Merit-Quality-Excellence

IBA Institute of Emerging Technologies Khairpur

DATABASE SYSTEM
LAB No: 04
Instructor: Marina Gul
Objective of Lab No. 4:
After performing lab 4, students will be able to:

o Aggregate Functions
o GROUP BY Statement
o HAVING clause
o Regular Expressions

Aggregate Functions
An aggregate function allows you to perform a calculation on a set of values to return a single
scalar value. We often use aggregate functions with the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses of
the SELECT statement.
WHERE clause comes before GROUP BY clause.
HAVING clause can come after GROUP BY clause.
Alias names cannot be used in GROUP BY clause.
GROUP BY columns are not necessarily be in the SELECT clause
GROUP BY clause can be applied on more than one columns

The following are the most commonly used SQL aggregate functions:

 AVG – calculates the average of a set of values.

 COUNT– counts rows in a specified table or view.
 MIN – gets the minimum value in a set of values.
 MAX – gets the maximum value in a set of values.
 SUM – calculates the sum of values.

Notice that all aggregate functions above ignore NULL values except for the COUNT
function.

SQL aggregate functions syntax: To call an aggregate function, you use the following
syntax:

aggregate_function (DISTINCT | ALL expression)

First, specify an aggregate function that you want to use e.g., MIN, MAX, AVG, SUM or
COUNT.

Second, put DISTINCT or ALL modifier followed by an expression inside parentheses. If you
explicitly use the DISTINCT modifier, the aggregate function ignores duplicate values and
only consider the unique values. If you use the ALL modifier, the aggregate function uses all
values for calculation or evaluation. The ALL modifier is used by default if you do not specify
any modifier explicitly.

GROUP BY Statement
The GROUP BY statement group rows that have the same values into summary rows, like
"find the number of customers in each country".
The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT, MAX, MIN,
SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one or more columns.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
ORDER BY column_name(s);
DISTINCT vs GROUP BY
Distinct is used to find unique/distinct records where as a group by is used to group a selected
set of rows into summary rows by one or more columns or an expression.
The group by can also be used to find distinct values as shown in below query.
SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM EMPLOYEES
GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID;
OR
SELECT DISTINCT DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM EMPLOYEES ;

HAVING clause
The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be used with
aggregate functions.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
 ORDER BY column_name(s);
Example:
SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5
ORDER BY COUNT(CustomerID) DESC;
The above SQL statement lists the number of customers in each country, sorted high to low
(Only include countries with more than 5 customers):
Regular Expressions
Regular Expressions help search data matching complex criteria. We looked at wildcards in
the previous labs. If you have worked with wildcards before, you may be asking why learn
regular expressions when you can get similar results using the wildcards. Because, compared to
wildcards, regular expressions allow us to search data matching even more complex criterion.
Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM table
WHERE columnName
REGEXP 'pattern';
Example:
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE FIRST_NAME
REGEXP 'al';
The above query searches for all the employees’ first name that have the word “al” in them. It
does not matter whether the “al” is at the beginning, middle or end of the first name. As long as
it is contained in the name then it will be considered.
Let's suppose that we want to search employees whose first name start with a, b, c or d ,
followed by any number of other characters. We can use a regular expression together with the
metacharacters to achieve our desired results.
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE FIRST_NAME
REGEXP '^[a, b, c, d]';

Char Description Example

* The asterisk (*) metacharacter is SELECT * FROM movies WHERE title
used to match zero (0) or more REGEXP 'da*'; will give all movies containing
instances of the strings preceding it characters "da" .For Example, Da Vinci Code ,
Daddy's Little Girls.
 ? The question(?) metacharacter is SELECT * FROM `categories` WHERE
used to match zero (0) or one `category_name` REGEXP 'com?'; will give
instances of the strings preceding it.
all the categories containing string com .For
Example, comedy , romantic comedy .
. The dot (.) metacharacter is used to SELECT * FROM movies WHERE
match any single character in `year_released` REGEXP '200.'; will give all
exception of a new line. the movies released in the years starting with
characters "200" followed by any single
character .For Example, 2005,2007,2008 etc.
^ The caret (^) is used to start the SELECT * FROM `movies` WHERE `title`
match at beginning. REGEXP '^[cd]'; gives all the movies with the
title starting with any of the characters in "cd"
.For Example, Code Name Black, Daddy's
Little Girls and Da Vinci Code.
$ The ($) is used to match at the end. SELECT * FROM `movies` WHERE `title`
REGEXP 'n$'; gives all the movies with the
title that ends with n letter.
[abc] The charlist [abc] is used to match SELECT * FROM `movies` WHERE `title`
any of the enclosed characters. REGEXP '[vwxyz]'; will give all the movies
containing any single character in "vwxyz"
.For Example, X-Men, Da Vinci Code, etc.
[^abc] The charlist [^abc] is used to match SELECT * FROM `movies` WHERE `title`
any characters excluding the ones REGEXP '^[^vwxyz]'; will give all the movies
enclosed. containing characters other than the ones in
"vwxyz".
[A-Z] The [A-Z] is used to match any SELECT * FROM `members` WHERE
upper case letter. `postal_address` REGEXP '[A-Z]'; will give
all the members that have postal address
containing any character from A to Z. .For
Example, Janet Jones with membership
number 1.
[a-z] The [a-z] is used to match any SELECT * FROM `members` WHERE
lower case letter `postal_address` REGEXP '[a-z]'; will give all
the members that have postal addresses
containing any character from a to z. .For
Example, Janet Jones with membership
number 1.
[0-9] The [0-9] is used to match any digit SELECT * FROM `members` WHERE
from 0 through to 9. `contact_number` REGEXP '[0-9]' will give
all the members have submitted contact
numbers containing characters "[0-9]" .For
Example, Robert Phil.
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/regexp.html
Lab Tasks

1. Write a query to lists the number of employees in each department.

2. Write a query to display the department id where at least 5 employees should be in
each department.
3. Write a query to display all columns of those employees who has first name is unique.
4. Write a SQL query to get name of students containing exactly four characters.
5. Write a query to display the list of employee names that have letters ‘LA’ in their
names.
6. Write a query to display names of those employees whose first name starts with ‘A’
and ends with ‘N’.
7. Write a query to display first names of all employees that end with alphabet ‘N’.
8. Write a query to display FIRST_NAME, LASTNAME of all employees whose first name
starts with letter ‘A’.
9. Write a query to display the number of employees with the same job.
10. Display the manager number and the salary of the lowest paid employee of that
manager. Exclude anyone whose manager is not known. Exclude any groups where
the minimum salary is 2000. Sort the output is descending order of the salary.
11. Display the total number of employees who have no commission.
12. Write a query to display FIRST_NAME, LASTNAME of all employees whose first name
small ‘t’.