p = arr; Correct: Because arr represent the address of array.
p = &arr; Incorrect:

Example: Traversing the array using Pointers

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
//Pointer declaration
int *p;
//Array declaration
int arr[]={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

//Assignment
p = arr;
for(int i=0; i<6;i++){
cout<<*p<<endl;
//++ moves the pointer to next int position
p++; }
return 0;}

Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6

How to increment pointer address and pointer’s value?

When we are accessing the value of a variable through pointer, sometimes we just need to
increment or decrement the value of variable though it or we may need to move the pointer to
next int position(just like we did above while working with arrays). The ++ operator is used
for this purpose. One of the example of ++ operator we have seen above where we traversed
the array using pointer by incrementing the pointer value using ++ operator.

Lab Topic: Arrays

 Task 1: [Time required: 25
minutes]
1. In this Lab, you will have to implement the basic functions needed to build the List based
on array as given below. You have to provide the implementation of given functions.
Suppose we have an array like this: (This task has to implemented both by static and
dynamic allocation)
Array1 (Initialize array with capacity 10)
5 3 8 15 12

a. Function called Insert to add any value at the beginning of list.

Now array1 will look like this: (If we insert 1 at start of the array)
1 5 3 8 15 12

b. Function called InsertAtSpecificPosition to add value at the specific position of list.

Now Array1 will look like this: (If we insert 17 at the 6th location of array)
5 3 8 15 12 17
Or If we want to insert 20 at third position.
5 3 8 15 12

5 3 20 8 15 12

c. Function called remove to remove new value after specific value in list.
5 3 8 15 12
If we remove 8 from the array, the array will look like this:
5 3 15 12

d. Function called display to show all data of the array.

5 3 8 15 12

Task 2: [Time required: 25

minutes]
Write a program that lets a maker of chips and salsa keep track of sales for five different
types of salsa: mild, medium, sweet, hot, and zesty.
The program should use two parallel 5-element arrays: an array of strings that holds the five
salsa names and an array of integers that holds the number of jars sold during the past month
for each salsa type. The salsa names should be stored using an initialization list at the time the
name array is created.
The program should prompt the user to enter the number of jars sold for each type. Once this
sales data has been entered, the program should produce a report that displays sales for each
salsa type, total sales, and the names of the highest-selling product.
Input Validation: Do not accept negative values for the number of jars sold.