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Data Encoding 2

The document discusses different techniques for encoding data, including analog to analog, analog to digital, digital to analog, and digital to digital encoding. It provides details on various encoding schemes like NRZ, bi-phase, Manchester, ASK, FSK, PSK and describes how they work.

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9 views

Data Encoding 2

The document discusses different techniques for encoding data, including analog to analog, analog to digital, digital to analog, and digital to digital encoding. It provides details on various encoding schemes like NRZ, bi-phase, Manchester, ASK, FSK, PSK and describes how they work.

Uploaded by

anurag8252999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Encoding

Encoding is the process of converting the data or a given sequence of characters,


symbols, alphabets etc., into a specified format, for the secured transmission of
data. Decoding is the reverse process of encoding which is to extract the information
from the converted format.

Encoding Techniques
The data encoding technique is divided into the following types, depending upon the
type of data conversion.
 Analog data to Analog signals –
The modulation techniques such as Amplitude Modulation, Frequency
Modulation and Phase Modulation of analog signals, fall under this category.
 Analog data to Digital signals –
This process can be termed as digitization, which is done by Pulse Code
Modulation PCM. Hence, it is nothing but digital modulation.
 Digital data to Analog signals –
The modulation techniques such as Amplitude Shift Keying ASK, Frequency
Shift Keying FSK, Phase Shift Keying PSK, etc., fall under this category.

Digital data to Digital signals –

These are in this section. There are several ways to map digital data to digital
signals. Some of them are −

Non Return to Zero NRZ


NRZ Codes has 1 for High voltage level and 0 for Low voltage level. The main
behavior of NRZ codes is that the voltage level remains constant during bit interval.
The end or start of a bit will not be indicated and it will maintain the same voltage
state, if the value of the previous bit and the value of the present bit are same.
The following figure explains the concept of NRZ coding.
If the above example is considered, as there is a long sequence of constant voltage
level and the clock synchronization may be lost due to the absence of bit interval, it
becomes difficult for the receiver to differentiate between 0 and 1.
There are two variations in NRZ namely −

NRZ - L NRZ–LEVELNRZ–LEVEL

There is a change in the polarity of the signal, only when the incoming signal changes
from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1. It is the same as NRZ, however, the first bit of the input
signal should have a change of polarity.

NRZ - I NRZ–INVERTEDNRZ–INVERTED

If a 1 occurs at the incoming signal, then there occurs a transition at the beginning of
the bit interval. For a 0 at the incoming signal, there is no transition at the beginning
of the bit interval.
NRZ codes has a disadvantage that the synchronization of the transmitter clock with
the receiver clock gets completely disturbed, when there is a string of 1s and 0s.
Hence, a separate clock line needs to be provided.

Bi-phase Encoding
The signal level is checked twice for every bit time, both initially and in the middle.
Hence, the clock rate is double the data transfer rate and thus the modulation rate is
also doubled. The clock is taken from the signal itself. The bandwidth required for this
coding is greater.
There are two types of Bi-phase Encoding.

 Bi-phase Manchester
 Differential Manchester
Bi-phase Manchester

In this type of coding, the transition is done at the middle of the bit-interval. The
transition for the resultant pulse is from High to Low in the middle of the interval, for
the input bit 1. While the transition is from Low to High for the input bit 0.

Differential Manchester

In this type of coding, there always occurs a transition in the middle of the bit interval.
If there occurs a transition at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 0. If
no transition occurs at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 1.
The following figure illustrates the waveforms of NRZ-L, NRZ-I, Bi-phase Manchester
and Differential Manchester coding for different digital inputs.

It is required that information must be encoded into signals before it can be


transported across communication media. In more precise words we may say that
the waveform pattern of voltage or current used to represent the 1s and 0s of a digital
signal on a transmission link is called digital to digital line encoding. There are
different encoding schemes available:
Digital to Analog
These include
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the input data whether it should
be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending upon the carrier
frequency.

FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)


The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, depending upon the input
data applied.

PSK (Phase Shift Keying)


The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the input. These are
mainly of two types, namely Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK and Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying QPSK, according to the number of phase shifts. The other one is
Differential Phase Shift Keying DPSK which changes the phase according to the
previous value.

Analog to Analog

These are
Amplitude modulation(AM)
Frequency modulation(FM)
and Phase modulation (PM)techniques,

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