NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

NOVEMBER 2010

PHYSICAL SCIENCES: PAPER II

MARKING GUIDELINES

Time: 3 hours 200 marks

These marking guidelines were used as the basis for the official IEB marking
session. They were prepared for use by examiners and sub-examiners, all of
whom were required to attend a rigorous standardisation meeting to ensure that
the guidelines were consistently and fairly interpreted and applied in the
marking of candidates' scripts.

At standardisation meetings, decisions are taken regarding the allocation of

marks in the interests of fairness to all candidates in the context of an
entirely summative assessment.

The IEB will not enter into any discussions or correspondence about any marking
guidelines. It is acknowledged that there may be different views about some
matters of emphasis or detail in the guidelines, and different interpretations of
the application thereof. Hence, the specific mark allocations have been
omitted.

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Carry-over marking will occur where the error is carried from 1 question to the next – as
appropriate.

QUESTION 1

1.1 C (2)
1.2 B/C (2)
1.3 D (2)
1.4 D (2)
1.5 A (2)
1.6 D (2)
1.7 D (2)
1.8 C (2)
1.9 D/C (2)
1.10 C (2)
[20]

QUESTION 2

2.1 Ester
Alcohol
Alkene (ene) (arene) (6)

2.2 Alcohol and carboxylic acid (4)

2.3 Either:
No – as it contains a carbon-carbon chain and no polar group to dissolve into polar
water i.e. the whole molecule is non-polar

OR

Yes – although it contains a carbon-carbon backbone, the O-H group is polar and
this will make it (partially) water soluble in the polar water. (Part of the molecule is
polar like water). (4)

2.4 To speed up the reaction (2)

2.5 The catalyst reduces the activation energy for a reaction

OR

It provides an alternative reaction pathway

OR

It increases the likelihood of a collision being successful

OR

Site for reaction (2)

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2.6

(4)

2.7 Yes – it does not change permanently and the definition of a catalyst assumes that
the catalyst will remain unchanged. (3)
[25]

QUESTION 3

3.1 All Hs
3 C in main chain
C = C bonds are double

(4)

3.2 Initiation and Termination (4)

3.3 ● Propagation occurs by the free radical formed at initiation joining a propene
molecule
• This reaction opens the double bond
• This new molecule is a new free radical that will join to another propene
molecule
Diagrams to aid explanation

This grows 'infinitely' long until terminated. (6)

3.4 Thermoplastic
The propylene is easily moulded and extruded which is a characteristic of a
thermoplastic. Fewer crosslinks/flexible ??? when heated recyclable themo plastic (3)

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3.5
Advantages Disadvantages
Cheap Not heat resistant
Flexible Can be used to warm food only

Difficult to break Any 2

Any 2

Table (5)
[22]

Advantages: Disadvantages:
Non-toxic/inert/unreactive Non-toxic/inert/unreactive
easily coloured easily coloured
easily moulded/shapes last in use easily moulded/shapes last in use
strong/light/re-useable/airtight strong/light/re-useable/airtight

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QUESTION 4

4.1 The relative reactivity of the metals (or types of metals) (2)

4.2 Potential difference (2)

4.3 Temperature
Concentration of solutions Some equipment/liquid level/surface area of electrode/
sufficient electrode.
Salts that dissolve must have the same ions, i.e. all nitrates, etc.
(specific & reasonable) (3)

4.4 Only the independent and dependent variables are allowed to vary. (The
experimenter will decide by how much the independent variable may change)

As relationships are being measured, the other variables must be controlled so that
they do not cause the dependent variable to change and thus give a different
relationship. This would ensure that the data is reliable and repeatable. (4)

4.5 Cr > Ag > Zn wrt reduction potential (Ranking of metals and nature of property
being ranked) rank; 3 metals; ref to red pot/voltage.

Any order acceptable but comparison must be present. (3)

4.6 No – Metal A should be dipped into a solution of its ions, i.e. Ag should be dipped
into silver ions (each metal in solution of its ions)

Metal B should be dipped into its own ions – therefore the solutions should be
different. Ions linked to solution (4)

4.7 Anode Cathode Voltage/V (heading with unit )

Cr Ag 0,3
Zn Ag –0,7 correct voltage
Zn Cr 0,4
Correct Anode (4)

4.8 Zn is a stronger reducing agent than Cr which is a stronger reducing agent than Ag (3)

4.9 Keeping the liquids from mixing

Allowing ion movement
Behaves as a salt bridge (Any 2) (2)

4.10 4.10.1 Eθcell = Eθcat - Eθanode

= 0,8 – (–0,76)
= 1,56 V (3)

4.10.2 Not performed under std conditions

i.e. not 1 mol·dm–3 concentrations
not 25 °C / Terminals may have been the other way around
internal resistance
non-ideal salt bridge (3)
[33]

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QUESTION 5

5.1 Electrolytic – as energy is being put into the system
electrical to chemical (3)

5.2 5.2.1 The higher the mpt the higher the cost (2)
5.2.2 AlF3 added'' Mixed with cryolite (2)

5.3 Al3+ + 3 e-
Al (2)

5.4 Conducts electricity does not reactive with aluminium

Cheap (3)

5.5 Interface between chemical and electrical system '' (negative or positive)
terminal → site of chemical rxn '' solid conductor – site of ???. (2)

5.6 They get used up (undergo chemical reaction) because the carbon combines with
the O2 produced in the cell to form CO2. (3)

5.7 Yes – it is a strong reducing agent because it has a large and negative
Eθ value. (higher on redox table) (3)

5.8 Agree
Produces high amounts of CO2 at electrode and at powerstation
Uses large amounts of electricity – where SA has little capacity
Bauxite imported therefore easy to do elsewhere
Pumps fluoride into the air.

However – moving production elsewhere:

Jobs at stake (7)

Disagree
Even though it pollutes the environment through fluoride, CO2 and red dust it
provides valuable jobs and earns valuable foreign exchange.
[27]

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QUESTION 6

6.1 Dynamic equilibrium is when the (forward and reverse reactions) are occurring at
the (same rate) (2)

6.2 Kc = [NO]2·[O2] /[NO2]2 (2)

6.3 Closed system/products must remain in the system so they can form
reactants. (Reaction rates must be measurable; fwd rate = reverse rate) (2)

6.4 6.4.1 Endothermic (1)

6.4.2 If the temperature increases, the endothermic reaction is promoted. This is
the forward reaction so more products are formed. (3)

6.5 No Less No Stress/LC interpret ∴ result

An increase in pressure favours the reaction that produces fewer particles.

This is the reverse reaction.

The reverse reaction is favoured.

OR

Le Chatelier states that a reaction in equilibrium will shift to counter the effect of a
change.

An increase in pressure favours the reaction that reduces the pressure.

The reverse reaction produces fewer particles than the forward reaction therefore
less NO formed. (4)

6.6 Table

Sample [NO2] [NO] [O2] [NO]2·[O2]

Number (mol.dm–3) (mol.dm–3) (mol.dm–3)
1 4,2 2,3 1,1 6
2 7 3.4 1,8 20,8 /21
3 13 4,7 2,2 48,6 /49
4 17 5,4 2,8 81
5 23 7,2 2,9 150
(2)

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6.7 heading/axes/zero/2 points/best fit

label/scale
[NO2]2

(7)

∆ [ NO ] [O2 ] [ NO] [O2 ]

2 2

6.8 Grad = (see graph) OR KC =

∆ [ NO 2 ] [ NO2 ]
2 2

Value 0,25 – 0,3

e.g. 102 – 34
360 – 120 = 0,28 (4)
6.9 Need to determine the average values from specific points
Gradient is Kc
Straight line averages values
OR
Working from the graph averages error
Working from the results more reliable
No – average results of table (3)
[30]
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QUESTION 7

7.1 Solution of ions/ solution that conducts electricity (2)

7.2 2 PbSO4 + 2 H2O
Pb + PbO2 + 2 SO42- + 4 H+ (2H2SO4) (3)

7.3 From the overall rxn:

As the battery discharges; more H2O is produced. → increasing V; decreasing
mass/unit volume.

OR

The amount of SO42– ion is reduced (removed) from solution reducing mass/unit
volume. (3)

7.4 Pb2+ + 2 e–
Pb

Therefore 2 mol of electrons needed per mole of lead deposited

1 mol of electrons is equivalent to 96 500 C

2 mol of electrons = 193 000 C

For 10 minutes at 1 V : Q = 1 × (60 × 10) = 600 C

Therefore 600 / 193 000 = 0,0031 mol of Pb

Mass = 0,0031 × 207 = 0,64 g (6)

7.5 Recharging does not replace Pb on the electrode perfectly/evenly eventually

leading to breakdown. /crystalisation/rational for change ??? (2)

7.6 Disagree

Li-ion batteries are expensive

While they do not pollute, a car would need a large battery to produce enough
energy to start the vehicle

Li-ion batteries would still find their way into landfill

Pb acid batteries are currently recycled.

Or Agree

Pb is hazardous to health
Mining and processing is also problematic
Pb batteries are heavy, and Li-ion may require less mass therefore save fuel
Recycling of lead-acid batteries is not making a significant enough impact (6)
[22]

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QUESTION 8

8.1 There remains a risk of (mercury poisoning) and pollution – especially to water
resources. dangerous costly to maintain escape environmental/ human (4)

8.2 Product is impure and NaCl is wasted Diaphragm cell has one outlet → so product
and unreacted NaCl flow out together. Product is thus impure.

Membrane cell has two outlets → dilute NaCl solution which is topped up ˆ more
cost effective. Pure product is produced → better able to sell. (4)

8.3 Diaphragm is non-selective membrane (often simple barrier like asbestos) → slows
throughput.

Membrane only allows certain ions through to the other half-cell

Membrane needs replacement (2)

8.4 Na cannot be produced because water is reduced before the Na+ ion. Therefore H2
is a product and not Na metal

OR

Na is a strong reducing agent/+ will not accept electrons, i.e. water is more
reactive. (3)
[13]

QUESTION 9

9.1 Gases have spaces between particles that allows an increase in pressure to reduce
volume as pressure increases. This causes an increase in the number of collisions
per unit time increasing the rate. (3)

9.2 Yes

Increase of temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the particles.

A greater proportion of collisions will have sufficient energy to react.

This causes more collisions per unit time

And thus there are more effective collisions per unit time
Increasing the rate of reaction (5)
[8]

Total: 200 marks

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