Grade 10 Science Project

Exploring Charles's Law: The

Relationship Between Temperature
and Volume
By: Kale Louie A. Sudario
Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson:

01 Understanding Charles's
Law
Applying Charles's Law in
02 Real-World Scenarios
Interpreting Graphs and
03 Predicting Gas Behavior
 Introduction
Did you know,
Charles's Law, named after the French scientist Jacques Charles, is a fundamental principle in
physics and chemistry that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. This law specifically
relates the volume of a gas to its temperature, assuming that pressure and amount of gas remain
constant.

In this lesson, we'll delve into Charles's law, a fundamental principle in the study of gases
 Understanding Charles's Law
Charles's Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant
pressure, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature. This means that as the temperature of a
gas increases, its volume also increases proportionally, and vice
versa, provided the pressure remains constant.
The relationship between temperature and volume of a gas at
constant pressure is described by Charles's Law, which is a
specific case of the ideal gas law under constant pressure
conditions.
Charles's Law states that the volume (𝑉V) of a gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature (𝑇T), given that the
pressure (𝑃P) remains constant. Mathematically, this
relationship can be expressed as:
∝ ∝
𝑉 𝑇V T

Formula:
𝑉1/𝑇1=𝑉2/𝑇2 V1​/T1​=V2​/T2​
 History
Jacques Charles (1746-1823) was a
French scientist and inventor who
made significant contributions to the
understanding of gases and their
behavior under varying conditions. His
most notable contribution, Charles's
Law, describes the relationship
between the volume and temperature
of a gas at constant pressure.
Charles's work was influenced by
earlier experiments conducted by
scientists like Robert Boyle and
Joseph Black. Charles is credited
with conducting experiments that
specifically investigated the
relationship between the volume
and temperature of gases.
 The key historical experiments that led to
the formulation of Charles's Law involved
observing the behavior of gases at different
temperatures while keeping the pressure
constant. Charles used a variety of sealed
glass tubes containing gas and immersed
them in baths of varying temperatures. By
measuring the volume of the gas at
different temperatures, Charles observed
that the volume of a gas expands or
contracts proportionally with changes in
temperature, provided the pressure is
constant.
 One of Charles's important
experiments involved measuring
the volume of a gas (such as air)
confined in a sealed container at
different temperatures. He
discovered that as the
temperature increased, the
volume of the gas also increased
in a consistent manner,
demonstrating a direct
proportionality between volume
and absolute temperature.
 Charles's Law was eventually formulated to
express this relationship mathematically,
paving the way for a deeper understanding of
gas behavior and laying the foundation for
developing broader gas laws.
 A quick recap of Boyle's Law and
Gay-Lussac's Law
Boylle’s law

Boyle's Law describes the relationship between the

pressure (𝑃P) and volume (𝑉V) of a gas, assuming that the
temperature (𝑇T) remains constant. It states that the
pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
∝ ∝
when temperature is constant: 𝑃 1𝑉P V1​
Boylle’s Law
Mathematically: 𝑃1𝑉1=𝑃2𝑉2P1​V1​=P2​V2​where
𝑃1P1​and 𝑉1V1​are the initial pressure and
volume, and 𝑃2P2​and 𝑉2V2​are the final
pressure and volume after a change.
Gay-Lussac's Law
Gay-Lussac's Law describes the relationship between the
pressure (𝑃P) and temperature (𝑇T) of a gas, assuming that the
volume (𝑉V) remains constant. It states that the pressure of a
gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature:
∝ ∝
𝑃 𝑇P T

Mathematically: 𝑃1𝑇1=𝑃2𝑇2T1​P1​​=T2​P2​​where 𝑃1P1​and 𝑇1T1​are the

initial pressure and temperature, and 𝑃2P2​and 𝑇2T2​are the final
pressure and temperature after a change.
 Now let’s relate there laws to Charles
law
Charles's Law
Charles's Law describes the relationship between the volume (𝑉V) and
temperature (𝑇T) of a gas, assuming that the pressure (𝑃P) remains
constant. It states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature: 𝑉 𝑇V T∝ ∝
Mathematically: 𝑉1𝑇1=𝑉2𝑇2T1​V1​​=T2​V2​​where 𝑉1V1​and 𝑇1T1​are the initial
volume and temperature, and 𝑉2V2​and 𝑇2T2​are the final volume and
temperature after a change.
 Boyle's Law and Charles's Law
Boyle's Law deals with the
relationship between pressure
and volume at constant
temperature.
while Charles's Law deals with the
relationship between volume and
temperature at constant pressure.
Together, they demonstrate how changes in
volume (Boyle's Law) or temperature
(Charles's Law) affect the other property
while keeping one constant.
 Gay-Lussac's Law and
Charles's Law
Gay-Lussac's Law deals with the
relationship between pressure and
temperature at constant volume
while Charles's Law deals with the
relationship between volume and
temperature at constant pressure.

Both laws illustrate how changes in temperature

affect pressure (Gay-Lussac's Law) or volume
(Charles's Law) when the other property is held
constant.
 Imagine you have a balloon filled with air at
room temperature (let's say 20°C) and normal
atmospheric pressure. We want to see what
happens to the balloon when we heat it.
1. Initial State: 2. Heating the Balloon:
Volume (𝑉1V1​): The initial Now, let's heat the
volume of the balloon at balloon by placing it near a
room temperature. heat source or in a warmer
Temperature (𝑇1T1​): Room
environment.
temperature (e.g., 20°C).
3. Volume Expansion (Charles's Law):
Pressure (𝑃P): Constant,
assumed to be atmospheric
As the air temperature inside the balloon increases due to heating,
pressure. according to Charles's Law, the air volume inside the balloon also
increases.
This is because the gas molecules inside the balloon gain kinetic
energy with increased temperature, causing them to move faster
and collide more frequently with the walls of the balloon, thus
expanding its volume.
 4. Visual Representation:
In this example, heating the balloon
Imagine the gas molecules (represented as small dots) inside the
demonstrates Charles's Law in action: as
balloon.
the temperature of the gas inside the
Initially, at room temperature, these molecules move at a moderate
balloon increases (while keeping
speed and exert pressure on the balloon's walls.
pressure constant), the volume of the
When the balloon is heated, the gas molecules gain energy and move
balloon expands proportionally. This
more rapidly, pushing against the walls of the balloon with increased
expansion occurs because the increased
force.
temperature leads to higher kinetic
This increased kinetic energy results in the expansion of the balloon's
energy of gas molecules, causing them
volume.
to exert greater pressure and occupy a
5. Final State: larger volume.
Volume (𝑉2V2​): The increased volume of the balloon after heating.
Visually, you can imagine the gas
Temperature (𝑇2T2​): The elevated temperature due to heating.
particles moving more vigorously and
Pressure (𝑃P): Constant, assuming atmospheric pressure.
colliding more frequently with the walls
of the balloon as the temperature
increases, illustrating how changes in
temperature directly influence the
volume of a gas under constant pressure
conditions, as described by Charles's
Law.
 Practical Applications of
Charles's Law
Hot Air Balloons:
One of the most famous applications of Charles's Law is seen
in hot air balloons.
In a hot air balloon, the air inside the balloon is heated using
a burner, which increases the temperature of the air.
According to Charles's Law, as the temperature of the air
increases, the volume of the air inside the balloon expands.
This expansion decreases the density of the air inside the
balloon, making it less dense than the surrounding cooler air,
causing the balloon to rise.
 Weather Balloons:
Weather balloons are used to collect
atmospheric data at various altitudes.
These balloons are typically filled with helium
or hydrogen gas.
As the weather balloon rises in the atmosphere,
the external air pressure decreases while the
temperature changes.
Charles's Law helps in understanding how the
volume of the gas inside the weather balloon
changes with variations in temperature and
pressure at different altitudes.
 Industries Using Charles's Law
HVAC Systems
HVAC systems utilize the principles of Charles's Law for
air conditioning and refrigeration.
Air conditioning systems use refrigerants (gases) that
undergo compression and expansion cycles.
When a gas is compressed, its temperature increases
(according to Gay-Lussac's Law), and when it expands,
its temperature decreases.
Charles's Law is employed to understand how changes
in volume (due to temperature changes) affect the
cooling and heating processes in HVAC systems.
 Scuba Diving
Scuba divers use compressed air or gas tanks
during dives.
As divers descend deeper underwater, the external
pressure increases.
According to Boyle's Law, the volume of the gas
inside the scuba tank decreases as pressure
increases, ensuring a continuous supply of air to
the diver.
Charles's Law helps divers understand the
relationship between temperature and volume
changes in their gas supply due to changes in
external pressure at different depths.
 Gas Storage and
Transportation
Industries that deal with storing and
transporting gases (e.g., natural gas,
liquefied petroleum gas) must consider
temperature changes.
Charles's Law helps in predicting how gases
will behave in response to temperature
fluctuations during storage and
transportation.
Understanding these principles is crucial for
maintaining the integrity and safety of gas
containers and pipelines.
Factors Affecting Gas Behavior
While Charles's Law provides a
fundamental relationship between
the volume and temperature of a
gas at constant pressure, several
factors can influence the accuracy
and applicability of this law under
different conditions. Here are some
factors that can affect the
accuracy of Charles's Law
1. Pressure Changes:
Charles's Law assumes that the pressure of
the gas remains constant during volume-
temperature changes. However, if the
pressure changes significantly, it can
affect the accuracy of the law.
At higher pressures, gases may not behave
ideally (deviating from ideal gas behavior),
especially near their condensation point or
critical temperature. This can impact the
relationship between volume and
temperature.
Changes in pressure can also affect the
density of the gas, which in turn may
influence how the gas molecules interact
with each other.
 2. Nature of the Gas:
Different gases have varying molecular
structures and interactions, which can
affect their behavior under changing
temperature conditions.
Ideal gases (which obey Charles's Law
perfectly) are theoretical and assume no
intermolecular forces between gas
particles. Real gases, however, may
deviate from ideal behavior under certain
conditions (high pressure, low
temperature) due to intermolecular
forces.
The choice of gas (its molecular weight,
size, and interactions) can impact how
closely it adheres to the predictions of
Charles's Law.
 3. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior:
Real gases deviate from ideal
behavior under certain
conditions (high pressure, low
temperature).
Deviations from ideal gas
behavior can be caused by
factors such as intermolecular
forces (van der Waals forces),
molecular volume, and molecular
interactions.
Under extreme conditions (very
high pressures or very low
temperatures), gases may exhibit
behavior that doesn't conform to
the assumptions of ideal gas
laws, including Charles's Law.
 4. Experimental Conditions:
The accuracy of experiments
demonstrating Charles's Law can be
influenced by experimental
conditions such as the precision of
volume and temperature
measurements.
Small errors in measuring volume or
temperature can lead to inaccuracies
in calculating the relationship
between volume and temperature.
Controlling external factors (such as
heat loss to the surroundings) during
experiments is crucial to obtaining
reliable results.
 5. Temperature Range:
Charles's Law is applicable
within a certain
temperature range where
gases behave ideally.
At very high temperatures,
gases may dissociate or
ionize, leading to non-ideal
behavior.
At extremely low
temperatures, gases can
liquefy or solidify, deviating
from ideal gas behavior.
6. Volume Measurement:
Accurate measurement of
gas volume is essential
for applying Charles's
Law correctly.
Use of calibrated
equipment and proper
techniques for volume
measurement (e.g.,
ensuring no air bubbles in
syringes) is critical.
 Limitations of Charle’s Law
1. Ideal Gas Assumptions:
Charles's Law assumes that the gas
behaves as an ideal gas, meaning that the
gas particles have negligible volume and
do not interact with each other (no
intermolecular forces).
In reality, most gases deviate from ideal
behavior under certain conditions (high
pressure, low temperature) where
intermolecular forces become significant.
These deviations can lead to inaccuracies
when applying Charles's Law to real gases
under non-ideal conditions.
 2. Extreme Conditions:
Charles's Law is most accurate within a
moderate range of temperatures and
pressures where gases behave ideally.
At very high pressures or very low
temperatures, gases may liquefy or
exhibit non-ideal behavior (deviating
from the assumptions of ideal gas
behavior).
Under extreme conditions, the volume-
temperature relationship predicted by
Charles's Law may not hold true due to
changes in gas properties.
 Summary of key points covered
1. Introduction
Overview of the presentation's scope and key topics to be covered.
2. Understanding Charles's Law
Definition of Charles's Law and its fundamental principle.
Explanation using the formula 𝑉1𝑇1=𝑉2𝑇2T1​V1​​=T2​V2​​showcasing the proportional relationship between volume and absolute temperature.
3. Historical Context
Background on Jacques Charles and the development of gas laws.
Mention of historical experiments that led to the formulation of Charles's Law.
4. Gas Behavior Overview
Recap of other gas behavior principles (Boyle's Law, Gay-Lussac's Law) and their relationship to Charles's Law.
5. Conceptual Explanation
Use of visual aids (e.g., balloon or gas cylinder) to illustrate how gas volume changes with temperature.
Visual representation of gas particles' behavior under varying temperature conditions.
6. Practical Applications
Real-world applications of Charles's Law, such as hot air balloons and HVAC systems.
Examples of industries utilizing this law, like weather forecasting and scuba diving.
7. Factors Affecting Gas Behavior
Discussion on factors (e.g., pressure variations, gas types) that can influence the accuracy of Charles's Law predictions.
8. Limitations and Extensions
Addressing limitations of Charles's Law under non-ideal conditions.
Extensions of the law to account for deviations from ideal gas behavior.
Thank

you!