Merit-Quality-Excellence

IBA Institute of Emerging Technologies Khairpur

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
LAB No: 05
Instructor: Marina Gul
Objective of Lab No. 5:
After performing lab 5, students will be able to:

1. Introduction of JOIN
2. INNER JON
3. LEFT JOIN
4. RIGHT JOIN
5. CROSS JOIN
6. STRAIGHT JOIN
7. NATURAL JOIN

1: Introduction of JOIN
A relational database consists of multiple related tables linking together using common
columns which are known as foreign key columns. Because of this, data in each table is
incomplete from the business perspective.

By using joins, you can retrieve data from two or more tables based on logical relationships
between the tables. Joins indicate how SQL should use data from one table to select the rows
in another table.

A join condition defines the way two tables are related in a query by:

 Specifying the column from each table to be used for the join. A typical join condition
specifies a foreign key from one table and its associated key in the other table.
 Specifying a logical operator (for example, = or <>,) to be used in comparing values
from the columns.
There are various forms of the JOIN clause. These will include:

1. INNER JOIN
2. OUTER JOIN (both LEFT and RIGHT)
3. FULL OUTER JOIN
4. CROSS JOIN
A JOIN does just what it sounds like—it puts the information from two tables together into
one result set. We can think of a result set as being a “virtual” table. It has both columns and
rows, and the columns have data types. How exactly does a JOIN put the information from
two tables into a single result set? Well, that depends on how you tell it to put the data
together—that’s why there are four different kinds of JOINs. The thing that all JOINs have in
common is that they match one record up with one or more other records to make a record
that is a superset created by the combined columns of both records.
For example we have the orders and orderdetails tables that are linked using the
orderNumber column:

To get complete orders’ information, you need to query data from both orders and
orderdetails tables. That’s why joins come into the play.

A join is a method of linking data between one (self-join) or more tables based on values of
the common column between the tables.

2: INNER JOIN/JOIN
The INNER JOIN keyword selects records that have matching values in both tables.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
If the join condition uses the equal operator (=) and the column names in both tables used
for matching are the same, you can use the USING clause instead:

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2
USING(column_name);
 3: LEFT JOIN
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table (table1), and the matched
records from the right table (table2). The result is NULL from the right side, if there is no
match.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Note: In some databases LEFT JOIN is called LEFT OUTER JOIN.

 4: RIGHT JOIN
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all records from the right table (table2), and the matched
records from the left table (table1). The result is NULL from the left side, when there is no
match.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Note: In some databases RIGHT JOIN is called RIGHT OUTER JOIN.

 5: CROSS JOIN
In MySQL, the CROSS JOIN produced a result set which is the product of rows of two
associated tables when no WHERE clause is used with CROSS JOIN.

In this join, the result set appeared by multiplying each row of the first table with all rows in
the second table if no condition introduced with CROSS JOIN.

This kind of result is called as Cartesian Product.

In MySQL, the CROSS JOIN behaves like JOIN and INNER JOIN without using any condition.

In standard SQL the difference between INNER JOIN and CROSS JOIN is ON clause can be
used with INNER JOIN on the other hand ON clause can't be used with CROSS JOIN.
Syntax:

SELECT table1.col1, table2.col1, table1.col2, table2.col3, …

FROM table1
CROSS JOIN table2;

6: STRAIGHT JOIN
In MySQL an STRAIGHT_JOIN scans and combines matching rows (if specified any condition)
which are stored in associated tables otherwise it behaves like an INNER JOIN or JOIN of
without any condition.

"STRAIGHT_JOIN is similar to JOIN, except that the left table is always read before the right
table. This can be used for those (few) cases for which the join optimizer puts the tables in
the wrong order."

Syntax:

SELECT table1.col1, table2.col1, table1.col2, table2.col3, …

FROM table1
STRAIGHT JOIN table2;

7: NATURAL JOIN
In MySQL, the NATURAL JOIN is such a join that performs the same task as an INNER or
LEFT JOIN, in which the ON or USING clause refers to all columns that the tables to be
joined have in common.

The MySQL NATURAL JOIN is structured in such a way that, columns with the same name of
associate tables will appear once only.

Natural Join: Guidelines:

 The associated tables have one or more pairs of identically named columns.

 The columns must be the same data type.

 Don’t use ON clause in a NATURAL JOIN.

Syntax:

SELECT table1.col1, table2.col1, table1.col2, table2.col3, …

FROM table1
NATURAL JOIN table2;
Exercise

1. Write a query in SQL to display the first name, last name, department number, and
department name for each employee. (Sample tables: employees & departments)

2. Write a query to find the name (first_name, last_name), job, department ID and name
of the department who works in London. (Sample tables: employees , locations &
departments)

3. Write a query in SQL to display the first and last name, department, city, and state
province for each employee. (Sample tables: employees , locations & departments)

4. Write a query to find the employee id, name (last_name) along with their manager_id
and name (last_name). (Sample tables: employees)

5. Write a query to find the name (first_name, last_name) and hire date of the employees
who was hired after 'Jones'. (Sample tables: employees)

6. Write a query to get the department name and number of employees in the
department. (Sample tables: employees & departments)

7. Write a query to display the department ID and name and first name of manager.
(Sample tables: employees & departments)

8. Write a query to display the department name, manager name, and city. (Sample
tables: employees , locations & departments)

9. Write a query to display the job history that were done by any employee who is
currently drawing more than 10000 of salary. (Sample tables: employees &
job_history)

10. Write a query to display the first name, last name, hire date, salary of the manager
for all managers whose experience is more than 15 years. (Sample tables: employees
& departments)

11. Write a query in SQL to display the name of the department, average salary and
number of employees working in that department who got commission. (Sample
tables: employees & departments)

12. Write a query in SQL to display the name of the country, city, and the departments
which are running there. (Sample tables: countries , locations & departments)

13. Write a query in SQL to display department name and the full name (first and last
name) of the manager. (Sample tables: employees & departments)
14. Write a query in SQL to display the details of jobs which was done by any of the
employees who is presently earning a salary on and above 12000. (Sample tables:
employees & job_history)

15. Write a query in SQL to display the full name (first and last name), and salary of those
employees who working in any department located in London. (Sample tables:
employees , locations & departments)

16. Write a query to display job title, employee name, and the difference between salary
of the employee and minimum salary for the job. (Sample tables: employees & jobs)

17. Write a query to display the job title and average salary of employees. (Sample
tables: employees & jobs)

18. Write a query to find the employee ID, job title, number of days between ending date
and starting date for all jobs in department 90 from job history. (Sample tables: jobs
& job_history)

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