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    Ethiopia Nigussie Revised Case Study

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    Abudi Kasahun

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    Ethiopia Nigussie Revised Case Study

    Uploaded by

    Abudi Kasahun
    8 views12 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    8 views12 pages

    Ethiopia Nigussie Revised Case Study

    Uploaded by

    Abudi Kasahun

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    Country: Ethiopia

    Authors: Aklilu Nigussie1, Adem Kedir2, Getnet Belay2, Abiy Addisu2, Kidane2
    Desalegn and Birhanu Megersa2

    Institution: Ethiopian Institutes of Agricultural Research, Werer Agricultural


    Research Center, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Gender
    Research, P.O.Box 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopian

    Email: [email protected]

    Website: www.eiar.gov.et

    Type of livestock produced: Chicken Bird koekoek breed

    Site of Farm: Afar agro-pastoral communities

    Number of Animals on farm: at back yard stage 25 koekoek per household

    Years of operation: 2013

    Title: Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-


    pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State

    1. INTRODUCTION

    Ethiopian chicken population is about 39.5 million (CSA, 2008) million.


    Although Ethiopia has a huge resource of poultry, the country is not getting
    the required benefits from this sector. Reasons for this are poor productivity
    of local hens and cocks, the production is not well developed to full fill the
    demands, high disease prevalence for both exotic and local birds (Tadesse,
    2000; Alemu, 1987).

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State 
    In Ethiopia, chicken are widespread and almost every rural family owns
    chicken, which provide a valuable source of family protein and income
    (Tadelle et al. 2003a). The majority (99%) of these chickens maintained
    under a traditional system with little or no input four housing, feeding or
    health care. Rural chicken in Ethiopia represents a significant part of the
    national economy in general and the rural economy in particular and
    contribute to 98.5% to 99.2% of the national egg and chicken meat
    production, respectively (Tadelle 1996; Aberra 2000). However, the
    economic contribution of the sector is still not proportional to the huge
    chicken numbers, attribute to the presence of many technical, organizational
    and institutional constraints.

    Commercialization of subsistence agriculture is an indispensable pathway


    towards economic growth and development for many agriculture dependent
    developing countries (von Braun 1994; Pingali and Rosegrant 1995).
    Sustainable household food security and welfare also requires commercial
    transformation of subsistence agriculture (Pingali 1997). Commercialization
    agriculture production is likely to result in welfare gain through the
    realization of smallholder women, advantages, economies of scale, and for
    dynamic technological, organizational and institutional change effect that
    arise the flow of ideas due to exchange based interactions. Commercialization
    enhances the links between the input and output side of agricultural market
    furthermore, changes in the livelihood of the agro-pastoral in consideration of
    this project.

    Animal production in general and chicken production in particular play


    important socio-economic role in developing countries (Kondombo 2005).
    According to Sonaiya (2004), smallholder farming families, land less laborers
    and people with low incomes below the poverty line are able to raise chicken
    with low inputs and harvest the benefit of eggs and meat via scavenging feed

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State 
    resources. The proportional contribution of poultry to the total animal protein
    production of the world by the year 2020 believed to increase 40%, the major
    increase being in the developing world (Delgado et al. 1999). However, most
    communities lack the required husbandry skill; training and opportunity
    effectively improve their household chicken production (Mlozi et al. 2003).

    Chickens are among the most adaptable domestic animals and more people
    are directly involved in production throughout the world (in Ethiopian case
    too) than any other agricultural enterprise. The impact of village chicken in
    the national economy of developing countries and its role in improving the
    nutritional status, income, food security and livelihood of many smallholders
    is significant owing to its low cost of production (FAO 1997; Abdelqader
    2007; Abubekar et al. 2007).

    Chicken provide major opportunity to increase protein production and


    incomes for the smallholder farmers because of short generation interval,
    high rate of productivity, the ease with which its product can be supplied to
    different areas, the ease with which its product can be sold due to their
    relatively low economic values, its minimal associations with high cost of
    transportation.

    Livestock Operation and Impact


    From the total sample taken in Amibara 85.6% sales egg once in a week at
    Saturday market day while 85.4% sales in Afambo respectively. the sale in
    daily bases are very small since there is no market at each day (Table 1). The
    price of egg in the area in Ethiopian Birr costs 2.75 at the weekly market
    while in door marketing it might escalated to 2.95.

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State 
    Table 1: Frequency of Egg sales
    Activities Sample area
    Amibar Afambo
    Frequency of sale egg
    Once in a week 85.6 85.4
    Twice in a week 12.2 12.5
    Daily 2.2 2.1
    Source: survey data computed, 2013

    Challenges faced
     Infrastructural development for the agro-pastoral communities like
    access to electric power and transportation

     Financial limitation in research and development to reach the


    intervention to number of societies

     limitation in research facilities like laboratories and training

    Solutions Tasted
     For agro-pastorals to use ventilated house for the chicken birds that
    can be easily made from the available materials using plastics, wood
    and iron sheets

     agro-pastoral have to walk to the market in shift based to supply all


    the neighborhood egg

     Apply for external funds like ASARECA, PRIME and others for
    financial and infrastructural development

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State 
    Impact generated

    The household chicken bird owners characteristic presented from Table 1 to


    Table 2. From the total interviewed household participated in the
    popularization activities 92.4 and 81.9% are women in Amibara and Afambo
    Woredas, respectively. The average age of the respondents is 42.9 year in
    Amibara and 39.8 year in Afambo. The overall family size of the sample
    households is 6.4 in Amibara and 5.9 in Afambo districts, which is higher
    than the national average of 5.2 persons (CSA 2007). However, this is similar
    to the finding of (Asefa 2007) who reported 7 person per household for the
    Awassa Zuria Woreda in the SNNPR.

    Table 2: Socio-economic status of koekoek owners in the district


    Variables Amibar Afambo
    Sex of respondent households (%)
    Man 7.6 18.1
    Women 92.4 81.9
    Average age of the respondents (year) 42.9 39.8
    Average family size /hh (mean 6.35 5.88
    Source: survey data computed, 2013

    As stated in Table 3 91.1% of the households have access to information about the
    egg market price in Amibar district where the 42% of the information in channeled
    from other suppliers in the area. While in Afambo 68.8% of the households have
    market information where most of the information comes from the buyers.

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State 
    Table 3: Market information for chicken bird and egg
    Activities Sample area
    Amibar Afambo
    Access to market information of egg
    Yes 91.1 68.8
    No 8.9 31.3
    Source of market information
    Other producers 42.0 31.3
    Development agents 23.6 0.0
    Buyers 14.0 35.4
    Relatives 11.6
    Source: survey data computed, 2013

    Poultry housing system and facilities

    The results of poultry housing and facilities assessment are presented in


    Table 4. The highest proportion of the respondents, 80% in Amibara and 68%
    in Afambo districts, constructed a separate house entirely for poultry. No
    respondent in Afambo and 4.0% in Amibara districts kept their chicken birds
    with other animals. In both districts, only 22% of the respondents share the
    same house with their chicken.

    Table 4: housing system and facilities


    housing system and facilities Districts
    Poultry Housing system Amibara Afambo Cumulative
    N=25 N=25 N=50
    Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
    Separate house 21 80.0 17 68.0 38 76.0
    Share with people 3 12.0 8 32.0 11 22.0
    Share with other livestock 1 4.0 0.0 0.0 1 2.0
    Housing facilities
    With electric city 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    Adequate ventilation facility 20 80.0 23 92.0 43 86.0
    Litter material used 5 20.0 2 8.0 7 14.0
    Source: survey data computed, 2013

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State 
    There was no any household who have electricity in poultry house in both
    sample districts. Adequate ventilation facilities in poultry house were
    provided by 100% and 92% in Amibara and Afambo districts, respectively.
    Only 20% and 8% of the respondents in Amibara and Afambo districts,
    respectively, used litter for rearing chicken.

    Estimated Yield

    Egg production

    Information on egg production performance of significant difference (p<0.05)


    among Koekoek on average number of eggs laid under village production
    system.

    Table 5:Mean annual egg production of the breed


    Chicken Bird N Number of eggs laid/ hen/year
    Koekoek 50 Mean SD
    189.23 14.56
    Source: survey data computed, 2013

    Management Practices

    The Koekoek was bred from crosses between the Black Australorp and the
    White Leghorn and is recognized as a locally South African developed breed.
    These birds reach sexual maturity at 130 days. They have a characteristic
    black and white speckled color pattern, also described as barred, which is
    present in as many as nine different poultry breeds. The kook inherited the
    bar gene, a sex linked gene and they are easily distinguished, having light
    grey bars on the feathers, while the hen are darker (Van Marle-Koster and

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State 
    Nel, 2000).The average egg weight is 55.7g and the color of the eggs is
    brown (Ramsey et al., 2000).

    Feeds and feeding practices

    In both districts, 97.8% of the respondents were using scavenging with


    additional supplements and only 2.2% used only scavenging with no
    additional feed supplements for chicken (Table 6). 3.4% respondents in
    Amibara and 2.3% respondents in Afambo district were using purchased
    commercial feeds.

    Table 6: Poultry feeds and feeding practices in percentage


    Feeding practices District Cumulative
    Amibara N=25 Afambo N=25 N=50
    Only scavenging 2.2 2.2 2.2
    Scavenging and additional 97.8 97.8 97.8
    supplement
    Purchased feed 3.4 2.3 2.8
    Additional feed type
    Wheat and maize 96.6 97.7 97.2
    Kitchen waste 100 100 100
    Crop barns 3.3 3.3 3.3
    Frequency of feeding

    Three times a day 81.1 76.7 78.9


    Two times a day 18.9 23.3 21.1
    Source: survey data computed, 2013

    All respondents provide kitchen waste as supplement in both districts.


    Approximately, 97% of the respondents provide maize and wheat as
    additional supplements, while, 3.3% and 3.3% used crop bran as supplement
    in Amibara and Afambo districts, respectively. Regarding frequency of

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State 
    feeding, 81.1% and 76.7% of the respondents in Amibara and Afambo
    districts, feed their chicken three times per day respectively, while 18.9% and
    23.3% provide two times per day in the same order.

    Key Stakeholders: Afar regional pastoral and agro-pastoral office,


    Amibara worda pastoral and agro-pastoral office, Afambo woreda pastoral
    and agro-pastoral office, the agro-pastoral communities and Debrezeit
    research center.

    Lesson learned and next steps


     Women agro-pastoral communities will be more productive if they
    engaged in back yard chicken bird production

     Koekoek breed is adaptable to the semi-arid and arid districts of agro-


    pastoral communities in Afar regional districts

     Poultry production at small scale level will create an opportunity for


    women access and control to resource

     Poultry production has contribution to families nutrition and as it is


    production system confined in specific area especially at back yard
    level it will no created over grazing or other environmental factors

     Poultry product can generate income in a sustainable manner and can


    create an opportunity stabilize markets

     If there is a possibility to access stakeholders fund for the project to


    reach other agro-pastoral communities and create an impact in
    livelihood of producer with availing the technology and contribute
    for food security, nutrition and create a market linkage
    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State 
    Figure 1: Women koekoek popularization site

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State  
    

    Figure 2: an agro-pastoral women with her hausband feeding Koekoek

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State  
    

    Figure 3: Field day


    Figure 4: Women giving supplementary feed

    Popularization of Chicken Production in Smallholder Women Agro-pastoralist of Ethiopia: Case of Afar Regional State  
    

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