CHAPTER–VI

I
POWERSYSTEMSTABI
LITY

Cont
actHour
s–4
I
ntr
oduct
ion:

Powersyst em consist
ssomesynchr onousmachinesoper at
ingi
n synchr oni
s m.
Fort hecontinui
tyofthepowersystem,itisnecessar
yt hattheyshoul
dmai ntain
perfectsynchr oni
sm underal
lsteady stateconditi
ons.Whent hedi st
urbance
occur si
nt hesyst em,thesystem developsaf orceduet owhichi tbecomes
normalorst able.

Theabili
ty oft hepowersystem t or etur
nt oi tsnormalorstablecondi
ti
ons
aft
erbeingdi st
urbediscall
edstabil
i
ty.Di stur
bancesoft hesystem maybeof
vari
oustypesl i
kesuddenchangesofl oad,thesuddenshor tci
rcui
tbetweenli
ne
andground,l
ine-to-
li
nefaul
t,al
lthreelinefaults,swi
tchi
ng,et
c.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion:

Thest abil
i
tyoft
hesyst emmainlydependsonthebehaviouroft hesynchr
onous
machines aft
era dist
urbance.The stabi
li
ty ofthe powersyst em i
s mai
nly
di
videdi nt
otwotypesdependinguponthemagnit
udeofdi st
urbances
 1
.St
eadyst
atest
abi
l
ity

2.Tr
ansi
entst
abi
l
ity

Steady-stat
e stabi
li
ty–I treferstothe abil
i
ty ofthe system toregainits
synchr
onism aft
ersl ow and smal
ldist
urbance whi
ch occurs due t
o gradual
powerchanges.Steady-st
atestabi
li
tyi
ssubdivi
dedint
ot wotypes

Dynamicstabili
ty–I tdenot
est hest abi
l
ity ofasyst em t
or eachi t
sstable
condit
ionafteraverysmalldis
turbance(dist
urbanceoccursonlyf or10t
o30
seconds)
.Itisalsoknownassmal lsi
gnalstabil
i
ty.Itoccur
smai nl
yduet ot he
fl
uctuati
oninloadorgener
ati
onlevel.

Stat
icst
abi
li
ty–Itref
erstot hestabil
i
tyofthesystem t
hatobtai
nswi t
hout
theai
dofaut
omat
iccontr
oldevicessuchasgover
nor
sandvoltageregul
ators.

Transi
entStabi
li
ty–I tisdefi
nedastheabil
ityoft hepowersystemtoretur
nto
i
tsnormalcondit
ionsaf t
eral ar
gedistur
bance.Thel ar
gedist
urbanceoccursi
n
thesystem duetot hesuddenr emovaloft heload,lineswi
tchingoper
ati
ons,
faul
toccursint
hesyst em,suddenoutageofaline,etc.

Transientstabi
l
ityisconduct edwhennew t r
ansmi
tti
ngandgener ati
ngsyst
em
areplanned.Theswi ngequat iondescr i
best hebehaviouroft hesynchronous
machineduri
ngt r
ansi
entdistur bances.
The transi
entand steady-st at e di
stur
bancesoccuri nt he powersystem are
showni nthegraph.Thesedi st urbancesreducethesynchr oni
sm ofthemachine,
andthesyst embecomesunst able.

St
eadySt
ateSt
abi
li
tyi
nPowerSyst
em:
Theest i
mati
onofst eadyst atelimi
tisimportantforpowersyst emanalysi
s.The
powersystem analysi
sincludest hecheck i
ngofanel ectr
icalpowersystem ina
speci
fiedsteadyst at
e,t hedet erminati
onofi tsstabi
li
tylimi
tsandqual i
tati
ve
esti
mat i
on of the tr
ansient.It also esti
mat es t
he choice of type of the
excit
at i
onsystem anditscont r
ols,themodesofcont rol
,thepar amet
eroft he
excit
at i
onandautomationcont r
ols ystem.

Thesel ecti
onoft hest abi
li
tyismadebyt her equi
rementsofthestabili
tyli
mit
orqual i
ty ofel ectr
icalenergy understeady state condi
ti
on ordur i
ng the
tr
ansient.Thesteadys tateli
mitrefer
stothemaxi mumf l
owofpowert hr
ougha
part
icularpointwit
houtcausingthelossofstabil
i
tywhent hepowerisincreased
verygradually.

Whenal lthemachinesinonepar tr untogether,thentheyar etreatedason e

lar
gemachi neconnect
edatt hatpoi nt
.Even,ifthemachinesar enotconnected
tot he same busbarand ar e separated by large r
eactance,they ar
e also
consider
ed a lar
ge machi
ne.The l arge s
ystem i na powersyst em isalways
supposedtohaveaconst antvoltageandi streatedasaninfini
tebus.

Power
-Angl
eCur
ve:

Consider a synchr
onous machi
ne connect
ed to an i
nfi
ni
te bus t
hrough a
transmissi
onl
ineofreactanceXlshowninfi
gur
ebelow.Letusassumethatthe
resist
anceandcapacit
anceareneglect
ed.

Let V=V<0⁰–vol
tageofi
nfi
ni
tebus

E=E<δ–vol
tagebehi
ndt
hedi
rectaxi
s Xl=synchr
onousr
eact
anceof
t
hemachi
ne.

Xd=synchr
onous/t
ransi
entr
esi
stanceoft
hemachi
ne
Thecompl
expowerdel
i
ver
edbyt
hegener
atort
othesyst
emi
s
*
S=Pe+j
Qe=VI

( )
0
E<δ-v<0
S=V *
(d xl)
jx+

Si
nce
xd +xl=x

[ ]
*
E<δ V
S=V -
j
X jX

S=V [ ]E<δ V
o+
X<90 x
j *

2
EV V
<( δ)
0
S= 90- -j
X x

e[
Her ( b)
a+j =a-
*
jb]
2
EV EV V
S= s nδ+j cosh-
i j
X X X

( )
2
EV EV δ V
Pe +j
Qe= sinδ+j cos -
X X X

Act
ivepowert
ransf
err
edt
othes
yst
em

Ther
eact
ivepowert
ransf
err
edt
othesyst
em

Themaxi
mumst
eady-
stat
epowert
rans
f soccurwhenδ=900
er
Thegraphi
calr
epr
esent
ati
onofPeandt
hel
oadangl
eδi
scal
ledt
hepower
angl
ecurve.

Maximum poweristr
ansf
err
edwhenδ=90⁰ .Asthevalueofloadangl
eδi s
above90,Pedecreaseandbecomeszer
oatδ=180⁰.Above1
80⁰,Pebecomes
negati
ve,whi
chshowthat

thedir
ectionofpowerf l
ow i
srever
sed,an
dt hepowerissuppl
i
edfr
om i
nfi
ni
te
bustot hegenerator.ThevalueofPeisoftencal
ledpul
loutpower
.Iti
salso
cal
ledthesteady-state li
mit
.

Swi
ngEquat
ion:

TheSwi ngEquat i
onofgen er
atordescri
best
her el
ativemotionbet
weent her
otoraxi
s
andthes ynchronousl
yrot
atingstat
orfil
edaxi
swi threspecttoti
me.Thisequat
ioni
s
very helpfulinan al
yzi
ngthe stabi
li
ty ofconnectedmachi n
es(machi
neheremeans
gener
at or).

Der
ivat
ionofSwi
ngEquat
ion:

Aswek now t
hatinasyn chronousgener atorthespeedofrotoraxisandst atorf
il
ed
axi
si sequalto synchronouss peed ( N =120f/P)dur
ingnormaloperat
ingconditi
on.
Thi
ss impl
ymean sthatther el
atives peedbetweenr ot
oraxisandstatorfieldaxi
si s
zero.Thusaconstantangleδismai ntai
nedbetweentherotorfi
eldaxi
sands tatorf
il
ed
axi
sun dernormaloperati
ngcon dit
ion.ThisangleδisknownasLoadAngl eorTor que
Angle.
Theval
ueofloadangledependsont heloadi
ngofmachi
ne.Themor
eist
hel
oad,t
he
morewi
l
lbetheloadangl
eδass uggestedbythepowerequat
ion

P=EfVtSi
nδ/Xs

wher
eEf =NoLoadExci tati
onVoltage
Vt =GeneratorTerminalVol
tage
Xs =SynchronousImpedance

Also,dur
ingst
eadys t
ateoperati
onofgeneratorthevalueofel ect
romagneti
ct or
que
Te isequaltos haf
tt or
que Ts.Si
nce el
ectromagneti
ct or
que Te an dload tor
que
Ts actinopposit
edirect
ion,t
hereisnon ettorqueont herotor.Thisi
st hereason;
rot
orr ot
atesatconst
antangul
arvel
oci
tyduringsteadystateoperati
onofgen er
ator.

Butwhent herei sas uddenchan gei nthel oadingofmachi nei .

e.ifsomel oadisaddedor
removedf rom t her otors haft,t her otorwi llaccel erateordecel erat ewi t
hr espectto
the s ynchronouslyr otati
n gs tatorf i
eld.Due t ot hisrel ative motion,t he l
oad angle
δs wi llvarywi tht imean dcanbewr i
ttenas
δs =ωrt+δ ………………( 1
)
wher eδs i st heangl ebet weent her ef erences t
at orfieldaxi sandr ot oraxisatany
ti
metan dδi sthel oadan gl
ej ustbef oret her ot ordisturban ce.
wher ewr i st her elati
vean gulars peedbet weent her otoraxi sandst atorfil
edaxi s.
Also, Ts –Te =Ta
wher eTa =NetAccel eratingTor que
Since a s ynchron ousmachi ner otatesatconst antan gul ars peed,hence t he above
torquecanber eplacedbypowerf oran alysis.Hen ceTe i sr eplacedbyel ectr
omagn eti
c
powerPe an dTs bys haftpowerPs .Thust her otoraccel erati
ngpowerPa canbe
wr i
ttenas ,
Ps –Pe =Pa
Butaspermechan ics,power=Tor quexAngul arSpeed
Ther efore,
Accel erati
ngpowerPa =Taω ………( 2)
Since,Tor que=I nerti
a( I
)xAn gularAccel eration(α)
Ther eforef r
om( 2),
 Pa =I ωα………………( 3)
Let, M=I ω
ButI ωi st hean gularmomen tum,henceM i scall
edt heangul
armoment
um ofgen
er at
or
rotor.Ther eforef rom( 3),
Rotor/Shaf tAccel er atingPowerPa =Mα ……. (4)
Butt heangul arpos it
ionofr ot orw.r.
tisdescr
ibedby( 1)
,
δs =ωrt+δ
Differenti
at i
ngbot hsidew. r
.tt i
me,
dδs /dt=ωr +dδ/dt
Againdi fferenti
atingw. r.
ttime,
d2δs /dt
2
=d2δ/dt
2

But d2δs /dt

2
=an gul
araccel erati
onofrotori.e.α
Hencef r
om( 4),
2 2
Pa =Mα=Mdδ/dt
But Pa =Ps –Pe
⇒ Ps –Pe =Md2δ/dt 2
…………..(
5)
Theaboveequat i
oni sk nownast heSwi ngEquat i
on.Thi
sisthecondi
ti
onofSt eady
StateSt abi l
i
ty.

Swingequati
ondescri
best
her
otordyn
ami
csoft
hesynchr
onousmachi
nesandi
t
hel
psinstabi
li
zingt
hesyst
em.

EqualAr
eaCr
iter
ion:

 The equalar
ea crit
eri
oni
sa simpl
e graphi
calmethod f
orconcl
udi
ng t
he
tr
ansi
entstabi
li
ty oftwo-
machi
ne s
ystemsorasi nglemachi
neagai
nstan
i
nfi
ni
tebus.

 Thi
spr i
nci
pledoesnotr
equi
ret
heswi
ngequat
ionf
ort
hedet
ermi
nat
ionof
st
abil
i
tyconditi
ons.

 Thestabi
li
tycondit
ionsarerecogni
zedbyequat
ingt
heareasofsegmentson
thepoweranglediagram betweenthep-
curveandthenew powertransf
er
l
ineofthegivencurve.

 Thepri
ncipl
eofthismethodconsi
stsont hebasi
st hatwhenδ osci
ll
ates
ar
oundtheequi
l
ibr
iumpoi
ntwit
hconstantampl
it
ude,tr
ansientst
abi
l
itywi
llbe
mai
ntai
ned.

The Equalar
ea cr
iter
ion isa “gr
aphi
caltechni
que used t
o examine t
he transi
ent
st
abi
li
tyofthemachi
nes ystems(
oneormoret hanone)withaninfi
ni
tebus”.Here,the
st
abi
li
tycondi
ti
onsares t
atedbyequati
ngthet woareas egment
swhi chispresentin
thepowerangl
ediagr
am.
Consi
dertherelat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hel
oadangl
eandpowerder
ivedf
rom t
heswi
ng
equat
ion
.
2
ⅆδL PA
or
, 2 =
ⅆt M
Here,Angul
armomentum isdenotedas M,Loadan gleisdenotedas δL,andAct
ual
powerisden edas PA.
ot
The Actualpowerist he vari
ation amongt he mechani
cal(PM )(motor)andthe
el
ectri PE)
calpower( .So,rewri
tetheequation.

2
ⅆδL PM-PE
2 =
ⅆt M
ⅆ∂
Mul
ti
plyby 2× L onbothsi
des.
ⅆt

( )
2
ⅆ∂ⅆδ p-p ⅆδ
2 2L L =2 M E L
ⅆt ⅆt M ⅆt

() (
2
ⅆ ⅆ∂L 2 ⅆδ
pE) L
= pM-
ⅆt ⅆt M ⅆt

I
ntegr
ati
ngbot
hsi
deswewi
l
lget

Her
e,Tor
queangl
eatthesynchr
onousspeed δ0.
Si
mpli
fyt
heequat
ion
.

Thevalueof i
szer
odur
ingt
henor
maloper
ati
onandsubst
itut
etheval
uei
nthe
equat
ion.
Hence,t
heconditi
onfortr
ansi
entstabi
l
ityis .
Theexampl
egr aphforpowervsloadangleisshownbel
ow.

Fromt hegr
aph,Theki
neti
cen er
gy( KE)stor
edduri
n gaccel
erati
onismentionedas A1,
andt heKEstoreddur
ing decelerat
ion i
smentionedas A2.The PA becomeszer o
wheni thasbothdecel
erati
ngpoweran daccel
eratingpowers.By us
ingt hecrit
eri
on
method,onecandeter
minethegr eat
estli
mitontheloadwithoutaff
ectingt hest
abil
i
ty
l
imit
.

Met
hodsf
orI
mpr
ovi
ngSt
eadySt
ateLi
mit

Themaximum powert r
ansferredbet
weenanalt
ernator,andamot ori
sdirectl
y
pr
opor
tionaltot he productofi nt
ernalemfoft he machi
nes and i
nversel
y
pr
opor
tionalt
ot hel
iner eact
ance.

Wher
e, X–l
i
ner
eact
ance VG–vol
tageofgener
ator

VM–vol
tageofmot
or δ–LoadAngl
e

PM–Powerofmot
or PG–Powerofmot
or

Pmax–maxi
mumpower

Thest
eadyst
atel
i
miti
sincr
easedbecauseoft
het
wor
easons:
 1
.Byincreasi
ngt heexcitat
ionofagen eratorormotororboth–Theexci tat
ion
i
ncreaset heint
er nalemfandconsequentl
yt hemaxi
mumpower edt r
ansfer
red
between t he t
wo machi nes i
ncr
eas es.Furtherwi
tht he i
ncreased value of
i
nternalEMFs,thel oadangleδdecreases.

2.Reduci
ngt het r
ansferReact ance–Ther eact ancei sreducedbyi ncr
easing
theparal
lell
inebetweent hetransmissi
onpoints.Theuseofbundl econductoris
theothermet hodofreducingther eactanceoft heline.Ther eact
ancecanalso
be decr easedbyus ingthecapacitanceinserieswi t
ht hel
ine.

Ser
iescapaci
tori
sonlyusedinEHVl
inest
oincr
easet
hepowert
ransf
erandar
e
moreeconomi
caldist
anceover350k
m.

Met
hodsf
orI
mpr
ovi
ng Tr
ansi
entSt
abi
li
ty

Design methods f
ori
mpr
ovi
ng powers
yst
em t
ransi
entst
abi
l
ityi
ncl
ude t
he
fol
lowing:

1
.Impr
ovedst
eady-
stat
est
abi
l
ity:

a.Hi
ghersyst
emvol
tagel
evel
s

b.Addi
ti
onalt
ransmi
ssi
onl
i
nes

c.Smal
lert
ransmi
ssi
on-
li
neser
iesr
eact
ances

d.Smal
lert
ransf
ormerl
eak
ager
eact
ances

e.Ser
iescapaci
ti
vet
ransmi
ssi
on-
li
necompensat
ion

f
.St
ati
cvarcompensat
orsan
dfl
exi
bleact
ransmi
ssi
onsyst
ems(
FACTS)

2.Hi
gh-
speedf
aul
tcl
ear
ing

3.Hi
gh-
speedr
ecl
osur
eofci
rcui
tbr
eak
ers

4.Si
ngl
e-pol
eswi
tchi
ng

5.Lar
germachi
nei
ner
tia,l
owert
ransi
entr
ect
ance

6.Fastr
espondi
ng,hi
gh-
gai
nexci
ter
s

7.Fastval
ving

8.Br
aki
ngr
esi
stor
s
 CHAPTER–VI
II
PROGRAMMABLELOGI
CCONTROLLER(
PLC)

Cont
actHour
s–4
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Aprogrammablelogiccontrol
ler(
PLC)isanindustri
aldigit
alcomputerwhichhas
beenruggedi
zedandadapt edf orthecontr
olofmanuf acturi
ngprocesses,such
asassemblyli
nes,orroboti
cdevices,oranyactivi
tyt hatrequi
reshi
ghr el
iabi
li
ty
cont
rolandeaseofpr ogrammingandprocessfaultdiagnosi
s.

Theywer
efi
rstdevel
opedi
ntheaut
omobi
l
eindust
ry

A PLC isanexampleofa" hard"real-

ti
mesystem si
nceoutputr
esul
tsmustbe
produced i
nr esponse t
oi nput condi
ti
ons wi
thi
na l i
mit
ed ti
me,otherwi
se
uni
ntendedoperati
onwil
lresult.

Ar
eaofAppl
icat
ionofPLC

1
.RoadTr
aff
icSi
gnal
s

2.TheAut
omat
icCarWash

3.TheEl
evat
or

4.Aut
omat
icDoor
s

5.ConveyerBel
ts
 6.Rol
lerCoast
ers

7.Robot
ic

Basi
cofPLC

 PLC consi
stsofami
cropr
oces
sorwhi
chi
spr
ogr
ammedusi
ngt
hecomput
er
l
anguage.

 Theprogr
am i
swr
itt
enonacomput
erandi
sdownl
oadedt
othePLC vi
a
cabl
e.

 Thesel
oadedpr
ogr
amsar
est
oredi
nnon–vol
ati
l
ememor
yoft
hePLC.

 Dur
ingt
hetransi
ti
onofr
elay cont
rolpanel
st o PLC,t
hehar
dwi
redr
elay
l
ogi
cwasexchangedf
ort
heprogramfedbyt heuser.

 A vi
sualpr
ogrammi
ngl
anguagek
nownast
heLadderLogi
cwascr
eat
edt
o
pr
ogramthePLC.

Advant
agesofPLCoverot
herCont
rol
ler

1.AsPLC'
shave sol
i
d st
ates
wit
ches,t
hey canpr
ovi
de unl
i
mit
ed swi
tchi
ng
cycl
essot
hey

canbeusedt
ocr
eat
ePWMs
ignal
s.

2.PLC'
sar
ere-
progr
amabl
e

3.Aver
ycompl
exl
ogi
ccanbecr
eat
edwi
thoutt
heneedofcompl
exwi
ri
ng.

4.Mul
ti
pledevi
cesar
eembeddedi
nasi
ngl
ePLCl
i
keTi
mer
s,Memor
yShel
lset
c.
andal
so

mul
ti
plesensor
scanbeat
tachedl
i
ket
emper
atur
e,humi
dit
y,mot
ion,speedet
c.

5.
Reducecostander
ror
sasmeanofser
vicewi
se.

Syst
emComponentofPLC
  CPU–Keepscheck
ingt
hePLCcont
rol
lert
oavoi
der
ror
s.Theyper
for
m
funct
ions

in
cludingl
ogi
coper
ati
ons,ar
ithmet
icoper
ati
ons,comput
eri
nter
faceand
manymor e.

 Memory–Fixeddat
aisus
edbyt
heCPU.Syst
em(
ROM)st
orest
hedat
a
per
manent
ly

f
ort heoper
atingsyst
em.RAMs
tor
est
hei
nfor
mat
ionoft
hest
atusof
i
nputandoutput

devi
ces,andt
heval
uesoft
imer
s,count
ersandot
heri
nter
nal
devi
ces.

 I/Osecti
on–I
nputk
eepsat
rackonf
iel
ddevi
ceswhi
chi
ncl
udessensor
s,
swit
ches.

 O/PSecti
on-Outputhasacon
trolovert
heot
herdevi
ceswhi
chi
ncl
udes
motor
s,pumps,

li
ghtsandsol
enoi
ds.TheI
/Opor
tsar
ebasedonReducedI
nst
ruct
ionSet
Computers
 (
RISC)
.

 Powersuppl
y–Cer
tai
nPLCshaveani
sol
atedpowersuppl
y.But
,mostoft
he
PLCswork

at220VACor24VDC.

 Pr
ogrammi
ngdevi
ce–Thi
sdevi
cei
susedt
ofeedt
hepr
ogr
ami
ntot
he
memoryofthe

processor
.Thepr
ogr
ami
sfi
rstf
edt
othepr
ogr
ammi
ngdevi
ceandl
ateri
tis
t
ransmit
ted

t
othePLC’
smemor
y.

I
ntr
oduct
iont
opowerpl
antat
omi
zat
ionandcont
rolusi
ngPLC

 I
npowerpl
antt
hedemandf
orhi
gherr
eli
abi
l
ity&ef
fici
ency i
sincr
easi
ng.

 Powerplantr
equi
res cont
inuousi
nspect
ion&moni
tor
ingaf
terr
egul
ar
i
nter
val
s.

 Ther
emaybechancesofer
ror
swhi
l
e measur
ingatvar
iousst
agesbyhuman
work
ers

 I
n ordertoi
ncr
easer
eli
abi
l
ityt
heaut
omat
ioni
sneeded sot
hatover
all
eff
ici
encyof

powerpl
antgeti
mpr
oved.

 Theaut
omati
oni
sdevel
opedbyusi
ngPLC &SCADA whi
ch r
educes t
he
er
ror
scause

by humanwor
ker
s.

 Normall
y,aut
omat
ionofboi
l
er,coalconveyerbel
tandashhandl
i
ngpl
anti
s
doneina

powerpl
antbyusi
ngPLC&SCADA.

 Theautomat
ioni
sachi
evedbydevel
opi
ngal
adderl
ogi
cforcont
rol
li
ng
var
ious

par
amet
erofboi
l
er,coalconveyerbel
t,andashhandl
i
ngpl
ant
.
Boi
lerAut
omat
ion usi
ngPLC

 I
n boil
ert he cont
rolpar
amet
ersar
etemper
atur
e cont
rol
,pr
essur
e
cont
rol,and

wat
erl
evelcont
rol
.

 Thesepar ameterarecontr
olbytemperaturesensor
,floatswitchesand
pressur
esensor sTemperat
uresensorsareusedtosenset hevar i
at i
oninthe
temperature.RTpressur
esensorsareusedtosenset hevari
ationi npressure
i
nsidetheboi l
er.
Whereasfl
oatswitchesareusedtodet ecttheliquidlevel.

 Floatswi
tchoutputi
sgi
vent
oPLCandnecessar
ycor
rect
iveact
ionar
e
takenifr
equi
red.

 Thel
adderdi
agr
amf
orcont
rol
li
ngPr
essur
eandt
heTemper
atur
e:

 Whenswi t
chisONaheat erwillON.Whenthetemperat
ureexceedsmore
than1000C̊anotherheaterwi
llswitchON.I
fthetemperat
ureexceeds1
500C̊
bothheaterswil
lswitchedoff
.

 I
fpr essure exceeds1
0bart henautomated checkval
uesswit
chedonto
r
eleaset hesteamandpressur
eandthealarmcircui
twi
llbeenergi
zed.
Aut
omat
ionCoalConveyorBel
tFaul
tDet
ect
ion

 Thet
earup i
ntheconveyorbel
tisdet
ect
edusi
ngt
heI
Rsensor

 Ther i
sei
ntemper
atur
e i
s aut
omat
ical
ly det
ect
ed by t
emper
atur
e
sensor
.

 The moi
stur
e cont
enti
sdet
ect
edbyus
ing humi
dit
y sensor

 Theoverl
oadi
ng ofl
oad ont
heconveyorbel
tisdet
ect
edbypr
oxi
mit
y
sensor
s

 Asthestart
ingof thebeltconveyoris donei
nproper sequence,star
ting
fr
om theconveyorbelt3,thenconveyorbelt2isstar
tedandt henatthe
l
astconveyorbel
t1isstar
ted.

 Si
milar
ly,st
oppingof t he conveyer bel
tisal
so done i
nsequence,f
irst
conveyorbelt1i
sst opped,thenconveyorbel
t2isstoppedandthenatl
ast
conveyorbelt3is stopped.

Aut
omat
ionofAshHandl
ingPl
ant

• Ashdi
sposalsyst
em consi
stoft
wosl
urr
ytanksl
urr
ytankA andsl
urr
ytank
B.

• Pul
verized coalfrom pul
ver
izercome i
nfur
nace & combust
ionpr
ocessi
s
car
riedoutinfurnace.

• Theburnedcoalconver
tedi
nto ash,andt
hisashi
sst
oredi
ntot
hebot
tom
ashhopper
.

• This col
lect
ed ash need t
o be removed fr
om hopperas pert
he l
oad
condi
ti
on. Thisi
sdonebyusingthreehi
ghpressur
ewat
erpump.