Examples - Testing of Internal Combustion Engines

The A/F ratio is a minimum at A(i.e. richest mixture). As the A/F ratio is
increased the "bmep" increases until a maximum is reached at B (usually for an A/F
ratio between 10/1 and 13/1). Further increase in A/F ratio produce a decrease in
"bmep" with increasing economy until the position of maximum economy is reached at
D. beyond D, for increasing A/F ratios, both"bmep" and consumption values are
adversely affected. Near the point A the engine could be running unsteadily and there
may be combustion of the mixture in the exhaust system. At E, with the weakest
mixture, running will be unsteady and the combustion may be slow. Point C is the
point of chemically correct A/F ratio.
For multi-cylinder engines the consumption
loops are less distinct, but are generally similar to
that for the single – cylinder engine. This is also
true for tests made at part throttle opening. A
series of reading obtained at different throttle
positions at constant speed is shown in fig 6-19.

Example 6-5:
A four – cylinder petrol engine has a bore of 57mm and a stroke of 90mm. its
rated speed is 2800 rpm and it is tested at this speed against a brake which has a torque
arm of 0.356m. The net brake load is 155N and the fuel consumption is 6.74 l/h. The
specific gravity of the petrol used is 0.735 and it has a lower calorific value of;44200
kJ/kg. A Morse test is carried out and the cylinders are cut out in the order 1,2,3,4, with
corresponding brake load of 111,106.5, 104.2 and 111 N, respectively. Calculate for
this speed, the engine torque, the bmep, the brake thermal efficiency, the specific fuel
consumption, the mechanical efficiency and the imep.
Solution:
Torque T=RP=0.356 × 155 = 55.2 Nm
2S u 2800 u 55.2
b. p 2S NT 16.2 kw
60 u 103
b. p u 2 16.2 u 2 u 4 u 60 u 10 3
bmep 7.55 bar
ALNn S u 0.057 2 u 0.09 u 2800 u 4 u 105
b. p 16.2
K BT 0.266 or 26.6%
m f u C.V 0.001377 u 44200
6.74
Where mf u 1 u 0.735 0.001377 kg/s
3600
 f 0.001377 u 3600
m
sfc 0.306 kg/kW.h
b.p 16.2
The indicated load for the engine is calculated by the Morse test method as:
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 I=I1 + I2+I3+I4
and: I1= B-B1=155 - 111=44 N
I2= B-B2=155-106.5=48.5 N
I3= B-B3=155-104.2=50.8 N
I4= B-B4=155 - 111=44 N
I=44+48.5+50.8+44=187.3 N
b. p 155
KM 0.828 or 82.8%
i. p 187.3
16.2
i. p 19.57 kw
0.828
bmep K M u imep
7.55
i.e imep 9.12 bar
0.828
______________________________________________________________________

Solved problems – chapter (6):

Ex.1-3l six – cylinders SI engine operates on a four – stroke cycle and run at 3600 rpm.
The compression ratio is 9.5 the length of connecting rode is 16.6cm, and the bore
equal the stroke. Combustion ends at 20o after TDC calculate: (1) Cylinder bore and
stroke, (2) average piston speed, (3) clearance volume of one cylinder, (4) the distance
piston has traveled from TDC at the end of combustion, (5) volume of the combustion
chamber at the end of combustion.
Solution
3000 S
1- Volume of one cylinder, Vs 500 cc 0.0005m3 B2S
6 4
0.000637 B Ÿ B 0.086m 8.6cm S
3

2SN 2 u 0.086 u 3600

2- Vm 10.32 m/s
60 60
V V 0.0005  Vc
3- r s c 9.5
Vc Vc
i.e. Vc=0.000059m3=59 cm2
4- Volume at any C.A. = Vc+Vx
S
V Vc  x u B 2 (B=bore)
4
S
5- x=r(1-cos T ), r= = 4.3 cm
2
S
x= 4.3 (1-cos 20) = 0.26 cm, V=59+ (9)2 u 0.26 = 75.54 cm3
4

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Ex.2- The engine in example 1 is connected to a dynamometer which gives a brake
output torque of 205 Nm at 3600 rpm. At this speed air enters the cylinder at 85 kPa
and 60oC, and the mechanical efficiency of the engine is 85%. Calculate: (1) b.p, (2)
i.p, (3) bmep, (4) imep, (5)fmep, (6) f.p, (7) engine specific volume.
Solution
3600
1- b. p 2S NT 2S u u 205 77.3 kW
60
b. p 77.3
2- i. p 90.9 kW
KM 0.85
b. p u z 77.3 u 60 u 2
3- bmep 859 kPa
LANn 0.0005 u 3600 u 6
859
4- imep 1010.5 kPa
0.85
5- fmep ( Pf ) imep  bmep 1010.5  859 151.57 kPa
n 6 1
6- f . p Pf LAN u 151.57 u 0.0005 u 3600 u u 13.64 kW
z 2 60
swept volume 3l
7-Engine specific volume = 0.0388 L/kW
brake power 77.3
The inverse of the specific volume is = 25.8 kW/L
Ex.3-The engine in example 2 is running with A/F ratio =15,a fuel of heating
value;44000kJ/kg and a combustion efficiency of 97% calculate: (1) the rate of fuel
flow. (2)K BT , (3)K IT ,(4)KV , and brake specific consumption.
Solution:
1- The clearance volume of the engine = 0.000059 m3(example 1)
PVBDC P(Vc  Vs ) 85(kPa)(0.0005  0.000059)m 3
mD 0.0005 kg
RT RT 0.287(kJ / kgK )(333K )
ma 0.0005
mf 0.000033 kg f Per cylinder per cycle
A 15
F
kg 3600 1
m f (0.000033 )(6 cylinder)( rev / s )( effective cycle /cylinder)
cycle.cylinder 60 2
0.006 kg/s
b.p 77.3
2- KBT 0.302 or 30.2%
 f u C.V u Kc
m 0.006 u 44000 u 0.97
K BT 0.302
3- K IT 0.355 or 35.5%
Km 0.85
ma 0.0005 kg 1
4- KV 0.847 or 84.7%
U aVs ( P / RT )(0.0005 m 3 ) 1.181

64
 kg
m f 0.006
5- bsfc s 7.76 kg/kW.s 279 kg/kW.h
b. p 77.3 kw

P 1 . 013 u 10 2
U air
RT 0 . 287 (15 u 273 )
KV 0 . 76 76 %
Ex.4- A six-cylinder 4-stroke cycle petrol engine is to be designed to develop 300
kWof (b.p) at 2500 rpm the bore / stroke ratio is to be 1:1.25. Assuming K m =83% and
an indicated mean effective pressof 9.5 bar, determine the required bore and stroke. If
the compression ratio of the engine is to be 6.5 to 1, determine consumption of petrol
in kg/h and in kg/bp.hr. Take the ratio of the indicated thermal efficiency of the engine
to that of the constant volume air standard cycle as 0.55 and the calorific value of the
petrol as; 44770kJ/kg.
Solution
b.p=300 kW
b. p 300
Km ; i.p 361 kW
i. p 0.83
Pi 9 . 5 bar & N 2500 rpm
Pi u L u A u N u n 1
i.p u ( 4  strok engine )
60 2
9 . 5 u 10 5 u ( LA ) u 2500 u 6
1000 u 361
60 u 2
( LA ) 0 . 00304 m3
S
Let Diameter = D, ? L=1.25D &A= D2
4
S
1 .25 D u D 2 0 .00304
4
D3 0 .003096 Ÿ D 0 .146 m
D 14 .6 cm & L 1.25D 18.25 cm

r =6.5 & J =1.4

1 1
K a .s 1 1 52 . 6 %
r J 1 6 . 5 1 . 4 1
K th
Kr u 100
K A.S
K th
55 u 100
52 . 6
55 u 52 . 6
K th 28 . 9 %
100
i . p u 60
K th u 100
heat in fuel supplied /min

361 u 60
? Heat in fuel supplied /min = 74948 kJ
0.289
74948 kg 100.4
? Consumption of petrol in kg/h 100.4 & 0.33
44770 kW.h 300
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