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Operant Conditioning Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to

Students

Research Proposal · December 2022

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 Bulacan State University

Meneses Campus

Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English

Academic Year 2022-2023

Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

of the Academic Requirement in Facilitating Learner-Centered Teaching

Submitted by:

Alfonso, Ahya Sophia T.

Bernardo, Ladine G.

De Guzman, Marijon M.

Dionisio, Marie Dianne P.

Graviles, Althea R.

Medina, Cerina Joy M.

Ortega, Charmaine L.

Co-author/Adviser:

Ms. Dyan Grace O. Crespo

November, 2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to thank all those who have helped in fulfilling this

research. To Ms. Dyan Grace O. Crespo, as the research adviser--for instruction and

consultation, and to the co-authors of this academic paper.

This research study completion could not be possible without the participation

of the respondents. The researchers would like to thank the Administration of the

Institutions and its English teachers that helped them to gather data.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………1

Review of Related Literature ………………………………………………… 2

Synthesis of Review of Related Literature …………………………………… 6

S t a t e m e n t o f t h e P r o b l e m ……………………………………………… 7

Sc o p e an d De l i m i t a t i o n …………………..………………………………7

Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………8

Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………8

2. METHODS ………………………………………………………………… 9

Research Design ……………………………………………………………. 9

Respondents of the Study ……………………………………………………...9

Research Instrument …………………………………………………….10

Data Collection ………………………………………………………...……10

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………10

Summary of Ideas ……………………………………………………………….16

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ………………………… 17

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………… 18

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………….. 20
 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

1. INTRODUCTION

Operant conditioning is a method of learning attributed to B. F. Skinner, it is

also known as instrumental conditioning, which is the consequences of the response

determine the probability of being repeated according to McLeod (2018). BF Skinner

started his work research on behavior while he was a graduate of the department of

psychology at Harvard University. B.F Skinner wrote his thesis which is the concept

of reflex in the description of behavior, in 1931. He was a psychologist that conducted

many experiments, commonly on rats and pigeons.

The word ‘operant' stresses that behavior operates on the environment to

generate its consequences. It is a set of actions in making or doing something. B. F

Skinner identified the three types of responses or operants. They are neutral operants

that respond to the environment that is either positive or negative. Positive

reinforcement is any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a specific behavior.

While negative reinforcement is any stimulus removal or with-drawl that may increase

the likelihood of a particular behavior. Based on his experiment behavior is improving

and being shaped because of the consequences. It's operated by organisms and

maintained by the results. He also conducted a series of experiments with animals.

And the last one is the punisher, which are the responses from the environment that

decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior.

Organizing a classroom and what are the things that teachers can do, for

children to behave better permits learning to occur. For teachers to achieve better

classroom management the first step is by recognizing how the children or students

behave and it also determines by the teacher’s behavior towards their students. When

teachers use operant conditioning, they often use rewarding principles to strengthen

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

and help children to behave better. Discouraging and ignoring the students will affect

the process. Operant conditioning has been discovered effective especially in a

classroom environment. One of the main ways of positive reinforcement is through

praising, as the following example illustrates.

During a lunch break, pupils are required to clean the trash they have after

eating their food. When the children manage to listen and clean their trash the teacher

may say some words of affirmation just as "Very good Joanna" or " Good job Sophia".

Undoubtedly, the pupils will feel pleased after hearing those positive responses. The

feeling of being praised and self-satisfaction is the one they wanted to follow in the

future. Therefore, the students will likely clean their trash every lunch break. Teachers

can also use techniques in their lesson plans. It is easily possible for them to teach

useful skills as well as good behaviors. By giving them "good job" stamps and even

simple smiley chips.

Though simple, however, it will help the teachers to manage and educate their

students on the type of behavior they expect, and through positive reinforcement, the

pupils will likely feel determined to impress the next time around. However, although

it is good, rewards must not be over-used because it is important to prevent children

from developing dependency.

Review of Related Literature

Behaviorist B.F. Skinner was the first to describe operant conditioning. As a

result, it is sometimes referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. Skinner was a

behaviorist who argued that it was not actually necessary to examine internal ideas

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

and motivations in order to understand behavior. He advocated that we should only

focus on the external, observable factors that influence human behavior. Associative

learning was the main emphasis of early behaviorists. Skinner was more focused on

how people's behavior was affected by the results of their activities.

The operant conditioning theory relate to the current study because its

proponent, Fredrick Skinner, explains that certain human behaviors are clearly

prompted by specific stimuli. This is especially important in the classroom, where

students need prompting from their teachers. Skinner's work proposed a type of

behavior known as operant because it operates on the environment in the absence of

any unconditional stimuli. Skinner's research is concerned with the links between

behavior and its consequences. For example, if a person's behavior is usually

accompanied by pleasurable consequences, the person will engage in that behavior

more frequently, which is known as operant conditioning.

The term "active behavior that functions upon the environment to create

consequences" is used by Skinner to describe any "active action that operates upon

the environment to produce consequences." Skinner's theory described how we learn

the diversity of behaviour patterns we exhibit every day. The components of operant

conditioning include reinforcement. It is any occurrence that enhances or amplifies

the behavior it stimulates. Both of these instances of reinforcement result in an

increase in the behavior. According to Skinner, the two key factors in increasing or

lowering the probability of a specific behavior are reinforcement and punishment.

Punishment will cause a decrease in conduct while reinforcement will increase the

behavior (Cherry, 2019).

Reward and Punishment

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

According to the researchers' experiences as students, using rewards and

punishment to teach English has a varied outcome. Some students give a positive

response, while others give a negative response. Students who respond favorably are

driven to engage in more active learning since rewards and punishment are used.

While students who react poorly do so because they feel the teacher's punishment is

unfair or they dislike it. But in this instance, the researcher is particularly interested in

how students perceive the use of rewards and penalties to encourage English-

language learning.

According to Petrova. E (2017), the positive reinforcements, incentives, and

rewards given during the learning process could have an impact on students' desire for

learning and, consequently, their improved performance. These studies have shown

that praise's reinforcing effects can help people attain or maintain proper behaviors

including job performance, academic accomplishment, verbal behavior, leisure

activity, and social interaction. These effects can occur on their own or in

combination with other actions.

There have been studies associated to the study such as the study conducted by

Hakim (2017) that come to the conclusion that the researcher discovered the

application of praise and criticism as well as student responsibility in the teaching of

English at MTs N 2 Boyolali Filial Pulutan's ninth-grade students in Indonesia. This

school uses a variety of rewards and penalties to apply rewards and punishments. First,

the types of incentives given out include giving students enticing gifts, expressions of

appreciation, and good marks or grades from the teacher Students receive rewards

because they have demonstrated success for their efforts. The second is the type of

punishment used, which includes introducing oneself in front of the class and

performing in front of jumping the squad and out of the class. The student was

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

penalized because of omittance of putting in his best effort. Thus, rewarding and

punishing students while teaching them English always elicits a response. First off,

when awards are used in teaching English, students respond by becoming more

enthusiastic, joyful, and fun. They also become more motivated, diligent, and eager to

learn how to teach English. Second, students' reactions to the use of punishment in

teaching English include acceptance, a loss of confidence, and nervousness.

According to Khalil's (2016) research, implementation of rewards and

punishments can boost students' motivation, as evidenced by the 96% of students who

report high levels of motivation, which indicates that the motivation to learn has

significantly increased. While only 4% of students have low motivation, no student

has really low motivation. Basically, the elements that can encourage the adoption of

students fear punishment, therefore using a reward system encourages them to keep

studying and to fulfill their commitments at all times.In addition to fearing

punishment, students also worry about skipping class. The teacher is too exhausted to

decide on rewards and punishments each week, which is a barrier because if rewards

and punishments remain the same, students will become bored and feel forced or

compelled to study less sincerely. In her research, Yanti (2016) found that both

rewards and punishments could influence students' behavior and attitude toward

learning. Rewarding achievement helps students stay motivated and participate in

activities. Punishment is used to stop undesirable, desirable behavior. A few examples

of prizes given out in class include praise from the professors, consumer goods,

entertainment, and great test scores. It is a psychological punishment of this kind,

language and discipline, psychological discipline stimulation, and discomfort

punishment. Professors reward students who successfully complete the teaching and

learning process as a form of positive reinforcement. English is used to give rewards.

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Based on some of the studies mentioned, it can be argued that using rewards

and penalties to motivate students, especially those learning English, and to improve

their behavior is quite efficient, punishing students who disobey the teacher's

guidelines or engage in improper behavior. The purpose of rewarding and punishing

students is to encourage them to participate more actively in their education and to

serve as a warning if they engage in behavior they intend to avoid repeating.

Synthesis of Review of Related Literature

Every individual has such unique personalities, motivations, behaviors. We

infiltrate each minds by observing our motivations so efficient to mutually understand

each other. However, B.F Skinner, a behaviorist argued that we could examine an

individual by focusing on the external by means of observing what factors affect the

human behavior which is identified as Operant Conditioning. Its component

"Reward" and "Punishment" plays a major role to distinguish what influence an

individual's change of behavior pattern. Since Operant Conditioning is highly

effective, it is often utilized in the classroom.

Research on the operant conditioning focuses on the effect of reward and

punishment to the students. According to Petrova (2017), reinforcing effects can help

people attain or maintain proper behaviors. Hakim (2017), theorized that rewarding

and punishing students while teaching them is always elicits a response. Their

research seemed to confirm that young learners acquire a reward and punishment to

become more motivated in class, according to Khalil and Yanti (2016),

implementation of rewards and punishments can boost students' motivation they

found that both rewards and punishments could influence students' behavior and

attitude toward learning.

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Operant

conditioning as an approach for English teachers to students’ development.

Specifically, this study answered the following questions:

1. What is/are the reward/s and punishment/s do you give the students?

2. How do the students perform in class with and without reinforcement/s?

• Academic Performance

• Behavior

• Motivation

3. How is Operant Conditioning approach helpful/useful to the students’

development?

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused only on the significant impact of Operant Conditioning

specifically on the motivation, behavior, and academic performance of the students.

This described how the factors are responsible for the learning process of the students.

The researchers used a descriptive questionnaire that conducted this year, 2022, to

know the effectiveness of the approach to students’ development by 10 English

teachers with at least 5 years of experience in teaching.

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Significance of the Study

This research study provided information about the use of operant

conditioning in a classroom environment including the effectiveness of this approach.

It is expected to be useful and informative for the following:

Students. This study will help the students to understand better the concept of operant

conditioning and why teachers choose and use this approach in the classroom.

Teachers. Operant conditioning will help the teachers to manage the classroom,

including the behavior of the students. They will learn how effective it is, also the

consequences and the things that they need to consider while conducting this.

Fellow Researcher. They can use the information in this research study to have an

idea or topic that is similar or related to this.

Community. this research study will become informative for the whole community

and they can use the information for their daily life.

Definition of Terms

Operant Conditioning is a technique or a method of learning that uses rewards and

punishments to prepare and modify the behavior and where the consequences of a

response determine the probability of it being repeated, proposed by B.F. Skinner,

according to McLeod (2018).

Reinforcers are responses from the environment that increase the probability of a

behavior being repeated which can be either positive or negative (McLeod, 2018).

8
 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Positive Reinforcement refers to the introduction of desirable or pleasant stimuli

after the performance of a behavior (Dozier et al, 2019).

Negative Reinforcement is any stimulus removal that may increase a particular

behavior being repeated according to Nickerson (2022).

Punishers are the responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a

behavior being repeated as a result of the consequences (McLeod, 2018).

2. METHODS

This chapter presented the methods and techniques that were used in the study.

The research design, respondents of the study, instrumentation, and data collection.

Research Design

The researchers used a qualitative method for this study. This design helped in

the interpretation of the respondents' answers to the provided questions related to the

variables. A qualitative method is utilized to understand people's interaction,

experience, behavior and performance regarding the researcher's questions. The

qualitative method does not use numerical interpretation of the results but instead it

uses words to describe the gathered information from the respondents. Through this,

the data were discussed in an organized manner to present the relationship between

the variables.

Respondents of the Study

The target respondents for this study are the teachers with 5 or more years of

teaching experience in English. The respondents are determined through the use of a

non- probability and convenience sampling method wherein respondents were picked

9
 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

based on their accessibility. The teachers who met the qualifications needed by the

researchers were selected as participants in this study. The researchers gathered

qualified participants by visiting schools to look for English teachers. Instructors who

are currently teaching or those who are not already teaching as long as the needed

qualifications are met are opted to be the respondents of this study.

Research Instrument

The researchers used a self- made descriptive type of questionnaire that was

answered by the qualified respondents. The questions that were asked by the

researcher are used in this study in determining the connection of the two variables.

The researchers guaranteed the confidentiality of the information collected and will

be kept private for the sole purpose of using it for the study.

Data Collection

The researchers asked for the school administrators’ permission to conduct a

survey questionnaire inside the school. Considering the professional competence and

valued experience, the researchers earnestly requested the teachers’ assistance to

respond to the prepared questions. The provided data by the participants are manually

coded and interpreted.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The participants’ years of teaching experience are ranging from 6 to 20 years. The

researchers believe that these years are enough to say that the teachers’ own

perspective and observation provided to the researchers are reliable.

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Rewards the English teachers give to the students

Some of the English teachers that were interviewed said that appraisals are one

of the rewards they give to their students whenever their students are doing great in

their class, such as compliments and positive feedback. Some also say that plus points

can also motivate the student to follow or perform greatly in their class whenever they

receive that kind of reward. Giving tokens such as recitation chips and candies are

also great rewards to give to those students who are participating in their class

because it will encourage them to do it again. Lastly, is giving high grades to the

students, nothing can define how glad the students will feel if they receive a high

grade especially when they know that they did their best in that particular field.

Giving rewards to the students who are doing great in their class will encourage them

to do it again because they will feel that what they did was very much appreciated.

Punishments the English teachers give to the students

This question looks at a number of problems with punishment and education.

The paper effectively explains the idea of punishment in the introduction. This paper

also discusses the perspectives on punishment from the behaviorist and social culture

theories. Also identified and well described are the reformation, retribution,

deterrence, attribution, and social control theories of punishment. According to the

perspective and personal experience of the English teachers, deduction of points,

calling the student to answer a few questions, requesting compliance with all

requirements, not accepting late submissions unless there is a valid reason, changing

the seating arrangement, asking students to stand up or exercise, and occasionally it

depends on suspension in class for 2-3 days, and if the fault is minor may be

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

deduction are mostly what they prefer as punishments to modify the students’

behavior.

Students’ behavior, motivation, and performance without reinforcement/s

Without negative reinforcements

In order to hone the students to perform well in class is determined to their

eagerness on how they would like to perform, grasp and apply what they learned.

Negative reinforcement is utilized to increase behavior and avoiding the negative

outcome, it's eliminating something what a student think is negative to them while

punishment is eliminating the reward itself. Without negative punishment, it would be

inefficient to students’ behavior and to teachers, as students would likely be

unmotivated since the challenge is not eliminated. Most of the teachers have observed

that students perform and behave poorly, they tend to misbehave in the classroom.

For instances, roaming around, being noisy, and submitting incomplete and mediocre

outputs. On the other hand, its effectiveness only depends on some individual, it's

trivial to some students without negative reinforcement, some teachers responded that

without negative reinforcement doesn't affect some student and still try the best they

could.

Without positive reinforcements

In teaching, it's important to use positive reinforcement. The teachers' goal was to

encourage students to repeat the desired behaviors and to become motivated in their

performances. Without positive reinforcement, it enables the student to become more

detached in their academics and develop impaired relationships with their teachers. All

the respondents observed that the students lack motivation in learning without

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

positive reinforcement. They perform in average manner— the students are not

performing their best, less participative, and taking the tasks lightly. Students lose

interest in learning when they genuinely think that their efforts are not rewarding

because they do not receive positive reinforcement.

Negative reinforcement is used to the classroom for students to avoid

performing bad behavior. Therefore, without it, the student will tend to repeat or

continue the things that are not right because the challenges for them are not

eliminated. There is an instance when students perform and behave poorly in a class

wherein, they are roaming around, being noisy, and submitting late and incomplete

outputs. This supports the statements of Syafaruddin, 2016 that punishment is used in

a classroom to lessen the disruption for the learners. In that way, the learners will not

repeat or continue their undesirable behavior. However, on the other hand, the

effectiveness of this approach only depends on some individuals because some

teachers responded that without negative reinforcement does not affect them at all for

some students and they still try the best thing they could. This also supports the

statement of Imawan in 2016, that it is sometimes not that effective to affect the

motivation of the students to learning.

Students’ behavior, motivation, and performance with reinforcement/s

With negative reinforcements

Negative reinforcement can result in a positive outcome. Most of the

respondents agreed with the idea of using negative reinforcement to gain the desired

outcome from their students. With the proper use of reinforcement, students perform

and behave positively during discussion. The respondents also stated that students

tend to do better, become even more motivated, and reflect on their own behavior.

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Some of the respondents said that with appropriate application of negative

reinforcement, students will be challenged and thrilled to do tasks. Through this,

teachers gain the attention and respect of their learners. One teacher also shared that

students tend to be cautious in the way they act. "This method is one way to teach

students specific behavior the way we wanted them to learn." However, apart from

the positive feedback, there were a few respondents who stated the negative impact of

negative reinforcement. A teacher said that without proper utilization of this method,

students might misunderstand this approach, which can result negatively. Learners

may feel embarrassed to talk to their teachers. They may do tasks with hard feelings

and might feel unmotivated going to their class.

With positive reinforcements

Most of the respondent or teachers said that if the actions of the students are

being recognized, they often perform this certain actions or behavior. With positive

reinforcement, the students are able to show and to perform their skills and abilities.

The students are aware that if they behave well, it will be rewarded after. This

reinforcement helps the students to observe their behavior and to behave appropriately.

If the students are being motivated, they put an effort to their actions. It also makes the

students to feel good and be more confident about themselves.

According to Imawan 2016 punishment may result either positive or negative

way. Some students who experienced negative reinforcement performed great and

positively in the class. They are even more motivated to do or perform good behavior

in a class with negative reinforcement. Appropriate application of negative

reinforcement helps the teachers to gain the attention and respect of the learners.

Using negative reinforcement also challenge and thrilled to do tasks. However, the

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

effectiveness of this method does not apply to all students because sometimes,

teachers do not use it properly, so the students tend to misunderstand this approach.

Therefore they will be embarrassed to talk to their teachers and they might feel

unmotivated to go to their class or do tasks with hard feelings.

Effectiveness of Operant Conditioning as a method for students’ development

Teachers believed that Operant Conditioning is an effective tool in students'

development. Students follow for rewards, and abide because of punishments, then,

the learning comes afterwards. It is very helpful to students to become motivated as

well as develop discipline as they grow up. It helps nurture and establish a better

behavior and performance inside and outside the school. Reinforcements motivate the

students to engage in the discussion more. It also stimulates students' eagerness,

behavior, and attitude towards learning. According to a respondent, "This approach

can be utilized in such ways that it will bring growth and development in the social,

moral, and emotional aspect of each student when enforced.”. On the other hand, one

stated that it depends on the target skills the learners want to learn. Sometimes, the

nature of the skills the learners are trying to learn requires different teaching approach.

English teachers accepted that Operant Conditioning is beneficent to students.

They follow because of rewards and to avoid punishment. Some students gives

positive response and other students gives negative response. According to the study

of Khalil (2016), rewards and punishments can motivate the students and can boost

their interest in learning as evidenced by 96 percent of students who report that they're

having high levels of motivation, it indicates that motivation to learn has significantly

increased. While there are only 4 percent of students who have low motivation. Some

15
 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

students are not doing great because of punishment therefore by the use of rewards,

students are encouraged to keep studying and to fulfill their commitment and goals.

Summary of Ideas

The result of this research is noticeable. According to the English teachers,

students behave and perform poorly without reinforcements may it be positive or

negative. Students tend to be more motivated and active if reinforced. The

respondents all agree that Operant conditioning is an effective, helpful, and useful

teaching technique for the students to learn what they must learn in any aspects. This

method focuses on psychological development of the individuals which are cognitive,

emotional, social, and moral capabilities. This support the study of Petrova (2017), by

giving incentives or rewards during the learning process of the students could have an

impact in their learning desire and also in their performance. B. F. Skinner’s research

appears to be effective. According to him, if a person's behavior is usually

accompanied by pleasing consequences, the person will engage in that behavior more

frequently, which is known as operant conditioning. The participants’ own

perspective and experience proved this study to be an effective tool on establishing

and nurturing better behavior of the learners. With regards to the study of Hakim

(2017), the researchers discovered the application of praise and criticism as well as

student responsibility in the teaching of English at MTs N 2 Boyolali Filial Pulutan's

ninth-grade students in Indonesia. This school uses different kinds of rewards and

penalties to apply reinforcements and punishments. First, the types of incentives

given out including giving students enticing gifts, motivating their students , and good

marks or grades from the teacher. Students receive rewards because they have

demonstrated success for their efforts. The second is the type of punishment used,

which includes introducing oneself in front of the class and performing in front of

16
 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

jumping the squad and out of the class. The findings revealed that giving rewards

encouraged the majority of the students’ positive academic attainments. In addition,

giving negative reinforcement according to the respondent’s observation, makes the

student reflect on their own behavior. This supports the statement of Yanti (2016),

that both rewards and punishments could influence or impact the students' behavior

and attitude toward learning. Rewarding achievement helps students stay motivated

and participate in activities. Punishment is used to stop undesirable and desirable

behavior.

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This research found that reinforcers and punishers are significant in the

learning process of the students. These stimuli shape and motivate the students’

academic performance and behavior. The findings are beneficial for the researchers

for the reason that we are future educators. Different teaching approaches are welcome

to be learned but in Operant Conditioning, the researchers have enough information

that it is effective to possibly utilize in the classroom. This study can be more

abundant by adding specific questions and more English teachers as respondents. The

researchers suggest that a face-to-face observation of the class engagements by the

researchers would make it more informative.

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

REFERENCES

Zaveri, S. (2016, November 5). Operant Conditioning: Definition and Educational

Implications. Psychology Discussion - Discuss Anything About Psychology.

Retrieved from https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/learning/learning-

theory/operant-conditioning-definition-and-educational-implications/2507

McAllister, L., et al. The Application of Operant Conditioning Techniques in a

Secondary School Classroom. Retrieved from

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1901/jaba.1969.2-277

McLeod, S. (2018b, January 28). Skinner - Operant Conditioning. Retrieved from

https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html

Cherry, K. (2019, June 4). What is Operant Conditioning, and how does it work?.

retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/operant-conditioning-a2-2794863

Imawan, Muhammad Riswanda (2016). Students’ Perception on Reward and

Punishment Implemented at English Education Department of University

Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/7862.

Accessed December 1, 2019. Khalil, Munawir. Pengaruh PETROVA , E. ( 2017)The

influence of positive reinforcements on motivation for education and training

activities. Journal of Economic Development , Environment and people , 6(3), 6-15.

Retrieved from httlis://search.liroquest.com/docview/19448008647accountid=165541

Safrida, E. (2020) The Effects of Rewards and Punishments Towards Students’

Motivation in Learning English. Retrieved from http://repository.ar-

raniry.ac.id/17188/1/Eka%20Safrida%2C%20150203112%2C%20FTK%2C%20PBI

%2C%20082277686308.pdf

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Nickerson C. (2022, May 03) Negative Reinforcement: What Is It and How Does It Work?

https://www.simplypsychology.org/negative-

reinforcement.html#:~:text=Definition,organism%20is%20being%20negatively%20re

inforced.

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

APPENDICES

Figure 1. Picture of the Letter of Request for the Administration of

Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Figure 2. Picture of the Letter of Request for the English teachers of Marcelo H.
del Pilar National High School

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Figure 3. Picture of the Letter of Request for the Administration of

Guiguinto National Vocational High School

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Figure 4. Picture of the Letter of Request for the English teachers of

Guiguinto National Vocational High School

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 Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of English Teachers' Approach to Students

Figure 5. Picture of the Survey Form used in conducting the study

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