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Assignment 7-Inference-for-Numerical-Data

The document discusses conducting various statistical analyses on pregnancy data including calculating confidence intervals for mean pregnancy length at different confidence levels, performing a hypothesis test to compare mean pregnancy lengths between younger and mature mothers, determining the age cutoff for younger and mature mothers, and formulating and answering a research question comparing mean pregnancy lengths between smokers and non-smokers.

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33 views

Assignment 7-Inference-for-Numerical-Data

The document discusses conducting various statistical analyses on pregnancy data including calculating confidence intervals for mean pregnancy length at different confidence levels, performing a hypothesis test to compare mean pregnancy lengths between younger and mature mothers, determining the age cutoff for younger and mature mothers, and formulating and answering a research question comparing mean pregnancy lengths between smokers and non-smokers.

Uploaded by

monica2897monica
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment 7

Inference-for-Numerical-Data

#On your own

#1.Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the average length of pregnancies


(weeks) and interpret it in context. Note that since you're doing inference
on a single population parameter, there is no explanatory variable, so you
can omit the x variable from the function.
inference(y = nc$weight, est = "mean", type = "ci", null = 0, alternative =
"twosided", method = "theoretical", conflevel = 0.95)

## Single mean
## Summary statistics:

## mean = 7.101 ; sd = 1.5089 ; n = 1000


## Standard error = 0.0477
## 95 % Confidence interval = ( 7.0075 , 7.1945 )

We can state that, given a roughly normal distribution, the point estimate is 7.101 and given a
95% confidence interval, the mean length of pregnancy is between 7.0075 and 7.1945 months.
#2.Calculate a new confidence interval for the same parameter at the 90%
confidence level. You can change the confidence level by adding a new
argument to the function: conflevel = 0.90.
inference(y = nc$weight, est = "mean", type = "ci", null = 0, alternative =
"twosided", method = "theoretical", conflevel = 0.90)

## Single mean
## Summary statistics:
## mean = 7.101 ; sd = 1.5089 ; n = 1000
## Standard error = 0.0477
## 90 % Confidence interval = ( 7.0225 , 7.1795 )

We can state that, given a roughly normal distribution, the point estimate is 7.101 and given a
90% confidence interval, the mean length of pregnancy is between 7.0225 and 7.1795 months.
#3.Conduct a hypothesis test evaluating whether the average weight gained by
younger mothers is different than the average weight gained by mature
mothers.
inference (y= nc$weight, x= nc$mature, est = "mean", type = "ht", null = 0,
alternative = "twosided", method = "theoretical")

## Response variable: numerical, Explanatory variable: categorical


## Difference between two means
## Summary statistics:
## n_mature mom = 133, mean_mature mom = 7.1256, sd_mature mom = 1.6591
## n_younger mom = 867, mean_younger mom = 7.0972, sd_younger mom = 1.4855

## Observed difference between means (mature mom-younger mom) = 0.0283


##
## H0: mu_mature mom - mu_younger mom = 0
## HA: mu_mature mom - mu_younger mom != 0
## Standard error = 0.152
## Test statistic: Z = 0.186
## p-value = 0.8526
Mother=Weight Gain of Younger Mother HA: Weight Gain of Mature Mother.
Weight Gain of Younger Mother p-value=0.8526
The p-value for this hypothesis test is .8526, which is higher than the assumed Alpha-level
of .005, meaning that we fail to reject hypothesis H0.
There is no evidence to suggest that the weight gain of younger mothers is significantly
different than the weight gain of mature mothers.
#4.Now, a non-inference task: Determine the age cutoff for younger and mature
mothers. Use a method of your choice, and explain how your method works.
install.packages("dplyr")

## Warning: package 'dplyr' is in use and will not be installed

library(dplyr)
nc %>% group_by(mature) %>% na.omit() %>%
summarise(min_age = min(mage),
max_age = max(mage))

## # A tibble: 2 × 3
## mature min_age max_age
## <fct> <int> <int>
## 1 mature mom 35 50
## 2 younger mom 15 34

Based on the summary table above, I would say the cut off age would be 35 and above for
mature and young otherwise.
#5.Pick a pair of numerical and categorical variables and come up with a
research question evaluating the relationship between these variables.
Formulate the question in a way that it can be answered using a hypothesis
test and/or a confidence interval. Answer your question using the inference
function, report the statistical results, and also provide an explanation in
plain language.

Research Question: Is there a significant difference in the length of pregnancy between smokers
and non-smokers?.

inference (y= nc$weeks, x= nc$habit, est = "mean", type = "ht", null = 0,


alternative = "twosided", method = "theoretical")

## Response variable: numerical, Explanatory variable: categorical


## Difference between two means
## Summary statistics:
## n_nonsmoker = 872, mean_nonsmoker = 38.3188, sd_nonsmoker = 2.9936
## n_smoker = 126, mean_smoker = 38.4444, sd_smoker = 2.4676

## Observed difference between means (nonsmoker-smoker) = -0.1256


##
## H0: mu_nonsmoker - mu_smoker = 0
## HA: mu_nonsmoker - mu_smoker != 0
## Standard error = 0.242
## Test statistic: Z = -0.519
## p-value = 0.6038
smokers = Length of pregnancy of smokers H0: Length of pregnancy of non-smokers
Length of pregnancy of smokers Standard error: 0.242 P-value: 0.6038
The p-value for this hypothesis test is 0.6038, which is higher than the assumed Alpha-level of
0.005, meaning that we fail to reject hypothesis H0.
Conclusion: There is no evidence to suggest that the length of pregnancy of smoking mothers is
significantly different than the length of pregnancy of non-smoking mothers.

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