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Descriptive Design: Kinds of Quantitative Research

The document discusses different types of quantitative research designs including descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental designs. It also covers key aspects of quantitative research such as variables, data collection, analysis, advantages, and disadvantages.

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Kyra Aliyah Sambrano
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25 views5 pages

Descriptive Design: Kinds of Quantitative Research

The document discusses different types of quantitative research designs including descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental designs. It also covers key aspects of quantitative research such as variables, data collection, analysis, advantages, and disadvantages.

Uploaded by

Kyra Aliyah Sambrano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kinds of Quantitative Research

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
~ Used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in
nature
~ No experimental manipulation
~ Goal: ONLY TO DESCRIBE the person or object of the study
EXAMPLE: “The Determination Of The Different Kinds Of Physical Activities
And How Often High School Students Do It During The Quarantine Period”

THE CORRELATIONAL DESIGN


~ Identifies the relationship between variables.
~ Data is collected by observation since it does not consider the cause and effect
EXAMPLE: “The Relationship Between The Amount Of Physical Activity
Done And Student Academic Achievement”

EX POST FACTO DESIGN


~ Used to investigate a possible relationsgip between previous events and
present conditions
~ Ex post facto “after the fact”
~ Looks at the possible causes of an already occuring phenomenon
~ There’s no experimental manipulation
EXAMPLE: “How Does The Parent’s Academic Achievement Affect The
Children’s School Performance”

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
~ used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of variables
~ Has lesser validity due to the absence of random selection and assignment of
subjects
~ Independent variable- identified but not manipulated
~ The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is compared to the group
unexposed to treatment (control)

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
~ used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of two or more variables
~ Provides a more conclusive result ---- uses random assignment of subjects and
experimental manipulations
EXAMPLE: “A Comparison Of The Effects Of Various Blended Learning To
The Reading Comprehension Of Elementary Pupils”

Characteristics of Quantitative Research


Quantitative research is commonly used in natural sciences research problems
because of the following characteristics:
1. Large Sample Size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data
must come from a large sample size.
2. Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately,
objectively, and are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal
guesses.
3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is numerical which makes presentation
through graphs, charts, and tables possible and with better conveyance and
interpretation.
4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less time-
consuming data analysis.

5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the


population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random
samples were taken.
6. Fast and Easy Data Collection. Depending on the type of data needed,
collection can be quick and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized
research instruments that allow the researcher to collect data from a large
sample size efficiently. For instance, a single survey form can be administered
simultaneously to collect various measurable characteristics like age, gender,
socio-economic status, etc.
7. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a
representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for
policymaking and decision making.
8. High Replicability. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify
findings enhancing its validity, free from false or immature conclusions.

Advantages of Quantitative Research


The following are the advantages of quantitative research or its strengths:
1. Very objective
2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes.
3. Findings are generalizable to the population.
4. There is conclusive establishment of cause and effect
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.
8. Validity and reliability can be established

Disadvantages of Quantitative Research


The following are the disadvantages of quantitative research or its weaknesses:
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as feelings,
and beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
7. A large sample size makes data collection more cost

VARIABLE
~ anything that has a quantity or quality that varies
Independent Variable is identified as the presumed cause while the
Dependent Variable is the presumed effect.
~ In an experimental quantitative design, the independent variable is pre-
defined and manipulated by the researcher while the dependent variable is
observed and measured.

For instance, during the quarantine period, your mother planted tomato
seedlings in pots.
Now common understanding from science tells you that several factors are
affecting the growth of tomatoes: sunlight, water, kind of soil, and nutrients in
soil. How fast the tomato seedlings will grow and bear fruits will depend on
these factors.
~ The growth of tomatoes and the number of fruits produced are examples of
the Dependent Variables.
~ The amount of sunlight, water, and nutrients in the soil are the Independent
Variables.

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
~ may affect the result of the experiment, it is crucial for the researcher to
identify them prior to conducting the experiment and control them in such a
way that they do not threaten the internal validity (i.e. accurate conclusion) of
the result.

When the researcher fails to control the extraneous variable that it caused
considerable effect to the outcome, the extraneous variable becomes a
Confounding Variable. For example, if the tomato had been infested by pests
(confounding variable) then you cannot conclude that manipulations in sunlight,
water, and soil nutrients (independent variable) are the only contributing factors
for the stunted growth and poor yield (dependent variable) of the plant or is it
the result of both the independent variables and the confounding variable.
VARIABLE
~ Quantitative (numerical)
~ Qualitative (categorical)

QUANTITATIVE (NUMERICAL)
~ Discreet
~ Continuous

QUALITATIVE (CATEGORICAL)
~ Nominal
~ Ordinal
~ Dichotomous

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
A. Discrete variables
~ countable whole numbers
~ does not take negative values or values between fixed points.
EXAMPLE: number of students in a class, group size
and frequency.

B. Continuous variables
~ take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or a
negative.
EXAMPLE: height, temperature

QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
A. Dichotomous variable consists of only two distinct categories or values, for
example, a response to a question either be a yes or no.

B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. In here, you may have
more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball
player’s number is used to distinguish him from other players. It certainly does
not follow that player 10 is better than player 8. Other examples are blood type,
hair color and mode of transportation.

C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself, denotes that a variable is ranked in a
certain order. This variable can have a qualitative or quantitative attribute. For
example, a survey questionnaire may have a numerical rating as choices like 1,
2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical rating like
strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other examples or
ordinal variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits,
academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors).

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