Strength Analysis of Navigation Board Structure on

Fast Ferry Vessels Using Finite Element Method

Budianto Budianto

Shipbuilding Department, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Sukolilo, Surabaya,

Indonesia
[email protected]
Abstract. Fast Ferry Ship is a ship used to carry passengers who will cross
between islands. This ship prioritises passenger comfort and safety. Planning
the supporting parts of the ship must refer to and comply with applicable
regulations and classification standards. One of the important parts that must
be present on a ship is the Navigation board. Therefore, the author analyses
the planning of the Navigation board on the fast ferry which is reviewed based
on the loads that occur with several different types of materials during ship
operations, both during sailing and during operations at the port. Uneven load
distribution and irregular seawater waves on the ship cause stress and strain on
the ship structure that holds the Navigation board. One of the stresses acting
on the Navigation board is Stress on the material. Stress analysis of materials
is one of the most important things in determining the strength of the
construction structure on the Navigation board. This will be applied to the
planning of the Navigation board located on the Main deck. The classification
regulations in ship design refer to the calculation of structural components
described in the Classification calculation method and can be analysed using
the Finite Element Method. Classification regulations used in the design of
Fast Ferry Ships are using the BKI (Indonesian Classification Bureau). By
analysing the strength of the Navigation board located on the Main deck of the
Fast Ferry ship, the strength and simulation of the structure that can withstand
the load of the components contained in the Navigation board itself under
static conditions is obtained. In carrying out the analysis, the values of the
safety factor in the ship are included where to keep the structure safe but the
strength of the structure is not excessive. So that the design of the Navigation
board design on the Fast Ferry ship with several different materials using the
Finite Element Method is obtained with the form of stress distribution and
structural deformation that is still permitted.

Keywords: Navigation board, loading, structure, finite element analysis.

1. INTRODUCTION
The process of designing a ship includes various aspects of both technical, economic
and exploitation. The strength of the construction structure on the main deck is one of
the technical aspects that contribute to the level of ship safety when exploiting both in
calm and rough sea conditions. The ship's construction structure will experience
various loads including internal loads caused by loading on the ship and external
loads such as sea waves and the position of the ship against the waves themselves and
© The Author(s) 2024
M. U. H. Al Rasyid and M. R. Mufid (eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Science and
Technology on Engineering Science 2023 (iCAST-ES 2023), Advances in Engineering Research 230,
https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-364-1_48
 Strength Analysis of Navigation Board Structure 519

also the wind. The benchmark that can guarantee the strength of the Navigation board
structure is the stress experienced. A Fast Ferry type passenger ship with engineering
construction that has complementary parts of a building or structure must be given
certain physical sizes. The parts must be properly measured to be able to withstand
the forces that are actually or may be imposed on them. Similarly, the parts of a
composite structure must be sufficiently rigid that they will not buckle or warp
excessively when working under a given load. In this case one of the important parts
found on a Fast Ferry Ship is the Navigation board. In this structural behaviour
analysis, the strength of the Navigation board design of the Fast Ferry ship will be
discussed and analysed using the Finite Element Method. The design analysis in this
loading uses static loading and uses several different types of materials. By analysing
the Navigation Board with the loading that occurs on the Navigation board forming
structure itself, the appropriate Navigation board design is obtained on the Fast Ferry
ship (Taggart, 1980). This aims to anticipate the possibility of structural failure on the
ship's Navigation deck which can cause accidents on the ship and keep the structure
safe but the structural strength is not excessive. So that the design of the Navigation
board structure on the Fast Ferry ship using the Finite Element Method is obtained
with the form of stress distribution and structural deformation that is still permitted
(Ville Valtonen, 2020). In the analysis of the behaviour of the structure using a
structural analysis program package based on the Finite Element Method. With this
analysis, structural behaviour is obtained which can be seen in the form of
deformation and stress distribution in the construction of the Navigation board under
static loading conditions.

2. INITIAL DESIGN

2.1 Cradle
Navigation board is a construction made of certain materials that is used as a basic
place for storing and placing navigation tools on ships. We often know the shape of
the Navigation board is like a table. Navigation board is able to withstand heavy or
light navigation equipment placed on the table. Located on the Navigation deck or the
captain's wheelhouse, but on this Fast Ferry ship it is located on the main deck. In
general, the construction used uses steel plate material or marine-used wood that is
certified according to the provisions of the applicable classification regulations. so as
to ensure strength and withstand the load on it.
2.2 Loading Condition
The loading that occurs on the Navigation board structure on the ship is static load.
Static loads are loads that change when the total weight of the ship changes, as a
result of loading and unloading activities, fuel consumption or changes to the ship
itself. Static loading is a type of loading that is fixed. In this case is the navigation
board loading with the assumption that the magnitude does not change. Static loading
received by the navigation board includes the load of navigation equipment and the
force of the navigation equipment operator.
2.3 Stresses
520 B. Budianto

Stress indicates the strength of the force that causes a change in the shape of the
object. Stress is defined as the ratio between the force acting on the object and the
cross-sectional area of the object. Mathematically it is written:
σ = F/A .......... (1)

with detail:
• σ =stresses (Pa)
• F = force (N)
• A = section are (m2)
The SI unit for stress is pascal (Pa), with the conversion: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2

Fig. 1. Elastic body with length increase ΔL.

2.4 Deflection and strain

Deformation in continuum mechanics is the transformation of an object from its
original state to its current state. The meaning of "state" can be interpreted as the set
of positions of all particles in the body. A deformation can be caused by external
forces, internal forces (such as gravity or electromagnetic forces) or temperature
changes within the body (expansion). Strain is a subset of deformation, described as
the relative change of the particles inside an object that is not a rigid body. Other
definitions of strain can vary depending on what plane the term is used in or from and
to which point the strain occurs.
In a continuous body, the deformed plane results from an applied stress due to a force
or expansion within the body. The relationship between stress and strain is expressed
as a constitutive equation, such as Hooke's law of linear elasticity. A deformed object
can return to its original state once the applied force is removed, and it is referred to
as elastic deformation. However, there is also irreversible deformation even when the
force is removed, called plastic deformation, which occurs when the object has
crossed the elastic or yield limit and is the result of slip or dislocation mechanisms at
the atomic level. Another type of irreversible deformation is viscous deformation or
viscoelasticity deformation result. In the case of elastic deformation, the response
 Strength Analysis of Navigation Board Structure 521

function related to strain versus stress is described in terms of Hooke's law tensor
expression
2.5 Finite Element Analysis
The finite element method extends the displacement matrix method to structural
continuum analysis. The elastic continuum of a plate is replaced by a surrogate
structure, which consists of discrete elements interconnected only at node points.
These connections are such that the actual stress and displacement continuum of the
slab can be approximated by the displacements of the element nodes.
2.6 Material Properties
Material Properties A rigid material certainly has flexibility even though the material
is made of steel. Steel material even if loaded with a large load will certainly have an
elasticity value even though it is small so that it can change its shape slowly. The
stiffness of a material is very important in the design of a construction component,
because the stiffness will later cause problems due to large loads. To overcome this,
each material of a construction component has a Young's Modulus value which is
different for each material.
 Toughness
Toughness is the ability or capacity of a material to absorb energy until it breaks or
the resistance of a material to break in two, with a transverse crack called a "crack"
and absorb energy. The amount of energy absorbed during cracking depends on the
size of the component that breaks into two. The amount of energy absorbed per unit
area of the crack is fixed for the specified material and this is called toughness as
well.
 Elongation
Elongation to failure is a measure of the plasticity of a material, in other words it is
the amount of strain that a material can undergo before failure in a tensile test.
 Density
Density is a measure of how much an object weighs for a specified size, namely the
mass of material per unit volume. Temperature changes do not steadily (significantly)
affect the density of a material even though the material increases in area when
heated, the change in size is very small.
 Resilience
Resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when the material undergoes
elastic deformation.
 Ductility
Ductility is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been experienced
during fracture. Materials that experience high plastic deformation are called ductile
materials. While materials that experience little or no plastic deformation are called
brittle materials.
2.7 Safety factor
The factor of safety is a factor that indicates the level of ability of an engineering
material to accept external loads, namely compressive and tensile loads. The force
required for the optimum level of material to withstand external loads until it finally
breaks is called the ultimate load. By dividing this ultimate load by the cross-sectional
area, we will obtain the ultimate strength or ultimate stress of a material. For the
522 B. Budianto

design of structural parts the stress level called allowable stress is made strictly lower
than the ultimate strength obtained from "static" testing. This is important for various
considerations. The amount of force that can act on a designed building is rarely
known with certainty. Since stress multiplied by area equals force, the ultimate
allowable stress can be converted into the ultimate allowable force or load that a bar
can withstand. An important ratio can be written SF.
3. METHODOLOGIES
The use of the Finite Element Method with structural analysis program packages is
the most common tool for analyzing stresses that occur in structures, essentially by
the following steps:
 Design modelling
The design to be analyzed is modelled first. which will be analyzed on the Navigation
Board structure on the Fast Ferry ship.
 Determination of design type by study
Before the analysis process is carried out, the name of the problem (study), the type of
analysis required (analysis type) must be determined.
 Determination of material type
The material used is BKI grade A marine used. In this step, mechanical properties are
entered to determine the stress limitations possessed by the material.
 Load determination
The loading must be determined in accordance with the actual situation. In the
analysis of the behavior of the navigation board structure, the load analyzed is a static
load. The loading is assumed to be an even and centralized load.
 Determination of boundary conditions
Determine the boundary conditions on the navigation deck structure connected to the
navigation equipment given the boundary conditions of the placement, so that it
resembles the actual conditions on the navigation board structure (Budianto T. W.,
2018).
 Meshing
Simulations are made in three-dimensional form, so a solid mesh is given which is the
recommended meshing type.
 Analysis
In the analysis of the behavior of the navigation board structure, post processing
analysis is carried out with static loading simulation.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The magnitude of the von Mises stress value that occurs in the navigation board
structure on the fast ferry for each type of material Structural steel, Stainless steel,
Aluminium can be shown with the following analysis results:
 Strength Analysis of Navigation Board Structure 523

Fig. 2. Von Mises Stress of Steel

From the analysis picture above, it can be seen that the maximum von Mises stress
that occurs is 0.0094158 N/m².

Fig. 3. Von Mises Stress of Stainless Steel

From the analysis picture above, it can be seen that the maximum von Mises stress
that occurs is 0.0093831 N/m².

Figure 4. Von Mises Stress of Aluminium

From the analysis figure above, it can be seen that the maximum von Mises stress that
occurs is 0.0093156 N/m².

The graph below shows a comparison of the maximum von Mises stress that occurs
against different types of materials used. Where with structural steel material is
0.0094158 N/m², the maximum Von Mises stress that occurs with stainless steel
material is 0.0093831 N/m² and the maximum Von Mises stress that occurs with
aluminium material is 0.0093156 N/m².

To find out which material is stronger to withstand the load of navigation equipment
and the force exerted by the captain of the ship is shown in the following table:
524 B. Budianto

Von Mises Stress

0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0

Von Mises
Stress

Fig. 5. Graphic Comparison of von Mises Stress with different materials

5. CONCLUSIONS
The cradle is designed with ASTM 36 Steel material with 6 different models, where
in the analysis results the six models are in the conditions allowed by regulation. of
the six models, model 3 has a relatively lower stress value than all models with a
value of 0.098 N/mm2 and also has a relatively lower displacement value than all
models with a value of 0.005 mm. So that model 3 has a tendency to be used as a
reference model in making the cradle because it has a higher strength than all the
models made.
The 3rd concept cradle is made in the form of a girder I shape. This concept
shoes sled is given a reinforcement construction with a square box pattern made of 12
mm thick plate and for the middle reinforcement made of 10mm thick plate, both of
which have been adjusted to the position of the welder during welding.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is grateful to the lecturer’s colleague of the Shipbuilding Institute of
Polytechnic Surabaya for all the knowledge sharing, especially in the design and
analysis of finite elements to carry out this research work.
 Strength Analysis of Navigation Board Structure 525

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