Functional patterns

❓ 1. What is a callback function?

A callback function is passed to another function as an argument and it is executed

after that function is invoked. Frequently, callback functions are used to continue
code after an asyncronous operation was completed (asyncronous callbacks).
async function fetchData(callback) {
const response = await fetch("fetchLINK");
const json = await response.json();
callback(json);
}

useEffect(() => {
fetchData(setData);
}, []);
❓ 2. What is ECMA script ? What is the difference between Javascript & ECMA
script ?

JavaScript is a programming language initially created by Netscape, whistl

ECMAScript consists of specifications (syntax, semantics, structure) for a
scripting language created by European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA).
JavaScript is one implementation based on ECMAScript standards.
-❓ 3. What is the difference between let & var ?

The let variables only work inside the block where they are defined (they are
blocked-scoped variables). On the other hand, the var variables are function-scoped
variables that, if defined inside a function, are accesible anywhere in that
function (including nested blocks or loops), and if they are defined globally, they
are accesible globally (in any function, any loop, any block of code).
Also, let variables are a EcmaScript6 features, and var variables are a ECMAScript1
feature (the let and const are modern alternatives included in more recent
standards, in order to have better control over variable scoping and to prevent
common programming errors).
❓ 4. Write an example where using the var declaration instead of the let could
create a hard to debug code.

var let
function printNumbers(){
var num = 10;

if (true){
var num = 20;
}

console.log(num)
}

printNumbers() // Output: 20 function printNumbers(){

let num = 10;

if (true){
let num = 20
}

console.log(num);
}
printNumbers() // Output: 10
❓ 5. Give a practical example where you would use the reduce function in
javascript.

We can use reduce to calculate the sum of all numbers in an array.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const sum = numbers.reduce((accumulator, currentValue) => {

return accumulator + currentValue;
}, 0);

console.log(sum); // Output: 15
❓ 6. Give a practical example where you would use the map function in javascript.

We can use map to transform each element of an array into another (Celsius degrees
into Fahrenheit degrees).

const celsiusTemperatures = [0, 10, 20, 30, 40];

const fahrenheitTemperatures = celsiusTemperatures.map((celsius) => {

return (celsius * 9/5) + 32;
});

console.log(fahrenheitTemperatures); // Output: [32, 50, 68, 86, 104]

❓ 7. Give a practical example where you would use the filter function in
javascript.

We can use filter to create a new array according to our criteria.

const people = [
{ name: 'Alice', age: 25 },
{ name: 'Bob', age: 30 },
{ name: 'Charlie', age: 35 },
{ name: 'Dave', age: 40 },
{ name: 'Eve', age: 45 },
];

const peopleOver35 = people.filter(person => person.age > 35);

console.log(peopleOver35); // Output: [ { name: 'Dave', age: 40 }, { name: 'Eve',

age: 45 } ]
Web basics
❓ 8 What is a web server?

*A web server can refer to hardware or software or both. Commonly, a web server is
a software application that receives requests from the clients, processes the data
and sends back responses for requested content.

❓ 9 Explain the client-server architecture.

According to Simplilearn.com, in the IT context, the client is a

computer/phone/tablet/device, also called a Host, that uses the service and accepts
information. The server is a remote computer that provides access to data and
services.
According to Wikipedia.com, the client–server model is a distributed application
structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or
service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients.
In conclusion, the client-server architecture describes the model in which one ore
more clients (machines) request and receive services and data from a server over a
network.
❓ 10 What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous execution?

According to Stackoverflow.com, when you execute something synchronously, you wait

for it to finish before moving on to another task. When you execute something
asynchronously, you can move on to another task before it finishes.
When you execute code or processes in a computer program, in the synchronous
execution, the program waits for each line of code to be completed in sequence. In
contrast, in asynchronous execution, the program moves on to the next code
regardless of the stage of execution for the previous code.
❓ 11 What is npm? Why is it useful?

npm is a package manager for Node.js that allows developers to install and manage
third-party packages and dependencies for their Node.js projects. Developers can
specify the dependencies required for their project in the package.json file, and
then use the npm install command to automatically download and install all the
required packages and their dependencies.
❓ 12 What is the difference between the depdendencies & devDependencies in a
package.json file?

Dependencies are packages required for the application in production, whistl

devDependencies are packages needed for local development and testing.
❓ 13 What would be the impact of javascript fetch if it was not asyncronous?

If fetch() was not asynchronous, the program would have to wait for the fetch
response and the code would not be executed until getting that response, which
would make the page slow and unresponsive.
❓ 14 What benefits would bring to a developer to use the Postman application?

Postman is helping developers to save time and effort when building and testing
API. Using Postman, you can test, you can collaborate, you can debug, you can
understand easier the API documentation.
❓ 15 List the parts of the URL.

An URL (Uniform Resource Locator) has the following parts:

a scheme (examples: http://, https://, ftp://, file://)

a domain or host (example: www.site.com)
a top-level domain (examples: .edu, .com, .org, .net)
a second-level domain (what is between www and domain; in previous example: site)
an optional subdomanin (example: blog.site.com)
a path (example: /index.html)
optional query string(s) (parameter(s) or data in the URL)
an optional fragment identifier (section or resource preceded by # in and URL)
❓ 16 What is query parameter?

According to Branch.io, query parameters are a defined set of parameters attached

to the end of a url. They are extensions of the URL that are used to help define
specific content or actions based on the data being passed.
To append query params to the end of a URL, a ? or ?q= is added, followed by a
query parameter.
To add multiple parameters, an & is added in between each.
A query parameter consists of a key-value pair.
https://example.com/path?name=Branch&products=[Journeys,Email,Universal%20Ads]
https://example.com/search?q=apple&category=fruit

❓ 17 What kind of HTTP status codes do you know?

 Informational responses (100 – 199)
Successful responses (200 – 299)
Redirection messages (300 – 399)
Client error responses (400 – 499)
Server error responses (500 – 599)
❓ 18 How does an HTTP Request look like? What are the most relevant HTTP header
fields?

Here are the most relevant HTTP request components (including headers):

request method: GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE

request URL

request headers: Content-Type: application/json; User-Agent; Accept; Authorization

request body

❓ 19 How does an HTTP Response look like? What are the most relevant HTTP header
fields?

Relevant components (and headers) for HTTP response:

status code: informational responses (100 – 199); successful responses (200 –

299); redirection messages (300 – 399); client error responses (400 – 499); server
error responses (500 – 599);

reason phrase (a human-readable explanation for the status code before)

response headers: Content-Type: application/json; Access-Control-Allow-Origin;

Access-Control-Request-Method: GET, Accept-Language; User-Agent;

response body

❓ 20 Why should you ignore the node_modules folder in .gitignore ?

It is better to put the node_modules folder in the .gitignore file because it gets
too much space from the Git repository (the folder has a large size). It is enough
to have them in the "package.json" so that you can use npm install and get them
again when you need them. Also, it is better for the security of the project to
include the "node_modules" in the ".gitignore" file.
Rest API: Serve and Fetch
❓ 21 Why is it recommend for a developer to use the http methods get, put, delete?

HTTP methods are secure and efficient ways to work with data on a server.
We use the GET method to retrieve data.
We use the PUT (or PATCH) method to update data.
We use DELETE method to delete data.
❓ 22 How does a POST request look like when it is made from a web browser (on the
frontend written)?

<form method="POST" action="/submit-form">

<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name"><br>

<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email"><br>
 <label for="message">Message:</label>
<textarea id="message" name="message"></textarea><br>

<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
❓ 23 What is an API?

API (Application Programming Interface) is a set of definitions, protocols,

routines and tools for building and integrating application software (source:
Redhat.com).
According to Ibm.com, an application programming interface is a set of rules that
define how applications or devices can connect and communicate with each other.
❓ 24 What is REST API?

REST APIs or RESTful APIs follow the principles and procedures of the
Representational State Transfer architectural style for web services.
The client (browser/ device) communicates with the server (application/ service) in
a flexible and standardized way, using almost any programming language and data
formats.
❓ 25 What is JSON and how do we use it?

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a text-based way of representing JavaScript

object literals, arrays, scalar data (source: Oracle.com).
JSON format is both easy for humans to read and write and for the machines to parse
and generate, and it can be used with any programming language.
In order to use JSON, we convert data from the programming language that we use
into JSON string or data structure, with the help of a JSON encoder, and we store
it into a file.
❓ 26 What is API versioning?

API versioning allow developers to make changes to an API without breaking the
clients' apllications that rely on that API.
The changes can be integrated in URL versioning (include change in API Url), query
versioning (include change in API parameter), header versioning (include change in
header) and media type versioning (include change in media type of response).
❓ 27 Give 3 examples of HTTP response status codes. Explain what each number means.

From 201 to 299: message indicates succes in retrieving the data. Example: 200 OK.
From 401 to 499: message indicates error on client side and that the server is
unable to find the requested data. Example: 404 not find.
From 501 to 599: message indicates error on server side. Example: 500 Internal
Server Error.
Advanced JavaScript
❓ 28 How does the ternary operator looks like in javascript?

According to MDN (developer.mozilla.org), the conditional (ternary) operator is the

only JavaScript operator that takes three operands: a condition followed by a
question mark (?), then an expression to execute if the condition is truthy
followed by a colon (:), and finally the expression to execute if the condition is
falsy.

condition ? expression1 : expression2

❓ 29 How to import a function from another module in JavaScript?

We can use import statement to import a function from another module (from which we
export the function using the export statement).
 Example from Stackoverflow.com:

models/course.js
export function Course() {
this.id = '';
this.name = '';
};
models/student.js
import { Course } from './course.js';

export function Student() {

this.firstName = '';
this.lastName = '';
this.course = new Course();
};
index.html
<div id="myDiv">
</div>
<script type="module">
import { Student } from './models/student.js';

window.onload = function () {
var x = new Student();
x.course.id = 1;
document.getElementById('myDiv').innerHTML = x.course.id;
}
</script>
❓ 30 What is a shallow copy on an object?

A shallow copy (or shallow clone) of an object can be created with the spread
operator (...) and it will generate a new object which properties will use the same
memory space as the ones of the original object. This way, if we change a property
value of the copy we also change the property value of the original.
Another way to create a shallow clone is with Object.assign() or slice().
In order to create a copy that doesn't use the same memory space, we need to create
a deep copy (deep clone), using the JSON.parse() and JSON.stringify methods.
❓ 31 What is a callback function? Tell some examples of its usage.

I already gave an example at ❓1

In JavaScript, a callback function is a function that is passed as an argument to

another function, and is executed when a certain event or action occurs. The main
purpose of a callback function is to allow a function to be more flexible and
reusable, by allowing different behaviors to be passed as arguments.

Example:

document.querySelector('button').addEventListener('click', function() {
// Do something when the button is clicked
});
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const doubledNumbers = numbers.map(function(number) {

return number * 2;
});

console.log(doubledNumbers);
❓ 32 What is object destructuring in JavaScript?
According to Tutorialspoint.com, JavaScript Object Destructuring is an expression
which allows us to access the data from objects and assign it to new variables.
Through this object destructuring, we can create variables easily from the object’s
properties.

Syntax:

const [a,b] = array;

const [a,b…t] = array;

const {a:a1,b:b1} = obj;

const {a:a1, b:b1,…..t:t1} = obj
Example:

const person = {
name: 'John Doe',
age: 30,
address: {
street: '123 Main St',
city: 'Anytown',
state: 'CA',
zip: '12345'
}
};

// Extract properties using destructuring

const { name, age, address: { city } } = person;

console.log(name); // 'John Doe'

console.log(age); // 30
console.log(city); // 'Anytown'
❓ 33 What is array destructuring in JavaScript?

With the help of array destructuring we can extract element from an array and
assign them to new variables at the same time.
Example:

const array = [1,2,3,4,5];

const [a,b] = array; // a : 1 , b :2 (values of a,b)
❓ 34 What is the spread operator in js?

The spread operator (...) allows us to create a shallow copy of an array or object
or iterable at at the same time to expand it in individual elements.
Example:

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

function sum(a, b, c, d, e) {
return a + b + c + d + e;
}

const result = sum(...numbers);

console.log(result);
❓ 35 What are the differences between the arrow function and the regular function?

Differences Arrow function Regular function

Syntax const arrowFunction = (x, y) => {return x+y};
or, also possible and even better:
const arrowFunction =(x,y) => x+y; function regularFunction (x, y){
return x+y;}
Arguments binding No argument binding. Yes.
let myFunction(){
showArgs(){
console.log(arguments)
}
}
myFunction.showArgs(1,2,3,4)
Acceptance of "this" keyword No. Yes.
Acceptance of "new" No. Yes.
Duplicate parameters Never. Only in non-strict mode.
❓ 36 What is the import keyword used for?

The import keyword is used to include external modules or dependencies into a

JavaScript file in frontend.
❓ 37 What is the require used for?

The require keyword is used to include external modules or dependencies into a

JavaScript file in backend.

❓ 38 What are template literals?

Template literals (template strings) allow us to embed expressions and variables

inside a string using backticks instead of single or double quotes.
Testing basics
❓ 39 What is code coverage? Why is it used?

Code coverage indicates the proportion of lines, functions and branches of the code
that were covered by a test. It helps to measure how much of the code has been
tested.
❓ 40 What is a test case? What is an assertion? Give examples!

A test case is a scenario that defines the input values, expected output, and any
other relevant conditions or requirements for a test.
An assertion is a statement that checks whether an expected condition is true or
false.
Example:

Test Case:
A login form that accepts a username and password.

Assertions:

When the correct username and password are entered, the user should be logged in
successfully.
When an incorrect username or password is entered, the user should not be logged
in.
When the login form is submitted without any input, an error message should be
displayed.
❓ 41 What are the unit testing best practices? (Eg. how many assertion should a
test case contain?)

Some rules to follow:

include a single assertion in one test method (test one thing at a time; one
assertion per test case)
use clear test cases
run tests frequently
 write tests during development
❓ 42 What is arrange/act/assert pattern?

The Arrange-Act-Assert (AAA) pattern is used in unit testing to structure and

organize test cases.
❓ 43 How do you test asynchronous code with jest ?

We can test asynchronous with jest using:

done()
promises
async/ await
done() + async/ await
❓ 44 What is setup & teardown in jest?

In jest, setup and teardown are functions that we can use to define actions to be
performed before and after running every test.
❓ 45 Give an example when you would use in jest the toBe & toEqual assertions.

The toBe assertion tests for strict equality between two values.
Example:

test('addition works correctly', () => {

expect(3 * 3).toBe(9);
});
The toEqual assertion, on the other hand, tests for deep equality between two
values.
Example:

test('objects are equal', () => {

const obj1 = { foo: 'bar', baz: 3000 };
const obj2 = { foo: 'bar', baz: 3000 };
expect(obj1).toEqual(obj2);
});
React basics
❓ 46 What benefits does it bring for a developer to use components (opposed of
writing all the code in a single file)?

Some benefits of using components instead of writing all code in one place:
code is more suple and easy to follow
it is easier to test/ debug the code
it is easier to re-use the code
it is easier to collaborate
makes things more clear and helps the logic
it is easier to make changes in the code
❓ 47 What is the difference between Element and Component?

Usually, an element refers to a HTML tag, whistl a component is more complex and
dynamic and encapsulates more elements.
❓ 48 How do you pass values between components in react?

To pass values between components in React, we can use:

props
useContext
specific libraries
event handling
❓ 49 What is key prop?

When working with a list and using .map() we need to include a key so that React
keeps track more efficiently of what we changed, added or deleted from the list.
 Example:

function MyList(props) {
const items = props.data.map((item) => (
<li key={item.id}>
{item.name}
<ul>
{item.children.map((child) => (
<li key={child.id}>{child.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
</li>
));
return <ul>{items}</ul>;
}
❓ 50 How does a child component pass data to it's parent component?

To pass data from a child component to its parent component, we can use props or
useContext.
❓ 51 Write the code to create in JSX an HTML DIV element that has the innerText the
contents of the variable let name = 'Andrew'

Example:

import React from 'react';

function MyComponent() {
let name = 'Andrew';

return (
<div>{name}</div>
);
}

export default MyComponent;

❓ 52 Write the code to create in JSX an unordered list from the array let names =
["Mathew", "John", "Maverik"]

Example:

import React from 'react';

function MyComponent() {
let names = ["Mathew", "John", "Maverik"];

return (
<ul>
{names.map((name) => (
<li key={name}>{name}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}

export default MyComponent;

❓ 53 Write the code to set the background color red of a div in JSX.

Example:
import React from 'react';

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div style={{ backgroundColor: 'red' }}>Hello, world!</div>
);
}

export default MyComponent;

Testing react
❓ 54 What are unit tests, integration tests? What is the major difference between
these two?

Unit tests are used to test a single unit or function of an application.

Integration tests are used to test the interaction between different parts of an
application.
❓ 55 What is unit testing?

Unit testing is designed to test individual units or components, isolated from the
rest of the application.
❓ 56 What does mocking mean from a testing perspective? Give an example when you
would use it.

When testing, mocking means to create a simulated version for the data that the
code we want to test relies on.
A frequent example of recently used mocking was to add data to see it create-read-
update-delete operations work as expected.
❓ 57 How do you test that function was called at least 2 times using jest?

Example:

function myFunction() {
// ...
}

// Test case
test('myFunction is called at least 2 times', () => {
// Call the function twice
myFunction();
myFunction();

// Assert that the function was called at least 2 times

expect(myFunction).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
expect(myFunction).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(2);
});
❓ 58 Name 4 benefits a developer gets from writing tests.

Some benefits for a developer to write tests:

catch and prevent bugs

better structure the code
prevent isssues in an early stage
React patterns
❓ 59 What is the difference between Real DOM and Virtual DOM?

Differences Real DOM Virtual DOM

1 Represents the current stage of the web page. Represents a copy of the Real
DOM that was stored.
2 Can change on-screen elements. Cannot change on-screen elements.
3 Any change updates the entire DOM structure. Any change only updates the
relevant node.
4 Slow update. Fast update.
5 Browser re-renders the entire page to reflect an update. Framework updates
only the changed parts of the Real DOM.
❓ 60 When adding an item to an array, why is it necessary to pass a new array to
the useState hook?

When we update an array, the state variable is updated too and a new copy of the
variable is created instead of changing the original, in order to be able to re-
render the component.
❓ 61 Describe what techniques or tools you use to debug a react app.

Techniques and tools that we use to debug a React application:

add console.log() statements everytime we need

use browser's debugger
use VSC debugger
get help from colleagues and mentors
❓ 62 What is the difference between a react class component & a functional
component?

A functional component is an easy to read, write and test component that consists
of a function where we can use React hooks (useState, useEffect).
A class component usses class keyword and extends React.Component and uses render()
method.
❓ 63 Name 3 lifecycle states in a react functional component.

Three lifecycle states in a React functional component:

useState
useEffect
useContext
❓ 64 What is conditional rendering in react ? Give an example.

Conditional rendering means to render different parts of the code based on certain
conditions.
Example from legacy.reacjs.org:

render() {
const count = 0;
return (
<div>
{count && <h1>Messages: {count}</h1>}
</div>
);
}
❓ 65 Write the code that prints to the console component destroyed when the
component it is part of is removed from the DOM tree.

import React, { useEffect } from 'react';

function DestroyedComponent() {
useEffect(() => {
return () => {
console.log('component destroyed');
};
}, []);
 return (
<div>
<h1>Destroyed component</h1>
<p>This is my component</p>
</div>
);
}

export default DestroyedComponent;

❓ 66 Why is there an infinite loop in this code?

const [count, setCount] = useState(0); //initial value of this

useEffect(() => {
setCount((count) => count + 1); //increment this Hook
}); //no dependency array.

return (
<div className="App">
<p> value of count: {count} </p>
</div>
);
}
The useEffect hook should have a dependency array, in this case [count], in order
to only render when the count is changed.
❓ 67 Why is there an infinite loop in this code?

async function App() {

const [count, setCount] = useState("");
setCount(count + 1);
return (
<div className="App">
<p> value of count: {count} </p>
</div>
);
}
The first problem is that the initial state of the useState hook is set to a
string, which is not correct for a count (should be a number or should be set to 0
or null).
Another problem is that the setCount should depend on a function or a button
handler or a condition - so that we know when to increment the count.
Also, it is enough to write count++ instead of count+1.
The reviewed version for the code should be something like this:

function App() {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

const incrementCount = () => {

setCount(count + 1);
};

return (
<div className="App">
<p> value of count: {count} </p>
<button onClick={incrementCount}>Increment</button>
</div>
);
}
Mongo & mongoose
❓ 68 What is a database schema?
A database schema in MongoDB describes the structure of data and specifies hot to
store the data, what type is the data and so on.
❓ 69 Why is the id unique in a database?

Every ObjectId in MongoDB is generated automatically and is unique, because the _id
field is the primary key for each document, in order to efficiently retrieve the
document from a collection.
❓ 70 What are the advatanges & disadvatages of using lean() function in a mongo
query?

lean() method in Mongoose Advantages Disadvantages

1 faster limited functionality
2 use less memory no schema validation
3 better performance no data manipulation
❓ 71 Write the code to store the object {name: "Andrew", age: 10} to a mongo
database. You can ignore the part of connection parameters.

const mongoose = require('mongoose');

const personSchema = new mongoose.Schema({

name: String,
age: Number
});

const Person = mongoose.model('Person', personSchema);

// Connect to the database (you can ignore the connection parameters)

mongoose.connect('mongodb://localhost/...');

// Create a new user object

const person = new Person({
name: 'Andrew',
age: 10
});

// Save the user to the database

person.save((err, person) => {
if (err) {
console.error(err);
} else {
console.log(`User ${person.name} saved to the database.`);
}
});
❓ 72 Write the code to delete from a mongo database all employees that are over 18
years. The scheme for an employee is {name: string, age: int}. You can ignore the
part of connection parameters.

db.employees.deleteMany({age: {$gt: 18}}) // $gt means greater than

❓ 73 Write the code to display in the console from a mongo database the employees
who are over 18 years. The scheme for an employee is {name: string, age: int}. You
can ignore the part of connection parameters.

db.employees.find({age: {$gt: 18}}).forEach(function(employee) {

print(employee.name + " is over 18 years old");
})
❓ 74 Write the code to update from a mongo database the employees with name='John'
and set the new age to 8. The scheme for an employee is {name: string, age: int}.
You can ignore the part of connection parameters.
db.employees.updateMany({name: "John"}, {$set: {age: 8}})
Authentication (cookies + google)
❓ 75 How to properly store passwords?

Passwords should not be stored in plain text, but should be stored in a database
after being encrypted by a reversible algorithm (source: Vaadata.com).
❓ 76 What are encryption and decryption?

Encryption transforms a readable text into an unreadable form to prevent third-

parties from reading it. (plaintext => encrypted text = cipher text)

Decryption transforms the encrypted text back into readable form. (encrypted text
=> plain text)

❓ 77 What is hashing?

Hashing is a technique generally used in cryptography to secure data by

transforming it into a hash value/ digest that ususally is a fixed-size string of
characters or numbers.
❓ 78 What is OAuth2?

OAuth2 (Open Authorization 2.0) is a standard meant to allow third-party websites

or applications to access protected data from another web app on behalf of a user,
without having access to the user's credentials.
❓ 79 What is the difference between encryption and hashing? When would you use
which?

According to EncryptionConsulting.com, encryption is a two-way function where data

is passed in as plaintext and comes out as ciphertext, which is unreadable. Since
encryption is two-way, the data can be decrypted so it is readable again. Hashing,
on the other hand, is one-way, meaning the plaintext is scrambled into a unique
digest, through the use of a salt, that cannot be decrypted.
We use encryption to protect confidentiality of data and we use hashing to protect
integrity of data (detect unauthorized changes).
❓ 80 How/where would you store sensitive data (like db password, API key, ...) of
your application?

Some ways to store sensitive data:

hidden in the project code

in path for environmental variables that are set outside the app code

hidden in configuration files

encrypted - stored in a database and store the encyption key separately (in a key
vault)

key vaults (secret stores) on cloud

❓ 81 What would you use a session for?

According to W3schools.com, a session is a way to store information (in variables)

to be used across multiple pages. Unlike a cookie, the information is not stored on
the users computer.
❓ 82 What would you use a cookie for?

Cookies are used to store data about user's preferences or login credentials. There
are generally two kinds of cookies: "persistent" cookies and "session" cookies.
Some of the cookies purposes are: session management, personalization, analytics,
advertising.
Mern stack
❓ 83 What does MERN stand for in the context of web development?

MERN stands for Mongoose-Express-React-Node.

❓ 84 What is routing in the context of a react app?

In the context of React, routing means to determine what should be displayed in a

given URL path.
❓ 85 What is routing in the context of an express app?

In the context of Express, routing means to determine which server-side function

should handle a specific HTTP request using a HTTP method.
❓ 86 What is CORS policy?

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) policy is a security mechanism designed to

prevent malicious scripts from stealing or manipulating data from sites.
app.use((req, res, next) => {
res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Methods', 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE');
res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', 'Content-Type');
next();
});

Da, CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) se referă la regulile și permisiunile care

permit sau restricționează cererile efectuate de un client (de obicei, un browser
web) către un backend (un server) dintr-un domeniu diferit (origin). Aceasta se
aplică atunci când o pagină web sau o aplicație web încearcă să facă cereri HTTP
către un server aflat pe un alt domeniu decât cel de pe care a fost încărcată
pagina.

Politica CORS este configurată de serverul backend și specifică care domenii sunt
autorizate să facă cereri către server și sub ce condiții. Acest lucru se face prin
intermediul antetelor HTTP, cum ar fi "Access-Control-Allow-Origin" și altele, care
indică permisiunile pentru resursele respective.

În esență, CORS reglementează și autorizează permisiunile clientului (browser-ului)

pentru a accesa și utiliza resurse de pe serverul backend. Aceasta ajută la
asigurarea securității și a controlului asupra accesului la resurse între diferite
domenii web.

❓ 87 What advantages does a developer have for using bootstrap or material ui?

Using bootstrap or material ui helps developers save time, because they don't have
to write the code from scratch using HTML, JS and CSS. Also, this helps maintain a
consistent user interface across the application. Another advantage is that it is
easy to adapt the interface to different devices and gadgets (tablet, mobile, pc,
etc).