Introduction

Every major industry is implementing Apache Hadoop as the standard framework for processing and
storing big data. Hadoop is designed to be deployed across a network of hundreds or even
thousands of dedicated servers. All these machines work together to deal with the massive volume
and variety of incoming datasets.

Deploying Hadoop services on a single node is a great way to get yourself acquainted with basic
Hadoop commands and concepts.

Prerequisites

Access to a terminal window/command line

Sudo or root privileges on local /remote machines

Install OpenJDK on Ubuntu

The Hadoop framework is written in Java, and its services require a compatible Java Runtime
Environment (JRE) and Java Development Kit (JDK). Use the following command to update your
system before initiating a new installation:

sudo apt update

At the moment, Apache Hadoop 3.x fully supports Java 8. The OpenJDK 8 package in Ubuntu
contains both the runtime environment and development kit.

Type the following command in your terminal to install OpenJDK 8:

sudo apt install openjdk-8-jdk -y

The OpenJDK or Oracle Java version can affect how elements of a Hadoop ecosystem interact. To
install a specific Java version, check out our detailed guide on how to install Java on Ubuntu.

Once the installation process is complete, verify the current Java version:

java -version; javac -version

The output informs you which Java edition is in use.

Set Up a Non-Root User for Hadoop
Environment
It is advisable to create a non-root user, specifically for the Hadoop environment. A distinct user
improves security and helps you manage your cluster more efficiently. To ensure the smooth
functioning of Hadoop services, the user should have the ability to establish a passwordless SSH
connection with the localhost.

Install OpenSSH on Ubuntu

Install the OpenSSH server and client using the following command:

sudo apt install openssh-server openssh-client -y

In the example below, the output confirms that the latest version is already installed.

If you have installed OpenSSH for the first time, use this opportunity to implement these vital SSH
security recommendations.

Create Hadoop User

Utilize the adduser command to create a new Hadoop user:

sudo adduser hdoop

The username, in this example, is hdoop. You are free the use any username and password you see
fit. Switch to the newly created user and enter the corresponding password:

su - hdoop

The user now needs to be able to SSH to the localhost without being prompted for a password.
Enable Passwordless SSH for Hadoop User
Generate an SSH key pair and define the location is is to be stored in:

ssh-keygen -t rsa -P '' -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa

The system proceeds to generate and save the SSH key pair.

Use the cat command to store the public key as authorized_keys in the ssh directory:

cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

Set the permissions for your user with the chmod command:

chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

The new user is now able to SSH without needing to enter a password every time. Verify everything
is set up correctly by using the hdoop user to SSH to localhost:

ssh localhost

After an initial prompt, the Hadoop user is now able to establish an SSH connection to the localhost
seamlessly.

Download and Install Hadoop on Ubuntu

Visit the official Apache Hadoop project page, and select the version of Hadoop you want to
implement.

The steps outlined in this tutorial use the Binary download for Hadoop Version 3.2.1.

Select your preferred option, and you are presented with a mirror link that allows you to download the
Hadoop tar package.

Note: It is sound practice to verify Hadoop downloads originating from mirror sites.

 The instructions for using GPG or SHA-512 for verification are provided on the
official download page.
Use the provided mirror link and download the Hadoop package with the wget command:

wget https://downloads.apache.org/hadoop/common/hadoop-3.2.1/hadoop-
3.2.1.tar.gz

Once the download is complete, extract the files to initiate the Hadoop installation:

tar xzf hadoop-3.2.1.tar.gz

The Hadoop binary files are now located within the hadoop-3.2.1 directory.

Single Node Hadoop Deployment (Pseudo-

Distributed Mode)
Hadoop excels when deployed in a fully distributed mode on a large cluster of networked servers.
However, if you are new to Hadoop and want to explore basic commands or test applications, you
can configure Hadoop on a single node.

This setup, also called pseudo-distributed mode, allows each Hadoop daemon to run as a single
Java process. A Hadoop environment is configured by editing a set of configuration files:

bashrc
hadoop-env.sh
core-site.xml
hdfs-site.xml
mapred-site-xml
yarn-site.xml

Configure Hadoop Environment Variables (bashrc)

Edit the .bashrc shell configuration file using a text editor of your choice (we will be using nano):
 sudo nano .bashrc

Define the Hadoop environment variables by adding the following content to the end of the file:

#Hadoop Related Options

export HADOOP_HOME=/home/hdoop/hadoop-3.2.1
export HADOOP_INSTALL=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_COMMON_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_HDFS_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export YARN_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_COMMON_LIB_NATIVE_DIR=$HADOOP_HOME/lib/native
export PATH=$PATH:$HADOOP_HOME/sbin:$HADOOP_HOME/bin
export HADOOP_OPTS"-Djava.library.path=$HADOOP_HOME/lib/nativ"

Once you add the variables, save and exit the .bashrc file.

It is vital to apply the changes to the current running environment by using the following command:

source ~/.bashrc

Edit hadoop-env.sh File

The hadoop-env.sh file serves as a master file to configure YARN, HDFS, MapReduce, and Hadoop-
related project settings.

When setting up a single node Hadoop cluster, you need to define which Java implementation is to
be utilized. Use the previously created $HADOOP_HOME variable to access the hadoop-env.sh file:

sudo nano $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/hadoop-env.sh

Uncomment the $JAVA_HOME variable (i.e., remove the # sign) and add the full path to the OpenJDK
installation on your system. If you have installed the same version as presented in the first part of
this tutorial, add the following line:

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64

The path needs to match the location of the Java installation on your system.

If you need help to locate the correct Java path, run the following command in your terminal window:

which javac

The resulting output provides the path to the Java binary directory.
Use the provided path to find the OpenJDK directory with the following command:

readlink -f /usr/bin/javac

The section of the path just before the /bin/javac directory needs to be assigned to the $JAVA_HOME
variable.

Edit core-site.xml File

The core-site.xml file defines HDFS and Hadoop core properties.

To set up Hadoop in a pseudo-distributed mode, you need to specify the URL for your NameNode,
and the temporary directory Hadoop uses for the map and reduce process.

Open the core-site.xml file in a text editor:

sudo nano $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/core-site.xml

Add the following configuration to override the default values for the temporary directory and add
your HDFS URL to replace the default local file system setting:

<configuration>
<property>
<name>hadoop.tmp.dir</name>
<value>/home/hdoop/tmpdata</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.default.name</name>
<value>hdfs://127.0.0.1:9000</value>
</property>
</configuration>

This example uses values specific to the local system. You should use values that match your
systems requirements. The data needs to be consistent throughout the configuration process.
Do not forget to create a Linux directory in the location you specified for your temporary data.

Edit hdfs-site.xml File

The properties in the hdfs-site.xml file govern the location for storing node metadata, fsimage file,
and edit log file. Configure the file by defining the NameNode and DataNode storage directories.

Additionally, the default dfs.replication value of 3 needs to be changed to 1 to match the single
node setup.

Use the following command to open the hdfs-site.xml file for editing:

sudo nano $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml

Add the following configuration to the file and, if needed, adjust the NameNode and DataNode
directories to your custom locations:

<configuration>
<property>
<name>dfs.data.dir</name>
<value>/home/hdoop/dfsdata/namenode</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>dfs.data.dir</name>
<value>/home/hdoop/dfsdata/datanode</value>
</property>
 <property>
<name>dfs.replication</name>
<value>1</value>
</property>
</configuration>

If necessary, create the specific directories you defined for the dfs.data.dir value.

Edit mapred-site.xml File

Use the following command to access the mapred-site.xml file and define MapReduce values:

sudo nano $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/mapred-site.xml

Add the following configuration to change the default MapReduce framework name value to yarn:

<configuration>
<property>
<name>mapreduce.framework.name</name>
<value>yarn</value>
</property>
</configuration>
Edit yarn-site.xml File
The yarn-site.xml file is used to define settings relevant to YARN. It contains configurations for the
Node Manager, Resource Manager, Containers, and Application Master.

Open the yarn-site.xml file in a text editor:

sudo nano $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/yarn-site.xml

Append the following configuration to the file:

<configuration>
<property>
<name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services</name>
<value>mapreduce_shuffle</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services.mapreduce.shuffle.class</name>
<value>org.apache.hadoop.mapred.ShuffleHandler</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.resourcemanager.hostname</name>
<value>127.0.0.1</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.acl.enable</name>
<value>0</value>
</property>
<property>
 <name>yarn.nodemanager.env-whitelist</name>
<value>JAVA_HOME,HADOOP_COMMON_HOME,HADOOP_HDFS_HOME,HADOOP_CONF_DI
R,CLASSPATH_PERPEND_DISTCACHE,HADOOP_YARN_HOME,HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME</va
lue>
</property>
</configuration>

Format HDFS NameNode

It is important to format the NameNode before starting Hadoop services for the first time:

hdfs namenode -format

The shutdown notification signifies the end of the NameNode format process.

Start Hadoop Cluster

Navigate to the hadoop-3.2.1/sbin directory and execute the following commands to start the
NameNode and DataNode:
 ./start-dfs.sh

The system takes a few moments to initiate the necessary nodes.

Once the namenode, datanodes, and secondary namenode are up and running, start the YARN
resource and nodemanagers by typing:

./start-yarn.sh

As with the previous command, the output informs you that the processes are starting.

Type this simple command to check if all the daemons are active and running as Java processes:

jps

If everything is working as intended, the resulting list of running Java processes contains all the
HDFS and YARN daemons.

Access Hadoop UI from Browser

Use your preferred browser and navigate to your localhost URL or IP. The default port number 9870
gives you access to the Hadoop NameNode UI:

http://localhost:9870

The NameNode user interface provides a comprehensive overview of the entire cluster.
The default port 9864 is used to access individual DataNodes directly from your browser:

http://localhost:9864

The YARN Resource Manager is accessible on port 8088:

http://localhost:8088

The Resource Manager is an invaluable tool that allows you to monitor all running processes in your
Hadoop cluster.
Conclusion

You have successfully installed Hadoop on Ubuntu and deployed it in a pseudo-distributed mode. A
single node Hadoop deployment is an excellent starting point to explore basic HDFS commands and
acquire the experience you need to design a fully distributed Hadoop cluster.