FM Global

Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets 1-49

October 2021
Page 1 of 36

PERIMETER FLASHING

Table of Contents
Page

1.0 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Hazards ............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Changes ............................................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 3
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Construction and Location ................................................................................................................. 3
2.2.1 Flashing Ratings and Installation of FM Approved Perimeter Flashing Systems ................... 3
2.2.2 Wood Nailers ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.3 Cant Strips ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.4 Base Securement of Adhered Single-Ply Membranes with Reinforced Membrane
Attachment Strips .................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.5 Mechanical Fastening for Single-Ply Membranes Adhered to Walls or Parapets above
Roof Assemblies ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.6 Metal Counter-Flashing ........................................................................................................... 9
2.2.7 Flashing Systems at MFL Fire Walls ..................................................................................... 11
2.2.8 Securing Flashing to Existing Metal Panel Walls ................................................................. 11
2.2.9 Sealing Spaces between Walls and Roofs ........................................................................... 11
2.2.10 Gutter Systems Gravity Load ............................................................................................. 11
2.2.11 Roof Drainage ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.12 Flashing Systems and Roof-Mounted Photovoltaic Panels ................................................ 11
2.3 Operation and Maintenance ............................................................................................................ 11
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 12
3.1 Flashing Details for Multi-Ply Roof Covers ..................................................................................... 12
3.1.1 Masonry Wall with Roof Edge Cant with Multi-Ply Roof Cover ............................................ 12
3.1.2 Masonry Wall with High Parapet and Multi-Ply Roof Cover ................................................. 15
3.1.3 Cantilevered Wood Nailers .................................................................................................. 16
3.1.4 Panel Wall With Parapet and Multi-Ply Roof Cover ............................................................ 17
3.1.5 Metal Gravel Guards and Fascias ........................................................................................ 17
3.1.6 Gutters ................................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Single-Ply Membrane (SPM) Flashing Details ................................................................................ 19
3.2.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 19
3.2.2 Membrane Terminations ........................................................................................................ 20
3.2.3 Reglets .................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.4 Termination Bars .................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.5 Masonry Anchors and Fasteners .......................................................................................... 25
3.2.6 Parapets ................................................................................................................................ 25
3.2.7 Base Securement of Adhered Single-Ply Membranes with Reinforced Membrane
Attachment Strips (RMAS) ................................................................................................... 25
3.3 Roof Penetrations ............................................................................................................................ 27
3.4 Resistance of FM Approved Flashing ............................................................................................. 27
3.5 Example Problems ......................................................................................................................... 28
3.5.1 Example Problem 1: Fully Adhered Roof Cover .................................................................. 28
3.5.2 Example Problem 2: Mechanically Fastened Roof Cover .................................................... 32
3.6 Loss History .................................................................................................................................... 32
3.7 Illustrative Losses ............................................................................................................................ 32
3.7.1 Hurricane Winds Strike Building Corner ............................................................................... 32
3.7.2 Hook Strip Not Provided ........................................................................................................ 33

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1-49 Perimeter Flashing
Page 2 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

3.7.3 Hooking of Metal Fascia Inadequate .................................................................................... 33

4.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 34
4.1 FM Global ...................................................................................................................................... 34
4.2 Others .............................................................................................................................................. 34
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................... 34
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ...................................................................................... 36

List of Figures
Fig. 2.2.4.2.1-1. Reinforced membrane attachment strip with stress plate approximately 1 in. (25 mm)
from edge ............................................................................................................................. 9
Fig. 2.3.2-1. Existing perimeter flashing secured at its lower edge ............................................................. 12
Fig. 3.1.1-1. Multi-ply roof cover with perimeter edge flashing detail ......................................................... 13
Fig. 3.1.1-2. Multi-ply roof cover with roof edge cant and wood fascia ....................................................... 13
Fig. 3.1.1-3. Multi-ply roof cover with roof edge fascia cap (cant) flashing ................................................. 14
Fig. 3.1.1-4. Detail A from Figure 3.1.1-3 .................................................................................................... 14
Fig. 3.1.2-1. Multi-ply roof cover with masonry wall with high parapet ....................................................... 15
FIig. 3.1.3-1. Multi-ply roof with panel wall with roof edge cant, nailer bolted to roof joistsg ..................... 17
Fig. 3.1.3-2. Multi-ply roof cover with panel wall with roof edge cant, nailer screwed to roof deck ........... 18
Fig. 3.1.3-3. Multi-ply roof with panel wall with roof edge cant, nailer screwed to deck ............................ 18
Fig. 3.1.4-1. Panel wall with parapet and multi-ply roof cover .................................................................... 19
Fig. 3.1.5-1. Metal gravel guard fascia flashing .......................................................................................... 20
Fig. 3.1.6-1 Metal gutter with fascia flashing ............................................................................................... 20
Fig. 3.2.2-1. Single-ply membrane with metal gravel guard fascia flashing ............................................... 21
Fig. 3.2.2-2. Single-ply membrane roof with edge cap (cant) fascia flashing ............................................. 22
Fig. 3.2.2-3. PVC membrane edge detail with gravel stop ......................................................................... 22
Fig. 3.2.2-4. Single-ply membrane roof with drip (drainage) fascia flashing .............................................. 23
Fig. 3.2.3-1. Single-ply membrane wall or parapet terminations with reglets ............................................. 23
Fig. 3.2.3-2. Single-ply membrane attachment to precast walls (where reglet was not formed) ............... 24
Fig. 3.2.3-3. Single-ply membrane termination under parapet coping ........................................................ 24
Fig. 3.2.7-1. Reinforced membrane attachment strip secured to roof deck ............................................... 26
Fig. 3.2.7-2. Reinforced membrane attachment strip secured to a wall ...................................................... 26
Fig. 3.2.7-3. Wind uplift test on adhered single-ply membrane with reinforced membrane attachment
strip (RMAS) ............................................................................................................................ 27
Fig. 3.5.1.1.1-1. RoofNav’s ratings calculator output .................................................................................. 29
Fig. 3.5.1.1.2-1. RoofNav’s product search .................................................................................................. 30
Fig. 3.5.1.1.3-1. RoofNav’s product detail report ........................................................................................ 31
Fig. 3.5.1.1.3-2. RoofNav’s product details ................................................................................................. 31
Fig. 3.6-1. Examples of perimeter flashing installations THAT ARE NOT RECOMMENDED .................... 33

List of Tables
Table 2.2.2.3.2-1. Maximum Spacing for ½ in. (13 mm) Anchor Bolts Securing Wood Nailers to
Structural Concrete or Reinforced Concrete Masonry Unit Walls ................................... 6
Table 2.2.2.3.2-2. Maximum Spacing for 3/8 in. (10 mm) Anchor Bolts Securing Wood Nailers to
Structural Concrete or Reinforced Concrete Masonry Unit Walls ................................... 6
Table 2.2.2.3.4-1. Maximum Spacing Within Each Row (2 rows required) for Fasteners Securing Wood
Nailers to Structural Concrete Decks or Minimum 22 ga. (0.0295 in. [0.75 mm])
Steel Decks ...................................................................................................................... 7
Table 2.2.2.3.6-1. Maximum Spacing Within Each Row (2 Rows Required) for Fasteners Securing
Wood Members to Wood Nailers ...................................................................................... 8
Table 2.2.6-1. Maximum Counter-Flashing Height (“L” Dimension in Figures) and Metal Thicknesses (in.) . 10
Table 2.2.6-2. Maximum Counter-Flashing Height (“L” in Figures) and Metal Thicknesses (mm) .............. 10
Table 2.2.8-1. Maximum Fastener Spacing for Flashing Secured Directly to Existing Metal Panel Walls . 11
Table 2.3.1-1. Maximum Fastener Spacing to Secure Loose Flashing to wood and masonry .................. 12
Table 3.4-1. Minimum Resistances for FM Approved Flashing Systems1 .................................................. 28

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Perimeter Flashing 1-49
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 3

1.0 SCOPE
This data sheet provides guidance for determining wind ratings and installing FM Approved perimeter roof
flashing and external gutter systems. Flashing systems include:
A. Fascia systems used with membrane roofs, which include built-up coverings (BUR), modified bitumen
(mod-bit) coverings, single-ply membrane coverings (SPM), and liquid applied roof coverings.
B. Metal coping systems used over the top of parapets for any roof type.
Wind ratings are calculated using RoofNav’s Ratings Calculator then used in RoofNav’s Product Search to
select FM Approved systems. Guidance for wood nailers and other perimeter roof components, including
base flashings if roof assemblies intersect higher walls (including parapets), is also provided, along with
inspection and maintenance guidelines.
For new construction, use this data sheet in conjunction with the roofing specifications. The recommendations
are intended as a guide to secure the roof cover and to prevent perimeter flashing from blowing off.
Differential movement between the building roof and wall can introduce stresses into the flashing components.
Such movement should be carefully considered by the architect or engineer responsible for the building
design.
For information on various roof coverings their maintenance, securement, and wind design, see RoofNav
and Data Sheet 1-32, Inspection and Maintenance of Roof Assemblies; Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design; and
Data Sheet 1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components.

1.1 Hazards
Properly installed perimeter edge flashing is critical to securing the roof cover to the building and preventing
loss of the roof cover and resultant water intrusion and damage from windstorms. See FM Global publications
Roof Fix-It Guide: Perimeter Flashing (P9403a) and Protecting Roofing Systems Against Windstorm
Damage (P0283) for additional information.

1.2 Changes
October 2021. This document has been completely revised. The following significant changes were made:
A. Revised design guidance for calculating flashing ratings to reflect changes in pressure coefficients in
Data Sheet 1-28 and ASCE 7-16.
B. Deleted Table 1 because RoofNav’s Ratings Calculator is now used to calculate flashing ratings.
C. Information in 2.2.7, Flashing Systems at MFL Fire Walls, has been deleted and recommends using
Data Sheet 1-42, Maximum Foreseeable Loss Limiting Factors.

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1 Introduction
The following recommendations are intended to provide perimeter flashing systems, gutters, wood nailers,
and other perimeter roof components with the proper wind resistance to secure the roof covering and protect
the building and interior contents for the weather. RoofNav’s Ratings Calculator is used to calculate flashing
ratings and RoofNav’s Product Search is used to select FM Approved perimeter flashing and gutter systems.
FM Approved perimeter flashing systems are monitored under the FM Approvals Surveillance Audit program.
Use FM Approved equipment, materials, and services whenever they are applicable and available. For a
list of roofing products that are FM Approved, see www.roofnav.com.

2.2 Construction and Location

2.2.1 Flashing Ratings and Installation of FM Approved Perimeter Flashing Systems

2.2.1.1 Use FM Approved fascia or gutter systems at roof edges (where the roof transitions to a lower vertical
or near-vertical wall) with membrane covered roofs.
Use FM Approved coping on top of parapets.

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1-49 Perimeter Flashing
Page 4 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

Determine flashing and gutter ratings and install them in accordance with recommendations 2.2.1.2 through
2.2.1.9.
In the tables and figures, zone 2 includes zones 2e and 2n, and zone 3 includes zones 3e and 3r.
2.2.1.2 Use RoofNav’s Ratings Calculator and DS 1-28 to calculate the following:
A. Zone 2 perimeter flashing and gutter rating(s) for Zones 2, 2e or 2n and Zone 3 corner flashing rating(s)
for Zones 3, 3e or 3r when present. Coping and fascia’s may have different ratings.
Use the recommended Zone 2 perimeter rated gutters in Zone 3 because gutters do not have a Zone 3
corner rating.
B. Zone 1 roof rating.
C. Dimensions for Zones 3, 3e, or 3r when present.
Flashing ratings are not reduced when minimum 3 ft (91.0 m) continuous parapets are present.
2.2.1.3 Use RoofNav to select FM Approved system(s) with the minimum recommended Zone 2 perimeter
rating for Zones 2, 2e, or 2n, and Zone 3 corner rating for Zones 3, 3e, or 3r, when present. The vertical fascia
height should be adequate for the drip edge bend to be a minimum 1 in. (25 mm) below the bottom of the
bottom nailer. See Figure 3.1.1 detail A.
When adequately rated FM Approved gutters are not available, secure them behind properly rated FM
Approved flashing. Space gutter brackets according to the FM Approval but not more than 30 in. (800 mm).
See Fig. 3.1.6-1.
2.2.1.4 When selecting edge flashing systems (not for roof systems terminating at higher vertical walls or
parapets), determine if the roof cover is independently terminated or dependently terminated. (See Appendix
A for definitions and examples of independently terminated and dependently terminated roof systems.)
Ballasted systems and mechanically fastened single-ply roof covers where the distance from the outside
edge of the nailer to the first row of fasteners is more than 12 in. (300 mm) are dependently terminated.
2.2.1.5 For dependently terminated roof covers, secure the roof cover to the roof deck with a row of FM
Approved batten bars, stress plates or reinforced membrane attachment strips (RMAS) within 12 in. (300 mm)
of the outside edge of the wood nailer. Use fasteners FM Approved for the securement of the roof cover
to the roof deck spaced 6 in. (150 mm) maximum in Zones 2 and 3. (This additional edge securement,
sometimes referred to as a “peel stop,” changes a dependently terminated roof cover to an independently
terminated one.)
2.2.1.6 Install the FM Approved fascia, coping or gutter assembly using fasteners of the type (screw or nail)
and size and to the spacing’s for Zone 2 and Zone 3 in the FM Approval listing in RoofNav. Increase fastener
lengths by the width of any material(s) between these and the nailer. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions
for the fastener’s material and coating (e.g., stainless steel, hot dip galvanized). Exposed screws should have
a bonded sealing washer to prevent water intrusion.
When manufacturer’s guidance is not available, fasteners should be corrosion resistant and compatible with
the flashing material and wood nailer. When the wood nailer is treated wood, use stainless steel, hot-dipped
galvanized steel complying with ASTM A153 (or equivalent), or fasteners with proprietary coatings
recommended by the manufacturer for use in the specific type of treated wood. Uncoated aluminum and
electroplated galvanized steel fasteners should not be used. Refer to the NRCA Roofing Manual: Architectural
Metal Flashing, Condensation and Air Leakage Control, and Reroofing, for additional details.
2.2.1.7 Separate uncoated metal, including aluminum, or painted metal flashings and accessory products,
except those of 300-series stainless steel, from pressure-treated wood (PTW) by a spacer or barrier such as
a single-ply membrane or self-adhering modified bitumen membrane.
2.2.1.8 Install other components and seal to the roof cover to provide watertightness in accordance with
the manufacturer’s instructions. National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) guidelines provide
additional direction along with Section 3.0 and Figures 3.1.1-1 through 3.2.7-2, which show common
installation details. (Section 3.0 is for information only and does not include recommendations.)
2.2.1.9 Ensure good workmanship, attention to detail, and proper supervision at all times in the construction
of the perimeter flashing assembly.

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Perimeter Flashing 1-49
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2.2.2 Wood Nailers

2.2.2.1 When to Provide Wood Nailers

Provide wood nailers when recommended by the manufacturer, when required for fastening flashing or at
the edge of the roof assembly. When roof assemblies intersect higher walls including parapets, it is acceptable
to secure the roof assembly, when required, to the roof deck without a wood nailer.

2.2.2.2 Size and Type of Wood for Wood Nailers

Use minimum 1½ by 5½ in. (40 by 140 mm) wood nailers of pressure-treated or untreated Douglas Fir,
Southern Yellow Pine, or wood having similar decay-resistant properties and specific gravities. The maximum
unsupported overhang is 2 in. (50 mm), in which case minimum 1½ by 7¼ in. (38 by 185 mm) nailers are
needed, secured with two rows of staggered fasteners.
Flashing should not be nailed or fastened into plywood. Plywood can be used as spacers in the nailer
assembly.

2.2.2.3 Securement of Wood Nailers

Fasten wood nailers following Recommendations 2.2.2.3.1 through 2.2.2.3.6, with the fasteners near the
end of each section placed between 3 and 4 in. (75 and 100 mm) from the end. Stagger fasteners in two
rows when nailers are wider than 6 in. (300 mm). Recommendations are based on minimum 1½ by 5½ in.
(40 by 140 mm) wood nailers with ¾ in. deep countersinks for bolts and washers. Other size fasteners and
fastener spacings may be acceptable if supported by structural calculations that resist the upward and
outward design wind loads on the nailer and nailer substrate, including concrete breakout. Obtain design
loads using the RoofNav Calculator and Data Sheet 1-28. Alternate securement for wood nailers should follow
ANSI/AWC NDS-2018 ASD/LRFD NDS National Design Specification for Wood Construction; TMS 402/602-
16, Building Code Requirements and Specifications for Masonry Structures, 2016 Edition; or Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19), as appropriate, or comparable local code outside the
United States. Reduce the nailer thickness used in calculations by the countersink depth for washers and
bolts.

2.2.2.3.1 Fasteners for Wood Nailers

Use corrosion-resistant fasteners that are compatible with the wood nailer. When the wood nailer is treated
wood, use stainless steel, hot-dipped galvanized steel complying with ASTM A153 (or equivalent) or
fasteners with propriety coatings recommended by the manufacturer for use in the specific type of treated
wood. Bolts should be of sufficient length for all threads in the nuts to be fully engaged.

2.2.2.3.2 Securement of Wood Nailers to Structural Concrete Walls or Reinforced Concrete Masonry Unit
Walls
A. Secure wood nailers to structural concrete (see Figure 3.1.1-4) or reinforced concrete masonry unit
walls using ½ in. (13 mm) or 3/8 in. (10 mm) steel headed or plate anchor bolts (or threaded rod with a
nut at the end) with bolts and washers spaced in accordance with Tables 2.2.2.3.2-1 or 2.2.2.3.2-2. Embed
anchor bolts a minimum of 5 in. (300 mm). Countersink bolt holes a maximum of 3/4 in. (20 mm) when
1½ (40 mm) thick wood nailers are used.
For concrete masonry unit (concrete block) walls, embed anchor bolts into a fully grouted concrete bond
beam at the top of the wall. Ensure concrete grout is in accordance with ASTM C476-20 (or comparable
local standard outside the United States) and is flush with the top of the block. See details in Figures
3.1.1-1 through 3.1.1-3. There should be a continuous vertical load path from the concrete bond beam
to the foundation using vertical steel reinforcement spaced a maximum of 10 ft (3.0 m) along the wall
installed to Building Code Requirements and Specifications for Masonry Structures, 2013 Edition, or
comparable local standard outside the United States.
B. When steel framing is continuous directly below the wood nailer (such as where a beam has been
installed at the top of the wall, or a steel angle is running parallel to steel deck ribs), the nailer may be
bolted to it in accordance with Tables 2.2.2.3.2-1 or 2.2.2.3.2-2. Wood filler blocks may be required. Stagger
anchor bolts, in all cases, if the nailer is wider than 6 in. (150 mm).

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1-49 Perimeter Flashing
Page 6 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

Table 2.2.2.3.2-1. Maximum Spacing for ½ in. (13 mm) Anchor Bolts Securing Wood Nailers to Structural Concrete or
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Unit Walls1
Minimum Wind Rating for Zone 1 Max. Zone 2 Spacing, in. (mm) Max. Zone 3 Spacing, in. (mm)
60 48 (1200) 24 (600)
75 48 (1200) 24 (600)
90 48 (1200) 24 (600)
105 48 (1200) 24 (600)
120 48 (1200) 24 (600)
135 48 (1200) 24 (600)
150 36 (900) 24 (600)
165 36 (900) 24 (600)
180 36 (900) 24 (600)
195 36 (900) 24 (600)
210 24 (600) 24 (600)
225 24 (600) 24 (600)
240 24 (600) 12 (300)
255 24 (600) 12 (300)
270 24 (600) 12 (300)
Note 1. For coping or flashing with maximum fascia height of 13 in. (330 mm) and bolt holes countersunk a maximum of 3/4 in. (20 mm)
in 1 1/2 (40 mm) thick wood nailers. NOTE: Other sizes and spacings of anchor bolts may be acceptable if supported by structural calculations
following Recommendation 2.2.2.3. Reduce nailer thickness in calculations by countersink depth for washers and bolts.

Table 2.2.2.3.2-2. Maximum Spacing for 3/8 in. (10 mm) Anchor Bolts Securing Wood Nailers to Structural Concrete or
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Unit Walls1
Minimum Wind Rating for Zone 1 Max. Zone 2 Spacing, in. (mm) Max. Zone 3 Spacing, in. (mm)
60 48 (1200) 24 (600)
75 48 (1200) 24 (600)
90 48 (1200) 24 (600)
105 48 (1200) 24 (600)
120 48 (1200) 24 (600)
135 36 (900) 24 (600)
150 36 (900) 24 (600)
165 36 (900) 24 (600)
180 24 (600) 12 (300)
195 24 (600) 12 (300)
210 24 (600) 12 (300)
225 24 (600) 12 (300)
240 24 (600) 12 (300)
255 24 (600) 12 (300)
270 24 (600) 12 (300)
Note 1. For coping or flashing with maximum fascia height of 13 in. (330 mm) and bolt holes countersunk a maximum of 3/4 in. (20 mm)
in 1 1/2 (40 mm) thick wood nailers. NOTE: Other sizes and spacings of anchor bolts may be acceptable if supported by structural calculations
following Recommendation 2.2.2.3. Reduce nailer thickness in calculations by countersink depth for washers and bolts.

2.2.2.3.3 Securement of Wood Nailers to Secondary Steel Framing

Where wood nailers are secured to secondary steel framing running perpendicular to it (such as when wood
nailers are parallel to steel deck ribs) secure as follows:
A. For deck spans 7 ft (2.1 m) or less where the minimum wind rating for Zone 1 is 90 or less, attach
wood nailers to each roof joist with one 5/8 in. (16 mm) diameter steel bolt (see Figure 3.1.3-1) in Zone
2 and two 5/8 in. or two ½ in. (16 or 13 mm) diameter steel bolts in Zone 3. Locate joints in lower wood
nailers over the steel joists. Larger diameter bolts should not be used unless calculations are provided by
a structural engineer because the thicker bolts and washers for larger diameter bolts reduce the nailer
thickness after countersinking, resulting in a weaker connection.
B. For deck spans longer than 7 ft (2.1 m), or where the minimum wind rating for Zone 1 exceeds 90,
secure a steel angle to the structure below the nailer and attach the nailer to the angle in accordance with
Recommendation 2.2.2.3.2 using Table 2.2.2.3.2-1 or 2.2.2.3.2-2. Structural framing used to secure the
anchor bolts should be designed to resist the design loads in Recommendation 2.2.2.3.

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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 7

2.2.2.3.4 Securement of Wood Nailers to Steel Decks

Where wood nailers are secured to minimum 22 ga. (0.0295 in.; 0.75 mm) steel decks, use any fastener
that is FM Approved for the securement of above-deck roof components to steel decks. Provide two staggered
rows of fasteners with a maximum fastener spacing within each row in accordance with Table 2.2.2.3.4-1.
Fasten into the top flange of the steel deck with fasteners of sufficient length to protrude ¾ in. (19 mm) below
the steel deck. For details see Figures 3.1.3-2 Multi-ply roof cover with panel wall with roof edge cant, nailer
screwed to roof deck and 3.1.3-3 Multi-ply roof with panel wall with roof edge cant, nailer screwed to deck.
Prior to installing the wood nailers, secure the steel deck to joists or purlins in accordance with Data Sheet
1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components.
Do not install wood nailers to steel decks that overhang the supporting beam unless the outer extremity of
the deck or nailer is secured from vertical deflection by attachment to the roof joists or wall.

Table 2.2.2.3.4-1. Maximum Spacing Within Each Row (2 rows required) for Fasteners Securing Wood Nailers to Structural
Concrete Decks or Minimum 22 ga. (0.0295 in. [0.75 mm]) Steel Decks1
Minimum Wind Rating for Zone 1 Max. Zone 2 Spacing, in. (mm) Max. Zone 3 Spacing, in. (mm)
60 24 (600) 24 (600)
75 24 (600) 24 (600)
90 24 (600) 24 (600)
105 24 (600) 24 (600)
120 24 (600) 24 (600)
135 24 (600) 24 (600)
150 24 (600) 24 (600)
165 24 (600) 18 (500)
180 24 (600) 18 (500)
195 24 (600) 18 (500)
210 24 (600) 18 (500)
225 18 (500) 12 (300)
240 18 (500) 12 (300)
255 18 (500) 12 (300)
270 18 (500) 12 (300)
Note 1. Maximum fascia height of 13 in. (330 mm). NOTE: Other sizes and spacing’s of fasteners may be acceptable if supported by structural
calculations following Recommendation 2.2.2.3.

2.2.2.3.5 Securement of Wood Nailers to Structural Concrete Decks

Where wood nailers are secured to structural concrete decks with a minimum compressive strength fc of
2500 psi (17,000 kPa), use any fastener that is FM Approved for securing above-deck roof components to
structural concrete decks. Provide two staggered rows of fasteners with maximum fastener spacing within
each row in accordance with Table 2.2.2.3.4-1. Provide a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm) embedment into the
concrete. Wood nailers should not be anchored to lightweight insulating concrete (LWIC).

2.2.2.3.6 Securement of Wood Members to Wood Nailers

Secure wood members, such as fascias, cant strips, and top nailers, up to 8 in. (200 mm) wide to lower
wood nailers using minimum 10d (penny) (3 in., 75 mm) long common (smooth shank) nails or minimum no.
8 (4 mm dia.) screws in two staggered rows. The maximum fastener spacing within each row should be in
accordance with Table 2.2.2.3.6-1 with nails or fasteners long enough to penetrate 1-1/2 in. (40 mm) into the
lower wood nailer. Other fasteners with a minimum design withdrawal resistance of 60 lb (27 kg) using
ANSI/AWC NDS-2012 National Design Specification for Wood Construction or equivalent local standard. This
securement method is acceptable for a maximum of two (2) top wood nailers secured to the bottom wood
nailer. Other configurations should be designed by a structural engineer.

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1-49 Perimeter Flashing
Page 8 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

Table 2.2.2.3.6-1. Maximum Spacing Within Each Row (2 Rows Required) for Fasteners Securing Wood Members to Wood
Nailers1
Minimum Wind Rating for Zone 1 Max. Zone 2 Spacing, in. (mm) Max. Zone 3 Spacing, in. (mm)
60 24 (600) 12 (300)
75 24 (600) 12 (300)
90 24 (600) 12 (300)
105 24 (600) 12 (300)
120 22 (560) 12 (300)
135 20 (510) 12 (300)
150 18 (500) 12 (300)
165 16 (400) 10 (250)
180 14 (360) 10 (250)
195 14 (360) 8(200)
210 12 (300) 8(200)
225 12 (300) 8(200)
240 10(250) 6(150)
255 10(250) 6(150)
270 10(250) 6(150)
Note 1. Maximum fascia height of 13 in. (330 mm) and maximum 8 in. (200 mm) wide wood members. NOTE: Other sizes and spacings
may be acceptable if supported by structural calculations following Rec. 2.2.2.3.

2.2.3 Cant Strips

Provide wood cant strips if required by the manufacturer or if the flashing assembly or roof cover is screwed
or nailed into the cant strip. Otherwise non-wood cant strips can be used. Non-wood cant strips should be
of a material that is in an FM Approved assembly in which the roof cover is adhered to it. Secure in accordance
with Recommendation 2.2.2.3.6.

2.2.4 Base Securement of Adhered Single-Ply Membranes with Reinforced Membrane Attachment
Strips
This section applies to reinforced membrane attachment strips (RMAS) that are mechanically fastened (not
adhered to insulation or coverboard) and used for base securement of fully adhered single-ply membranes
where roof assemblies intersect higher walls including parapets.
2.2.4.1 Use RMAS with seam tape that is either factory- or field-applied after using field primer on the roof
cover per the manufacturer’s instructions. Splicing cement is not recommended because seam tape provides
additional stiffness that improves wind uplift resistance.
2.2.4.2 Fasten RMAS in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions using FM Approved batten bars
or stress plates and FM Approved fasteners to the nailer, deck, or wall as follows (see details in Figures
2.2.4.2.1-1, 3.2.7-1, and 3.2.7-2):
A. Fasten maximum 12 in. (300 mm) in Zone 2 and 6 in. (150 mm) in Zone 3 where a minimum Zone 1
rating of 90 or less is needed. Fasten 12 in. (300 mm) in Zone 3 if there is a minimum 3 ft (900 mm) high
continuous parapet around the entire roof.
B. Fasten maximum 6 in. (150 mm) in Zone 2 and 4 in. (100 mm) in Zone 3 where a Zone 1 rating of
105 or greater is needed. Fasten 6 in. (150 mm) in Zone 3 if there is a minimum 3 ft (900 mm) high
continuous parapet around the entire roof.
2.2.4.2.1 Locate fasteners and stress plates inward from the wall or parapet to the maximum tolerance allowed
by the manufacturer from the edge of the RMAS (as close to the seam tape as allowed) to reduce the
unadhered section of the RMAS that cantilevers over the insulation board. See Figure 2.2.4.2.1-1.

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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 9

Fig. 2.2.4.2.1-1. Reinforced membrane attachment strip with stress plate approximately 1 in. (25 mm) from edge

2.2.5 Mechanical Fastening for Single-Ply Membranes Adhered to Walls or Parapets above Roof
Assemblies
Provide mechanical fastening for single-ply membranes adhered to walls or parapets in accordance with
the manufacturer’s instructions and designed to resist the zone 4 and 5 wind pressures. Fastening consists
of one or more rows, usually horizontal, of batten bars, stress plates, or reinforced membrane attachment
strips with fasteners securing the membrane to the wall. (Many roofing manufacturers recommend mechanical
fastening of single-ply membranes adhered to walls when the height on the wall of the adhered membrane
exceeds 4 or 5 ft [1.2 to 1.5 m]). See reinforced membrane attachment strip in Figure 2.2.4.2.1-1.
When guidance is not provided, install equally spaced horizontal or vertical rows of FM Approved batten
bars, stress plates, or reinforced membrane attachment strips with fasteners with a maximum spacing
between rows of 5 ft (1.5 m) as follows:
A. When the minimum recommended Zone 1 rating is 90 or less, space fasteners a maximum of 12 in.
(300 mm).
B. When the minimum recommended Zone 1 rating is 105 or higher , space fasteners a maximum of 6
in. (150 mm).

2.2.6 Metal Counter-Flashing

Size metal counter-flashing in accordance with Table 2.2.6-1 (or 2.2.6-2 for metric) and secure in accordance
with the roofing manufacturer but not less than as recommended below. Other size counter-flashing and
securement that have been tested or designed by a licensed structural engineer can be used. They should
resist the horizontal pressures in Table 3.4-1 (which include a safety factor of 2) for the applicable Zone 1
roof rating. (Currently there are no FM Approved counter-flashings.)
A. When secured directly to concrete or masonry walls, use metal anchors (no plastic materials) spaced
a maximum of 12 in. (300 mm) along Zone 2 (see Figure 3.1.2-1) and a maximum 6 in. (150 mm) in Zone
3. The anchors should be at least 1 in. (25 mm) below the top edge of the felt base flashing and should
penetrate the wall at least 1 in. (25 mm). Typical 1/4 in. (6 mm) diameter fasteners should provide
acceptable pullout resistance. For smaller diameters or lesser embedment, the manufacturer should verify
that a minimum ultimate pull-out resistance of 200 lb (91 kg) per fastener is provided.
B. When secured on the interior side of the wall to wood nailers, use minimum No. 10 (5 mm) galvanized
screw fasteners with bonded sealing washers spaced a maximum of 12 in. (300 mm) along Zone 2 and
a maximum of 6 in. (150 mm) in Zone 3 and long enough to penetrate the wood 1 in. (25 mm) (see Figure
3.1.4-1). For counter-flashing on fire walls, also see Recommendation 2.2.7.

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Table 2.2.6-1. Maximum Counter-Flashing Height (“L” Dimension in Figures) and Metal Thicknesses (in.)
Type of
Metal Maximum Counter-Flashing Height (in.)
Minimum 60 75 & 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270
Wind 90
Rating
Zone 1
Galv. Steel or Stainless Steel
Ga. (mm) in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
26 (0.45) 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
24 (0.61) 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
22 (0.76) 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
20 (0.91) 12 12 10 10 10 10 10 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5
Aluminum1
in. (mm) in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
0.032 (0.80) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
0.040 (1.02) 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
0.050 (1.27) 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
0.060 (1.62) 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
0.070 (1.78) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5
Copper
oz (mm) in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
16 (0.55) 8 6 4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
20 (0.69) 10 8 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
24 (0.82) 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
32 (1.10) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5
Note 1. Temper ″O″ aluminum, although easily formed, has a low bending strength. High tempers are advised when using aluminum.
Note 2. “n/a” = not applicable; use thicker metal.

Table 2.2.6-2. Maximum Counter-Flashing Height (“L” in Figures) and Metal Thicknesses (mm)
Type of
Metal Maximum Counter-Flashing Height(mm)
Minimum 60 75 & 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270
Wind 90
Rating
Zone 1
Galv. Steel or Stainless Steel
Ga. (mm) mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
26 (0.45) 150 150 100 100 100 100 100 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
24 (0.61) 200 200 150 150 150 150 150 100 100 100 75 75 75 75 75
22 (0.76) 250 250 200 200 200 200 200 125 125 125 125 125 100 100 100
20 (0.91) 300 300 250 250 250 250 250 175 175 150 150 150 150 125 125
Aluminum1
in. (mm) mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
0.032 (0.81) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
0.040 (1.02) 150 150 100 100 100 100 100 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
0.050 (1.27) 200 200 150 150 150 150 150 100 100 100 75 75 75 75 75
0.060 (1.62) 250 250 200 200 200 200 200 125 125 125 125 125 100 100 100
0.070 (1.78) 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 175 175 150 150 150 150 125 125
Copper
oz (mm) mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
16 (0.55) 200 150 100 90 90 90 90 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
20 (0.69) 250 200 150 150 150 150 150 100 100 100 75 75 75 75 75
24 (0.82) 250 250 200 200 200 200 200 125 125 125 125 125 100 100 100
32 (1.10) 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 175 175 150 150 150 150 125 125
Note 1. Temper ″O″ aluminum, although easily formed, has a low bending strength. High tempers are advised when using aluminum.
Note 2. “n/a” = not applicable; use thicker metal.

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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 11

2.2.7 Flashing Systems at MFL Fire Walls

Refer to DS 1-42, Maximum Foreseeable Loss Limiting Factors, for flashing systems at MFL walls.

2.2.8 Securing Flashing to Existing Metal Panel Walls

For existing buildings, secure the vertical section of loose flashing directly to metal panel walls when a hook
strip is not present, and it would be difficult to install one. Use minimum No. 10 (4.8 mm) galvanized sheet
metal screws, with bonded sealing washers, spaced in accordance with Table 2.2.8-1.

Table 2.2.8-1. Maximum Fastener Spacing for Flashing Secured Directly to Existing Metal Panel Walls
Wind Rating for Zone 1 Maximum Zone 2 Spacing, in. (mm) Maximum Zone 3 Spacing, in. (mm)
60 24 (600) 16 (400)
90 16 (400) 10 (250)
120 12 (300) 6 (150)
150 10 (250) 6 (150)
195 8 (200) 6 (150)
990 6 (150) 4(200)

2.2.9 Sealing Spaces between Walls and Roofs

Seal spaces between the walls and roof near the roof eave. For more information, see Section 3.1.3.

2.2.10 Gutter Systems Gravity Load

When FM Approved gutter systems are not available, design gutter systems to support the gravity load when
full of water and provide a watertight seal between gutters and the underside of the roof per Data Sheet
1-54, Roof Loads and Drainage.
FM Approved gutters are tested for gravity load when full of water.

2.2.11 Roof Drainage

Provide primary and secondary roof drainage in accordance with DS 1-54, Roof Loads and Drainage. Where
rainwater spilling over the top of a gravel stop is the intended method for secondary roof drainage, the height
of the gravel stop should not exceed the maximum height of ponded water that the roof can support
considering roof deflection under load. Where parapet walls are provided, and wall scuppers are used for
primary or secondary drainage, the size and location of the wall scuppers should also consider the maximum
height of ponded water that the roof can support considering roof deflection under load. In either case, these
details should be coordinated with the structural engineer.

2.2.12 Flashing Systems and Roof-Mounted Photovoltaic Panels

Refer to Data Sheet 1-15 if there are roof-mounted photovoltaic panels.

2.3 Operation and Maintenance

2.3.1 Inspect the roof flashing system, including base tie-ins and strip-in plies that seal with the roof cover,
and the roof assembly, drains and roof-mounted equipment at least semiannually and before and after storms
with high winds, heavy rain or hail. Refer to Data Sheet 1-32, Inspection and Maintenance of Roof
Assemblies.
The strip-in felts for metal gravel guards will likely require periodic maintenance because the joints, which
depend on the plastic roofing cement to remain tight, are likely to break open at every second or third joint
due to expansion and contraction of the metal. If tapered insulation is used to raise the edge out of the water
line in the case of flat roofs, or if the roof slopes away from the roof edge, the problems are somewhat
minimized, but still exist.
Replace rusted or missing sections of flashing and secure loose flashing by fastening it through the lower
1/3 of the flashing using corrosion resistant fasteners with bonded sealing washers as follows:

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1-49 Perimeter Flashing
Page 12 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

A. Securement to wood nailer: minimum No. 8 (4.2 mm dia.) screws spaced per Table 2.3.1-1 with ¾
in. (19 mm) minimum embedment. When treated wood is present, see recommendation 2.2.1.2.
B. Securement to metal panel walls: minimum No. 10 (4.8 mm dia.) sheet metal screws spaced per Table
2.2.8-1.
C. Securement to concrete or masonry construction without a nailer: pre-drilling and use of masonry
anchors, such as fasteners FM Approved for concrete decks spaced per Table 2.3.1-1 with minimum 1
in. (25 mm) embedment.

Table 2.3.1-1. Maximum Fastener Spacing to Secure Loose Flashing to wood and masonry
Maximum Wind rating for Zone 1 Maximum Zone 2 Spacing in. (mm) Maximum Zone 3 Spacing in. (mm)
60 24 (600) 16 (400)
90 16 (400) 10 (250)
990 12 (300) 6 (150)

2.3.2 Replace rotted wood nailers or corroded fasteners during re-roofing or re-cover installations, or at any
other time deterioration is noticed. Fasten replacement wood nailers in accordance with Section 2.2.2.3 using
fasteners for existing structural concrete or concrete masonry unit walls since cast-in-place anchors cannot
be used. Securing to existing unreinforced concrete masonry unit walls is acceptable if the existing anchors
are secure in the grout and there are no separations in the horizontal mortar joints within the top five courses
of concrete masonry units. If there are separations, have a structural engineer inspect them, develop a repair
plan if needed, and design nailer securement using metal hardware and anchors into a lower area on the wall.
See Section 2.2.2.3 for design loads and guidelines with uplift resistance provided by the weight of the wall
above the lower anchors using a safety factor of 1.5.

Fig. 2.3.2-1. Existing perimeter flashing secured at its lower edge

3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS

This section provides support for the recommendations in Section 2.0. Flashing to roof membrane connection
details should follow the manufacturer’s instructions. See Figures 3.1.1-1 through 3.2.7-2, and the National
Roofing Contractors Association’s Roofing Manual: Membrane Roof Systems for additional guidance.
Metal sections used for perimeter flashing are usually 8-10 ft (2.44-3.05 m) long. A space is left between
sections to allow for expansion of the metal. The joint may be closed with a cover plate of the same metal
or another joint treatment may be preferred. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

3.1 Flashing Details for Multi-Ply Roof Covers

3.1.1 Masonry Wall with Roof Edge Cant with Multi-Ply Roof Cover
Figures 3.1.1-1 through 3.1.1-4 show details for masonry walls with roof edge cant flashing with multi-ply
roof covers. In Figures 3.1.1-1 and 3.1.1-2, the bottom nailer may be anchored by placing the bolts at the
necessary depth into the reinforced concrete bond beam at the top of the concrete masonry unit wall (see
Recommendation 2.2.2.3.2). In Figure 3.1.1-3, the nailer above the wall can be secured by steel rods welded
to a steel angle that is welded to anchor bolts embedded into the reinforced concrete bond beam.

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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 13

See Section 2.0 for recommendations for anchoring the following components:
• Wood nailers to reinforced concrete or concrete masonry unit (CMU) walls (Recommendation 2.2.2.3.2)
• Wood nailers to steel framing or deck (Recommendation 2.2.2.3.3 or 2.2.2.3.4)
• Wood members to wood nailers (Recommendation 2.2.2.3.6)
• Metal counter-flashing (Recommendation 2.2.6.)

Detail "A"
Roof covering
Detail "A"
2 Layers of 2 Layers of
solid insulation solid insulation

Roof deck Roof deck

Concrete
Bar joist filler
Reinforcing
steel

Reinforcing Grouted
steel concrete masonry
Concrete bond-beam
masonry
unit wall
Fig. 3.1.1-1. Multi-ply roof cover with perimeter edge flashing detail

Detail "A"
2 Layers of
X

solid insulation
Wood fascia

Felt base flashing Roof covering

L

Roof

Continuous
hook strip Bar joist

Grouted
concrete Reinforcing
masonry steel
bond-beam

Concrete
masonry
unit wall

Fig. 3.1.1-2. Multi-ply roof cover with roof edge cant and wood fascia

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Detail "A"

Roof covering

1/2 in. (13 mm) or

Steel deck 3/8 in. (10 mm)
anchor. Bend and
weld to steel angle.
(Rec. 2.2.2.3.2)

Bar
Brick veneer
joist

Grouted
concrete Air space
masonry
bond-beam

Reinforcing
steel

Fig. 3.1.1-3. Multi-ply roof cover with roof edge fascia cap (cant) flashing

Fig. 3.1.1-4. Detail A from Figure 3.1.1-3

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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 15

3.1.2 Masonry Wall with High Parapet and Multi-Ply Roof Cover
Figure 3.1.2-1 shows flashing details for masonry walls with high parapets, or where a roof meets the wall
of a higher building.

Counterflashing insert
into masonry joint Cut reglet
into masonry
wall and caulk

Masonry anchor
to secure
counterflashing
(Rec.2.2.6)
(100 mm)
4 in. min.

Determined
L L from Tables
(200 mm)

2.2.6-1 or 2.2.6-2
8 in. min.

(Rec 2.2.6)

Base
flashing
Alternate Detail
(with reglet)
Roof covering

Steel deck

This configuration does not allow for

movement between the deck and wall.

Fig. 3.1.2-1. Multi-ply roof cover with masonry wall with high parapet

The roofing membrane and base flashing should be applied in accordance with the roofing manufacturer’s
specifications, and secured at the top edge with masonry nails. The top edge of felt base flashing should be
sealed with plastic cement.
The metal counter-flashing, sized and secured in accordance with recommendation 2.2.6, should be slipped
under the counter-flashing insert and over the felt base flashing. For attachment of the metal, first drill holes
into which the masonry anchors are inserted. Resistance is provided by expansion sleeves or threads on
the anchor.
Note: Plastic parts used in masonry anchors are not recommended.

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A reglet approximately 1 in. (25 mm) deep also may be cut into the wall. The reglet is primed and filled with
a high grade caulking compound. The counterflashing is then inserted into the reglet and secured with
masonry anchors spaced in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines but with a 12 in. (300 mm)
maximum spacing.
When the parapet is too low for an insert or reglet on the vertical surface, the wall top can be covered with
a metal coping. (See Figure 3.2.3-3.)

3.1.3 Cantilevered Wood Nailers

Nailers can sometimes be cantilevered (overhanging) roof deck to meet the outer face of the wall (see Figure
3.1.3-1). If the wall is farther away, the nailers can extend only to the inner face of the wall (see Figures 3.1.3-2
and 3.1.3-3).
Blocking, or several thicknesses of wood may be necessary so that the top of the nailer will be level with
the top of the roof insulation or top of the deck (if no insulation is used).
When the wall is constructed of precast concrete, bolts are usually cast in the top edge of the wall to anchor
the nailer. The threaded bolt is projected upward sufficient distance so that the tops of the nuts and bolts
are even with the top of the nailer. It is necessary to countersink the nut into the wood.
When the roof deck is a heavy, poured-concrete slab, it may be cantilevered to the wall edge without beam
support. The nailer may then be bolted directly to the concrete.
When the walls of the building are ribbed, an insulated metal closure normally is provided behind the hook
strip. This also prevents wind from getting behind the metal fascia and bending it outward.

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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 17

Note: Roof edge cant similar

to Detail "A"

X
Roof edge cant

Felt base flashing

Roof covering

Bar joist

Cont. hook strip Bottom nailer

(and insul. metal bolt to bar joists -
closure for ribbed 3/4 in. (19 mm) dia.
walls) (Rec. 2.2.2.3.3)
Compressible non-combustible insulation
such as glass fiber or mineral wool.

FIig. 3.1.3-1. Multi-ply roof with panel wall with roof edge cant, nailer bolted to roof joistsg

3.1.4 Panel Wall With Parapet and Multi-Ply Roof Cover

Should the panel wall extend above the roof, forming a parapet, a good installation may be obtained by bolting
a wood nailer to the inner face of the wall. The coping and combination counter-flashing may be attached
to this nailer and to the outer face of the wall. The bottom nailer may be attached directly to the steel deck,
as the outside extremity is held from vertical deflection by the wood members above. A closure and hook
strip are provided on the outside. Walls to which flashing assemblies are attached should be independently
supported by the building frame and should not create a stress on the flashing assembly (see Figure 3.1.4-1).

3.1.5 Metal Gravel Guards and Fascias

Metal gravel guards, fascias, and hook strips for these are typically not heavier than 24-26-gauge (0.61-0.45
mm) galvanized steel or stainless steel, 16-12 oz (0.55-0.41 mm) copper or 0.040-0.30 in. (1.02-0.77 mm)
aluminum in 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m) lengths because thermal expansion and contraction in heavy gauge metal
can sometimes dislodge the fasteners in gravel guards. They are lapped a minimum of 2 in. (50 mm) at their
joints. A full bead of plastic roofing cement is between the lap or space ends and a 4 in. (102 mm) wide cover
plate. The roof flange (horizontal part) is set over all the roofing felts in a solid trowel coat of plastic roofing
cement and nailed 1 in. (25 mm) from the back edge at 4 in. (100 mm) spacing. The flange edge and nail

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X
Note: Roof edge cant similar
to Detail "A"

Felt base flashing

L
Roof covering

2 in. max. Bar joist

overhang
Panel wall
(supported by
building steel) Compressible
non-combustible
insulation such
as glass fiber or
mineral wool.

Fig. 3.1.3-2. Multi-ply roof cover with panel wall with roof edge cant, nailer screwed to roof deck
X

Note: Roof edge cant similar

to Detail "A"

Felt base flashing

L
Roof covering

Steel deck
Cont. hook Metal screws stagger (Rec. 2.2.2.3.4)
strip

Note : For spacing and size of

fasteners, see
recommendations

Fig. 3.1.3-3. Multi-ply roof with panel wall with roof edge cant, nailer screwed to deck

heads are sealed by stripping in with two layers of felt set in hot roofing bitumen. The first 6 in. 150 mm)
wide strip should extend onto the gravel guard flange 3 in. (75 mm), overlapping the nail heads 2 in. (50 mm),

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1/2 in. (13 mm)

bolts 4 ft. (1200 mm)
L apart
L
Blocking

Cont. hook strip Felt base flashing

(and insul. metal
closure for
ribbed walls)

Steel deck

Panel wall
(supported by Bar joist
building steel)

Fig. 3.1.4-1. Panel wall with parapet and multi-ply roof cover

and over the roofing felts 3 in. (75 mm). A second strip 9 in. (230 mm) wide is extended onto the gravel guard
flange to the gravel stop at least 4 in. (100 mm) and over the roofing felts a minimum of 4 in. (100 mm). It
is important that the second layer have a good overlap on the metal flange beyond the first layer (Figure
3.1.5-1).

3.1.6 Gutters
Wind can remove weakly attached gutters, leading to failure of the roof cover. This is often due to neglecting
the wind forces while designing gutters, with the design based only on the gravity load. Follow
recommendation 2.2.1.3 to provide FM Approved gutters or FM Approved flashing with gutters when gutters
with the proper wind rating are not available. See Figure 3.1.6-1.
Rain water entering the building through the tops of walls at their junction with the roof is very common in
Europe. This is common with sloped roofs that have gutters and downspouts. Gutters and/or downspouts can
get obstructed with hail, leaves or debris. This allows rainwater to back up within the gutters and enter the
building through unprotected openings.

3.2 Single-Ply Membrane (SPM) Flashing Details

3.2.1 General
When single-ply membranes are used, special adhesives or laminations are used for attachment and sealing
to the metal. Otherwise, items specified in multi-ply roof Flashing Details can be used.

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Hook strip gravel guard

Metal X fastener type and spacing
gravel per the FM Approval.
guard
20 mil Strip-in plies
plastic
L or felt Insulation
Roof deck

Grouted concrete
Cont.
masonry
hook
bond-beam
strip
1” (25 mm) Reinforcing
min below steel
bottom of Concrete masonry
nailer unit wall
(a) Flat roof

Tapered insulation
Roof deck
Bring bead
1” below
nailer
1” (25 mm) (b) Roof sloped inward
min below from edge
bottom of
nailer

Fig. 3.1.5-1. Metal gravel guard fascia flashing

Cont. Edge metal

hook strip Strip-in plies

Gutter Insulation
strap
Roof deck

Concrete masonry
unit wall
Grouted
concrete Reinforcing
masonry steel
bond-beam

Fig. 3.1.6-1 Metal gutter with fascia flashing

3.2.2 Membrane Terminations

The membrane should be continuous across the junction between the wall and roof, otherwise water will
enter the building. When the roof edge has a gravel guard or drip (draining) edge fascia, the membrane, if
flexible, can be extended down over the nailers and fastened (see Figures 3.2.2-1, part A, and 3.2.2-4). If not
flexible, it can be stopped at the outside edge of the nailer (Figure 3.2.2-1, part b). When a wood cant strip
is present, the membrane can be stopped at the cant and fastened at the nailer. A strip of membrane or
flashing, as appropriate, can be adhered to the cant and membrane to seal. Caulking the joints may be
needed, as specified by the membrane manufacturer (see Figure 3.2.2-2). .

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Note: Membrane strip, lap sealant and

adhesive for seal to be in strict
accordance with membrane mfr's specs.

0.75 in. (19 mm) min.-secured

1.5 in. (38 mm) min.-ballasted
Lap sealant when specified
Lap adhesive or heat welding
Membrane or flashing strip
Adhesive
Single ply membrane
Drip edge (draining) fascia
edge flashing

1 in.
(25 mm)
Roof deck

Wall

Note: See Fig. 3.2.2-3 for

membrane to metal seal
when PVC is used.
(a) Membrane extended over nailer edges

1 in.
(25 mm)

(b) Membrane stopped at edge

Fig. 3.2.2-1. Single-ply membrane with metal gravel guard fascia flashing

For certain membranes, it may be difficult to seal directly to the metal at the job site. The membrane
manufacturer may be able to supply a factory-assembled laminate of the membrane material on the metal
for use in such cases (see Figure 3.2.2-3).

3.2.3 Reglets
Reglets are notches that are built, cut, or formed on the inside face of a masonry parapet wall to receive
the upper termination of the metal counterflashing. The metal protects the membrane termination from the
weather (see Figure 3.2.3-1).
A reglet having an upward slope is preferred, as the metal also can be sloped. This will prevent water from
seeping in behind the metal and finding its way under the membrane. The space between the metal and
upper surface of the reglet should be caulked with a specified, good quality caulking compound.
When the wall is concrete, the reglet can be constructed by use of a sheet metal form. An exception may
exist when the wall is precast and relatively thin. In this case, the wall could be significantly weakened by

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Note: See Detail "A" for

flashing securement

Membrane or
flashing strip

X
Caulking

X
X
X
Adhesive

X
Single ply

X
X
membrane

X
X
X
X
X
L

Roof
deck

Concrete
wall

Fig. 3.2.2-2. Single-ply membrane roof with edge cap (cant) fascia flashing

Metal gravel stop

with PVC laminate Solvent adhesive
(by membrane mfgr.) (by membrane mfgr.)

Membrane
Ballast
Membrane Insulation

Roof deck

Membrane
Cont.
material
hook
nailed to nailer
strip
Grouted concrete
Reinforcing masonry
steel bond-beam

Concrete masonry
unit wall

Fig. 3.2.2-3. PVC membrane edge detail with gravel stop

forming or cutting a reglet. When the wall is masonry, the reglet can be made at a joint by raking out the
mortar. The sheet metal should be sloped outward and, in masonry walls, the metal should have a 135° bend
that will help to hold it in place after it is inserted.

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Note: Membrane strip, lap sealant and

adhesive for seal to be in strict
accordance with membrane mfr's specs.

Lap sealant when specified

Lap adhesive or heat welding
Membrane or flashing strip
Single ply membrane
Adhesive

Drip edge (draining) fascia

edge flashing

1 in.
(25 mm)
Roof deck

Wall

Fig. 3.2.2-4. Single-ply membrane roof with drip (drainage) fascia flashing

Sheet metal
reglet

Caulking

L
Metal counterflashing
1 (Rec. 2.2.6)
1
2
Membrane or Adhesive
flashing strip
2

Membrane

Nailer

Roof deck

Nailers-provide
per Rec. 2.2.2.1

(a) Nailer on deck with (b) Nailer on

masonry wall concrete wall

Notes: Nailer may be horizontal or vertical for

either type of wall. See text for suitable fasteners, nailer or
membrane to masonry or concrete. 1 = membrane fasteners
2 = masonry anchors

Fig. 3.2.3-1. Single-ply membrane wall or parapet terminations with reglets

When a concrete wall or parapet does not have a formed reglet, one can be cut using a concrete saw and
chisel. This may be difficult, however, and there are other methods, such as: a) terminating the membrane
at a point above the roof higher than the maximum expected rain or snow elevation and protecting it with a
termination bar or metal counterflashing (Figure 3.2.3-2 Single-ply membrane attachment to precast walls
(where reglet was not formed) or fastening the membrane to the face of the parapet under the coping cap and

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adhering it to the wall by adhesives (Figure 3.2.3-3 Single-ply membrane termination under parapet coping).
Caution should be used, however, because the distance a single-ply membrane or flashing can be run up
a wall depends on variables such as membrane strength, adhesive type, wall roughness, etc. The safe
distance before mechanical fastening is needed usually no more than four or five feet. See recommendation
2.2.5.

Fig. 3.2.3-2. Single-ply membrane attachment to precast walls (where reglet was not formed)

Wood
nailer

1
L
Grouted concrete 2
Cont. masonry
hook strip bond-beam

Reinforcing Membrane
Adhesive
steel or flashing

Concrete
masonry
unit wall

(a) Sheet metal (b) Tile or masonry

1 - Membrane fasteners
2 - Masonry anchors

Fig. 3.2.3-3. Single-ply membrane termination under parapet coping

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3.2.4 Termination Bars

When individual fasteners are used at the membrane termination, local stresses are introduced into the fabric
around the fastener. This is due to the dead weight of the membrane, along with possible contraction forces
in the membrane. Fasteners need to be spaced closely to prevent sagging. The termination bar is a
continuous metal or plastic bar that is attached to the wall with fasteners that penetrate the membrane. The
bar tends to distribute forces in the membrane more evenly so fasteners need not be spaced as closely.
Termination bars are of many shapes, such as angular, channel-shaped or curved. Good stiffness is needed
to distribute the forces at the fasteners. As the membrane termination needs caulking to prevent entry of
water behind it, the bar sometimes has the top turned outward to hold the caulking. Also, the bottom of the
bar can be bent outward to direct dripping water away from the wall (see Figure 3.2.3-2, part a).
Termination bars are not preferred over metal flashing inserted into reglets. They may be used in special
cases where cutting a reglet may weaken the wall, or where it is difficult to cut a reglet into an existing wall.
A good quality specified caulking compound is necessary to seal the space between the termination bar
and the wall.
Metal counterflashing may also be used to protect the membrane termination (see Figure 3.2.3-2, part b)..

3.2.5 Masonry Anchors and Fasteners

For attachment of metal counter flashing or wood nailers to a masonry wall, drill holes and insert masonry
anchors (Fastener No. 2; see Figure 3.2.3-1, part b, and Figure 3.2.3-2, part b). Resistance is provided by
expansion sleeves or threads on the anchor. Spacing is usually about 12 in. (300 mm). Plastic parts should
not be used in these anchors. The penetrating type of fastener driven into the masonry by impact is not
considered reliable. Membrane manufacturers can supply appropriate fasteners for securement of the
membrane at its upper termination (Fastener No. 1; see Figures 3.2.3-1, part b, and Figure 3.2.3-2, part b).
Spacing of these fasteners depends on a number of factors, such as fastener strength, membrane strength,
whether a termination bar is used, height of membrane up a parapet wall, elasticity, dead weight, contractual
forces, etc. Fasteners are often spaced in the range of 4 to 6 in. (100 to 150 mm) when no termination bar
is used; however, spacing and type of fastener should be in accordance with the membrane manufacturer’s
specifications. When a sheet metal flashing covers the termination, the same fastener may be used to secure
both membrane and metal. however, spacing and type of fastener should be in accordance with the
membrane manufacturer’s specifications. When a sheet metal flashing covers the termination, the same
fastener may be used to secure both membrane and metal.

3.2.6 Parapets
Sometimes owners wish to carry the membrane up the face of the parapet and under the coping cap. This
may be done when the parapet is low, or if the owners wish to cover deteriorating masonry. As it may be
difficult to fasten the membrane under some masonry copings (Figure 3.2.3-3, part b), it may be simpler to
remove the coping and carry the membrane partly under it. The coping can be either reset or replaced with
sheet metal (Figure 3.2.3-3, part a).

3.2.7 Base Securement of Adhered Single-Ply Membranes with Reinforced Membrane Attachment
Strips (RMAS)
Figures 3.2.7-1 and 3.2.7-2 show typical details for RMAS used as base securement for fully adhered
single-ply membranes. The un-adhered section of the RMAS will vertically deflect (bubble up) during wind
uplift making the single-ply membrane susceptible to peeling. Vertical deflection (bubble) during laboratory
wind uplift testing on a flat roof sample (no parapet wall) is shown in Figure 3.2.7-3. Vertical deflection is
reduced by following recommendations in Section 2.2.4.

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Use appropriate
termination Bonding adhesive

Approved fastener and seam plate.

See Rec. 2.2.4 for spacing.
Reinforced membrane attachment
strip (RMAS) with factory applied seam tape
Prime underside of roof membrane
in contact with the seam tape.
EPDM or TPO fully adhered to insulation

Wall Bonding adhesive

2 layers of
solid insulation

Roof deck

Fig. 3.2.7-1. Reinforced membrane attachment strip secured to roof deck

Use appropriate
termination Bonding adhesive

Approved fastener and seam plate.

See Rec. 2.2.4 for spacing.
Reinforced membrane attachment
strip (RMAS) with factory applied seam tape

Wall Prime underside of roof membrane

in contact with the seam tape.

EPDM or TPO fully adhered to insulation

Bonding adhesive

2 layers of
solid insulation

Roof deck

Fig. 3.2.7-2. Reinforced membrane attachment strip secured to a wall

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Fig. 3.2.7-3. Wind uplift test on adhered single-ply membrane with reinforced membrane attachment strip (RMAS)

3.3 Roof Penetrations

Openings are necessary in the structural roof and covering wherever pipes, vents, structural members, curbs,
etc. pass through. The National Roofing Contractors Association publishes standard flashing details that
are generally appropriate. Roof penetrations have not been an appreciable factor in roof wind losses but
should be evaluated for their long-range water-tightness.

3.4 Resistance of FM Approved Flashing

The minimum upward and horizontal outward resistances of FM Approved coping and gutter systems are
listed in Table 3.4-1. Fascias meet the minimum horizontal outward resistances in this table. These resistances
may be used to verify compliance with building codes.
FM Approved flashing meets Approval Standard for Edge Systems Used with Low Slope Roofing Systems,
Class Number 4435 (June 2013). RE-1, RE-2, and RE-3 tests in that standard are from the Wind Design
Standard for Edge Systems Used with Low Slope Roofing Systems, SPRI/FM 4435/ES-1, 2011.

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Table 3.4-1. Minimum Resistances for FM Approved Flashing Systems1

Zone 2 / Perimeter Flashing Zone 3 / Corner Flashing
Resistance Resistance
Uplift Resistance Horizontal- Uplift Resistance Horizontal-
psf (kPa) Outward psf (kPa) Outward
RoofNav Resistance psf RoofNav Resistance psf
Flashing Rating (kPa)1 Flashing Rating (kPa)1
1-60 Zone 2 101 (4.8) 58 (2.8) 1-60 Zone 3 152 (7.3) 73 (3.5)
Perimeter Corner
1-75 Zone 2 126 (6.0) 73 (3.5) 1-75 Zone 3 190 (9.1) 91 (4.3)
Perimeter Corner
1-90 Zone 2 151 (7.2) 87 (4.2) 1-90 Zone 3 228 (10.9) 109 (5.2)
Perimeter Corner
1-105 Zone 2 176 (8.4) 102 (4.9) 1-105 3 Corner 266 (12.7) 127 (6.1)
Perimeter
1-120 Zone 2 202 (9.7) 116 (5.6) 1-120 3 Corner 304 (14.5) 145 (7.0)
Perimeter
1-135 Zone 2 227 (10.9) 131 (6.3) 1-135 3 Corner 342 (16.4) 163 (7.8)
Perimeter
1-150 Zone 2 252 (12.1) 146 (7.0) 1-150 3 Corner 380 (18.2) 182 (8.7)
Perimeter
1-165 Zone 2 277 (13.3) 160 (7.7) 1-165 3 Corner 417 (20.0) 200 (9.6)
Perimeter
1-180 Zone 2 302 (14.5) 175 (8.4) 1-180 3 Corner 455 (21.8) 218 (10.4)
Perimeter
1-195 Zone 2 328 (15.7) 189 (9.1) 1-195 3 Corner 493 (23.6) 236 (11.3)
Perimeter
1-210 Zone 2 353 (16.9) 204 (9.8) 1-210 3 Corner 531 (25.0) 253 (12.2)
Perimeter
1-225 Zone 2 378 (18.1) 218 (10.5) 1-225 3 Corner 569 (27.3) 271 (13.0)
Perimeter
1-240 Zone 2 403 (19.4) 233 (11.2) 1-240 3 Corner 607 (29.1) 289 (13.9)
Perimeter
1-255 Zone 2 428 (20.3) 247 (11.9) 1-255 3 Corner 645 (31.0) 307 (14.8)
Perimeter
1-XRatings 3.36 * X/2 1.94 8 X/2 1-XRatings 5.06 * X/2 2.41 * X/2
available in available in
increments of 15 increments of 15
psf (0.718 kPa) psf (0.718 kPa)
Note 1. Fascias only meet horizontal outward resistances.

3.5 Example Problems

3.5.1 Example Problem 1: Fully Adhered Roof Cover

Determine the recommended zone 2 perimeter and zone 3 corner ratings for FM Approved coping and fascia
flashing, dimensions of the zone 3 corner area, fastening requirements for the wood nailer, and search for
the recommended coping. There is a fully adhered roof cover on the following building:
Building dimensions are 200 x 300 ft (61 x 91 m) with a roof eave height (h) of 25 ft (7.5 m) and a 6° roof
slope. It’s in an area with a basic wind speed (V) of 100 mph (45 m/s), in a tropical cyclone prone region near
sea level, surface roughness exposure C, and a topographic factor (Kzt) of 1.0. The building is enclosed
with a fully adhered single-ply membrane roof cover and the walls are reinforced concrete masonry units.

3.5.1.1 Solution to Example Problem 1

3.5.1.1.1 The following results are obtained from RoofNav’s Ratings Calculator output (see Figure 3.5.1.1.1-1).
A. 1-75 zone 2 perimeter rated coping or 1-60 zone 2 perimeter rated fascia is recommended in zone
2.
1-75 zone 3 corner rated coping or 1-60 zone 3 corner rated fascia is recommended in zone 3.

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B. 1-90 rated roof is recommended in zone 1 (Recommendation 2.2.1.2).

C. The length of zone 3 is 15 ft (4.5 m) on each side of the corner. (Length of zone 3 is 0.6 x the 25 ft
[7.5 m] roof height).

Fig. 3.5.1.1.1-1. RoofNav’s ratings calculator output

3.5.1.1.2 Search for the recommended coping by inputting the recommended 1-75 zone 2 perimeter rating
for coping into RoofNav’s Product Search for coping as shown in Figure 3.5.1.1.2-1.
3.5.1.1.3 Select the make of coping from the search results, open “Please click for more details” in the Product
Detail Report as shown in Figure 3.5.1.1.3-1.
Figure 3.5.1.1.3-2 shows all the Approvals and ratings for that make of flashing. These may be different for
other makes of flashing.
Any of the FM Approved flashing on rows 3 – 5 are recommended since they each have Zone 2 perimeter
ratings of 1-75 or higher and Zone 3 Corner ratings of 1-75 of higher.
The first two selections are not adequate because they do not have a minimum 1-75 Zone 3 Corner rating.
Conduct a new search with a higher wind rating if flashing with adequate ratings is not found.
The height of the vertical face should be wide enough for the drip edge bend to be a minimum 1 in. (25 mm)
below the bottom of the bottom nailer.
3.5.1.1.4 Following Recommendation 2.2.1.4, determine if the roof cover is independently terminated or
dependently terminated.
This is an independently terminated roof cover because it is fully adhered. No additional edge securement
is needed.

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Fig. 3.5.1.1.2-1. RoofNav’s product search

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Fig. 3.5.1.1.3-1. RoofNav’s product detail report

Fig. 3.5.1.1.3-2. RoofNav’s product details

3.5.1.1.5 Using Table 2.2.2.3.2-1 in which a 1-90 roof is recommended in Zone 1, space ½ in. (13 mm) anchor
bolts for the wood nailer a maximum of 48 in. (1200 mm) in Zone 2 and 24 in. (600 mm) in Zone 3. Embed
anchor bolts a minimum of 5 in. (125 mm) into the concrete bond beam (Recommendation 2.2.2.3.2).
3.5.1.1.6 Use minimum 1-1/2 by 5-1/2 in. (38 by 140 mm) wood nailers with maximum ¾ in. (19 mm)
countersink for the bolts and washers (Recommendation 2.2.2.2).

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3.5.1.1.7 If a wood cant strip is used, secure it to the wood nailer using the fastening spacing in Table
2.2.2.3.6-1 where a 1-90 roof is recommended in Zone 1. This is two staggered rows of minimum 10 penny
(3 in.; 75 mm) nails or no. 8 (4 mm dia.) screws spaced a maximum of 24 in. (600 mm) in each row in Zone
2 and 12 in. (300 mm) in each row in Zone 3 which is 15 ft (4.5 m) on each side of the corner
(Recommendation 2.2.2.3.6).
3.5.1.1.8 Install FM Approved flashing using the type of fasteners and spacing shown in RoofNav
(Recommendation 2.2.1.6).

3.5.2 Example Problem 2: Mechanically Fastened Roof Cover

Building features are the same as in Example Problem 1 except the roof has a mechanically fastened
single-ply membrane with the first row of fasteners 4 ft (1.2 m) from the outside edge of the nailer in Zone
2, and 2 ft (0.61 m) from the outside edge of the nailer in Zone 3.

3.5.2.1 Solution to Example Problem 2

Same solutions as Example Problem 1, except for part 3.5.1.1.4. Because distances from the outside edge
of the nailer to the first row of fasteners in Zones 2 and 3 exceed 1 ft (300 mm), this is a dependently
terminated roof cover. Following Recommendation 2.2.1.5, provide additional edge securement consisting
of one row of FM Approved batten bars, stress plates, or reinforced membrane attachment strips (RMAS)
within 12 in. (300 mm) of the outside edge of the nailer. Use fasteners FM Approved for the roof cover and deck
spaced 6 in. (150 mm) maximum in Zones 2 and 3.

3.6 Loss History

The majority of roof covering failures resulting from windstorms involve improperly designed or constructed
perimeter flashings. However, poorly secured insulation or roof covering is subject to damage even when
perimeter flashing is properly designed and constructed. Because most windstorms are accompanied by rain,
contents are immediately vulnerable to damage due to leakage resulting from perimeter flashing and/or roof
covering securement failure.
Some flashing details involved in wind losses are shown in Figure 3.6-1. These details should not be used
in the construction of flashings because adequate anchorage is not provided. In Example 1, failure occurred
when steel anchors pulled out of the masonry. In Example 2, failure occurred either because the metal flashing
was too thin or because there was no hook strip. Wind forces bent the flashing upward, with the resulting
prying action causing the nail fastening to pull out. Failure of the bolts that anchor the nailer to the deck can
result in the same situation. In Example 3, the wood blocking to which the cant strip is attached was fastened
to the brick with short nails driven vertically into the masonry joints. The entire detail failed when these nails
pulled out. In Example 4, failure occurred because the wood blocking was not anchored to the masonry or
steel and the entire assembly was displaced.
A number of failures have occurred when attempts were made to secure the nailer, either by driving nails
through it and into the edges of the hollow masonry, or into wood blocks wedged into the masonry cores.
Securing the nailer in this manner is not adequate.
Bolts anchored into the masonry joints may not hold under severe wind conditions. See Recommendation
No. 2.2.2.3.2 for proper anchorage methods.

3.7 Illustrative Losses

3.7.1 Hurricane Winds Strike Building Corner

A large warehouse was occupied for the storage of automatic transmissions. The roof was constructed of
22 gauge, intermediate rib steel deck welded to steel joists. The insulation was glass fiber topped with built-up
covering. The wood nailer along the perimeter was attached to a steel beam below with 1/8 in. (3.2 mm)
penetrating nails applied with a gun and spaced every 2 to 2.5 ft (0.6 to 0.8 m).
A hurricane passed through the area with winds gusting to 80 mph (36 m/s). A section of flashing and nailer
in the southeast corner of the building was lifted off and 5000 ft2 (465 m2) of insulation and covering was
removed. Heavy rain along with broken sprinkler piping severely wetted the stored automatic transmission
parts (steel, aluminum, rubber, and brass); however, most of the contents were salvaged.

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Wood cant strip Wood cant strip

Metal flashing (nailed to blocking)
Wood nailer (fastened to Built-up roof covering
Base flashing
cant strip) and gravel
Built-up roof covering
and gravel Insulation
Wood nailer
Metal flashing Metal deck
Insulation (attached to
(fastened to Conc. filler block brick by short
cant strip)
Concrete or gypsum deck nails)

Lag bolt (in

vert. masonry Open web steel joist
joint) (bolted to wall)

Masonry wall Masonry wall

Brick facing

Example 1 Example 3

Wood nailer Wood cant strip

Metal flashing (nailed to blocking)
Gravel stop (bolted to deck) (nailed to
Built-up roof cover cant strip) Built-up roof cover
and gravel and gravel
Insulation Insulation
Metal flashing Metal deck Wood blocking Metal deck
(fastened to (not secured)
nailer)

Open web steel joist

Masonry wall
Masonry wall

Example 2 Example 4

Fig. 3.6-1. Examples of perimeter flashing installations THAT ARE NOT RECOMMENDED

Upon examination of the damaged section, it was noted that the steel penetrating nails securing the nailer
had broken off. The nail size and spacing near the building corners were considerably less than the FM Global
recommended 1/2 in. (13 mm) steel bolts spaced 2 ft (610 mm) apart (or 3/8 in. [10 mm] bolts spaced 24
in. [600 mm] apart) in Zone 3 for 1-90 systems.

3.7.2 Hook Strip Not Provided

A wood nailer was anchored to the top of a concrete block wall. The horizontal part of metal perimeter flashing
was attached to the nailer with fasteners 2 ft (0.6 m) apart. The vertical (fascia) that extended down over
the outside face of the wall was secured by screws 5 ft (1.5 m) apart into the nailer. Winds of 55 mph (25
m/s) ripped the metal flashing off. The roof covering and insulation suffered damage only in the vicinity of the
torn-off flashing. There was a recommendation to provide a continuous hook strip secured 12 in. (305 mm)
on center in Zone 2 and 8 in. (203 mm) on center in Zone 3.

3.7.3 Hooking of Metal Fascia Inadequate

A building was designed with structural steel beams exposed below the eave. The walls were masonry built
up to the underside of the beams. A metal flashing fascia extended down over the edge of the covering,
insulation, and deck. A hook had been made in the lower part of the fascia metal in an attempt to secure it
around the upper beam flange. Winds estimated at 39 mph (17 m/s) tore off a section of the flashing and
loosened insulation in the adjacent 4 X 30 ft (1.2 X 9.0 m) area. The hook pulled away as there was no thin,
vertical element on the beam. A recommendation was made for sections of steel angle, installed with one
leg downward, to be welded to the flange.

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In other cases, perimeter flashing was blown off due to inadequate anchorage of the wood nailer to steel
deck. These losses were caused by use of common nails(smooth shank), or a single row of screws placed
2 ft (0.61 m) or more apart driven through the nailer and deck.

4.0 REFERENCES

4.1 FM Global
Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design
Data Sheet 1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
Data Sheet 1-32, Inspection and Maintenance of Roof Assemblies
Data Sheet 1-42, MFL Limiting Factors
Data Sheet 1-54, Roof Loads and Drainage
FM 4435, Approval Standard for Edge Systems Used with Low Slope Roofing Systems, June 2013
RoofNav, FM Approvals

4.2 Others
American Concrete Institute. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and
Commentary. 2019 Edition.
American Wood Council. ANSI/AWC NDS-2018 ASD/LFRD NDS National Design Specification for Wood
Construction. 2018 Edition.
ASTM International. Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry. ASTM C476-2020.
ASTM International. Standard Specification for Perlite Thermal Insulation Board. C728-17a.
ASTM International. Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware. ASTM
A153/A153M-16a.
Masonry Standards Joint Committee. Building Code Requirements and Specifications for Masonry Structures.
2016 Edition.
National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA). The NRCA Roofing Manual: Membrane Roof Systems,
2019 Edition.
National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA). The NRCA Roofing Manual: Architectural Metal Flashing,
Condensation and Air Leakage Control, 2018 Edition.
Single Ply Roofing Industry (SPRI) ANSI/SPRI/FM 4435/ES-1 Wind Design Standard for Edge Systems Used
with Low Slope Roofing Systems. 2011.

APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Additional edge securement: A termination device, typically batten bars, stress plates or reinforced
membrane attachment strips, installed approximately 12 in. (300 mm) away from the roof edge, parapet wall
or angle change. It is fastened to the roof deck with fasteners spaced 6 in. (150 mm) maximum in the Zones
2 and 3. When installed within 12 in. (300 mm) of the outside edge of the nailer it changes a dependently
terminated roof cover to an independently terminated roof cover. This is sometimes referred to as a “peel stop”
because it reduces “peeling” of adhered roof covers.
Bonded sealing washer for roofing fasteners: A metal washer that has an elastomeric material, commonly
ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) or neoprene, that is bonded to it. Materials should be selected
based on the environmental conditions and other materials, such as oils or grease, that may be present.
Cap flashing: A flashing used to cover the top of various building components.
Cant strip: A beveled strip used to change the angle where the roofing membrane meets a vertical
component.
Cleat: A continuous metal strip or angled piece used to secure metal components.
Clip: A non-continuous metal component or angle piece used to secure two or more metal components
together.

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Coping: The covering piece on top of a parapet wall that is exposed to the weather and normally sloped
to carry off water.
Coping width: The smallest horizontal dimension of the coping section.
Corner Length: The distance in each direction from an outside corner where wind pressures are higher
and usually require stronger flashing assemblies. See D.S. 1-28 to determine the distance.
Dependently terminated (DT) roof systems: Constructions where the edge of the membrane is structurally
dependent on the flashing for securement. This includes ballasted systems, ribbon adhered systems, or
mechanically attached roof covers terminating at a roof edge (not terminating at higher vertical walls or
parapets) where the distance from the outside edge of the nailer to the first row of fasteners or adhesive
ribbons parallel to the edge of the building is greater than 12 in. (305 mm.)
Drip Edge: The lower part of flashing or other component with an outward projecting lower edge, intended
to control the direction of dripping water and help protect underlying building components. See Fig. 3.2.2-2
Single-ply membrane roof with edge cap (cant) fascia flashing.
FM Approved: Products and services that have satisfied the criteria for Approval by FM Approvals. Refer
to RoofNav and the Approval Guide, online products of FM Approvals, for a complete listing of products and
services that are FM Approved. FM Approval of roof perimeter flashing is limited to the fascia and coping
types. Guidelines for securement of wood nailers contained in this document should also be followed because
that is outside the scope of the Approval.
Fascia: The vertical or steeply sloped roof trim located at the perimeter of a building.
Fastener: Any of a wide variety of mechanical securement devices and assemblies, including nails, staples,
screws, cleats, clips and bolts, which may be used to secure various components of a roof. .
Gravel stop: A flanged device designed to prevent loose aggregate from washing off the roof and to provide
a continuous finished edge for the roofing. Can be used with single-ply membranes without gravel or ballast.
Independently terminated (IT) roof systems: A construction where the edge of the membrane is structurally
terminated independent of the flashing. This includes fully adhered systems, ribbon adhered, and
mechanically attached roof cover systems where the distance from the outside edge of the nailer to the first
row of fasteners or adhesive parallel to the edge of the building is less than or equal to 12 in. (305 mm).
Metal counterflashing: In this document, a formed metal component attached to a wall and positioned over
base flashing to protect it from the weather.
Nailer: A piece or several pieces of dimensional lumber or FM Approved metal nailers, secured to the
structural deck or walls, which provides a receiving medium for the fasteners used to attach membranes,
flashing or additional wood members.
Parapet Wall: The part of a perimeter wall that extends above the roof.
Perimeter flashing: Components used to weatherproof or seal roof system edges at the perimeters of
buildings where the roof covering is interrupted or terminated.
Perimeter flashing system: An assemblage of components, including but not limited to, coping, fascia, clips,
cleats, caps and fasteners, that when properly installed, will provide a wind uplift resistance in accordance
with this standard.
Pressure-treated wood (PTW): Wood (typically southern yellow pine) which is pressure treated for rot and
decay resistance. Current treatment materials include alkaline copper quaternaries (ACQ-C, ACQ-D with
carbonate) and copper azoles (CBA-A and CA-B).
Reglet: A horizontal groove cut into a masonry wall to receive counter-flashing.
Reinforced membrane attachment strip (RMAS): Generic term for various manufacturer’s narrow strip, 6
to 9 in. (150 - 225 mm) wide, of reinforced EPDM or TPO membrane which can be used to secure the
membrane of same material to parapet walls. Includes seam sealing tape or seam sealing tape can be
applied. It is usually screwed to the deck, wall using batten bars or stress plates.
Roof edge: The point of transition from a low-slope roof to a lower vertical or near vertical building element,
including but not limited to walls, windows, fascia boards, and mansard roofs.

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1-49 Perimeter Flashing
Page 36 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

Roof edge system: A component or system of components at the perimeter of the roof that typically is
integrated into the roof system for the purpose of flashing and securing the roof membrane
Zone 1: Roof area inside zones 2 and 3 and outside zone 1’ (when present). See DS 1-28 for dimensions
and diagrams.
Zone 2: The roof perimeter area between zone 3 (corners). See DS 1-28 for dimensions and diagrams.
Zone 3: The roof perimeter area at the corners. See DS 1-28 for dimensions and diagrams.

APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY

The purpose of this appendix is to capture the changes that were made to this document each time it was
published. Please note that section numbers refer specifically to those in the version published on the date
shown (i.e., the section numbers are not always the same from version to version).
October 2021. This document has been completely revised. The following significant changes were made:
A. Revised design guidance for calculating flashing ratings to reflect changes in pressure coefficients in
Data Sheet 1-28 and ASCE 7-16.
B. Deleted Table 1 because RoofNav’s Ratings Calculator is now used to calculate flashing ratings.
C. Information in 2.2.7, Flashing Systems at MFL Fire Walls, has been deleted and recommends using
Data Sheet 1-42, Maximum Foreseeable Loss Limiting Factors.
April 2020. Interim revision. Minor editorial changes were made.
February 2020. Interim revision. Editorial changes were made. Revisions reflecting changes to Data Sheet
1-28, Wind Design, were made. The primary changes were renaming the field, perimeter, and corner roof
areas as Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3, respectively.
July 2016. This document has been completely revised to include guidance for selecting perimeter roof
flashing systems for roof systems greater than Class 1-90, and to reflect current construction practices such
as when to provide wood nailers. Additional edge securement is recommended for dependently terminated
roof systems.
Tests for FM Approved flashing have changed with FM 4435, Approval Standard for Edge Systems Used
with Low Slope Roofing Systems, June 2013, using test methods in the Wind Design Standard for Edge
Systems Used with Low Slope Roofing Systems, SPRI/FM 4435/ES-1, 2011.
September 2009. Minor editorial changes were made for this revision.
September 2000. This document was reorganized to provide a consistent format.
May 1998. The major change from the previous version was the addition of new text and details applicable
to single-ply membranes. It was emphasized that the components of the flashing assembly exclusive of the
membrane (anchor bolts, nailers, wood cants, flashing thickness, flashing attachment, and so forth) are
essentially the same for both built-up and single-ply roofing membranes. The major change, therefore, was
the addition of details that show membrane terminations for single-ply membrane roof coverings.
Perimeter flashing requirements are now evaluated as part of the approval of single-ply membranes. The
approval standard specifies that the manufacturer use either an Approved flashing system or one that is
designed in accordance with Data Sheet 1-49.
February 1985. Minor technical changes were made.
October, 1979. Numerous recommendations and figures were added to address specific guidelines related
to the securement of flashing to wood nailers and cant strips. Information on gutter securement was also
added.
February, 1977. The original version of what is now Table 2 was added. Discussion of the relationship
between uplift pressures in the field, perimeter and corner roof areas was added, as well as the relationship
between outward (horizontal) pressures and uplift pressures.
April 1970. The original version of this document was written. It included general discussion based on a
study of losses from 1966 - 1967 as well as examples of both poor and good designs.

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