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NOx Emission Control

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18 views5 pages

NOx Emission Control

Uploaded by

ejrfjxhjtntauuwtfc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NOx Emission Control

firstesco.com/nox-emission-control

SNCR Technology Description

SNCR is a relatively simple chemical process. The process begins with an ammonia-based
reagent, ammonia (NH3) or urea (CO(NH2)2), being vaporized either before injection by a
vaporizer or after injection by the heat of the boiler. Within the appropriate temperature
range, the gas-phase urea or ammonia then decomposes into free radicals including NH3
and NH2. After a series of reactions, the ammonia radicals come into contact with the NOx
and reduce it to N2 and H2O.

Ammonia can be utilized in either aqueous or anhydrous form. Anhydrous ammonia is a


gas at normal atmospheric temperature. It must be transported and stored under
pressure. Aqueous ammonia is generally transported and stored at a concentration of
29.4% ammonia in water. At concentrations above 28%, storage of ammonia may require
a per-mit, therefore some recent applications of SNCR are using a 19% solution .
Decreasing the concentration, however, increases the required storage volume. Ammonia
is generally injected as a vapor. Providing sufficient ammonia vapor to the injectors
requires a vaporizer, even though the 29.4% solution has substantial vapor pressure at
normal air temperatures. The injection system equipment for vapor systems is more
complicated and expensive than equipment for aqueous systems.

2CO(NH2)2 + 6NO → 5N2 + 2CO2 + 4H2O

4HNCO + 6NO → 5N2 + 4CO2 + 2H2O

4NH3 + 4NO + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O

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In SNCR systems, a reagent is injected into the flue gas in the furnace/preheater within
an appropriate temperature window. Emissions of NOx can be reduced by 30% to 50%.
The NOx and reagent (ammonia or urea) react to form nitrogen and water.

A typical SNCR system consists of reagent storage, multi-level reagent-injection


equipment, and associated control instrumentation. The Reagent is sprayed into the flue
gas to react with it and reduce the oxides. The temperature window for efficient SNCR
operation typically occurs between 900°C and 1,100°C depending on the reagent and
condition of SNCR operation.

Both ammonia and urea are used as reagents. Urea based systems have more advantages
over an ammonia based system. Urea is non-toxic , less volatile and easy to store and
handle safely. Urea solution droplets penetrate farther into the fluegas when injected.

Our Solution – Urea-based process

This SNCR process uses urea, CO (NH2)2 as a reducing agent. It injects an aqueous urea
solution into the path of the NOx laden combustion products. The urea thermally
decomposes to produce chemical species which react with NOx to form nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, and water.

Equation 1 – CO (NH2)2 + 2NO + 1/2 O2 = 2N2 + CO2 + 2H2O

Equation 2 – 4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O


In Equation 1 , it follows that the stoichiometric molar rate of urea relative to NO in the
combustion products is 0.5, since one mole of urea potentially has two moles of
NH2 available to react with NO. The urea injection process for NOx control is also
temperature sensitive. The urea solution, therefore, must be injected in the temperature
range of 870°-1200°C (1600°-2200°F).

Factors that influence NOx reduction efficiency


The NOx reduction efficiency of both SNCR processes depends on the following factors:

Flue gas temperature in reaction zone


Uniformity of flue gas temperature in the reaction zone
Normal flue gas temperature variation with load
Residence time

Distribution and mixing of ammonia/urea into the flue gases


Initial NOx concentration
Ammonia/urea injection rate
Heater configuration, which affects location and design of injection nozzles

We have selected this Process based on ease of use, safety and least operating cost
compared with Ammonia based NOX reduction systems. Location of the The Spray
Nozzles / Lance have been so selected that it provides uniform flue gas temperature and

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long residence time and best mixing zone for efficient recation and highest possible NOX
reduction.

Safety is the principal advantage of urea-based ammonia systems. Aside from the
potential dangers of transportation and transfer, the hazards associated with on-site
storage of Liquid ammonia are very high.
Aqueous ammonia transport, storage and handling is hazardous and requires
specialized training for the personnel and needs special safety and evacuation
provisions at site
UREA in the form of bulk powder / granules is easy to procure, transport , handle
stock. Needs no training and extra safety measures.

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UREA based systems though slightly higher in Capital cost , have least operating
cost compared with Ammonia based NOX reduction systems.
UREA based NOX reduction systems have least Energy Consumption for operation
As per the research and test conducted on mass transfer, reaction kinetics , it was
observed that the penetration of urea based Ammonia is far deeper in to the
injection area than the Ammonia water reagent due to the fact that water is
evaporated at the tip of the lance in case of ammonia liquid NOX systems leaving
Ammonia ta the tip of lance where as the due to reaction kinetics of Urea ammonia
is formed much farther away from the tip of the lance. Hence there is better efficacy
of reaction possible with UREA based NOX reduction systems due to the longer
depth of penetration.

The reaction mechanism in both reagents is provided below which illustrates the
advantages in UREA system for best possible NOX reduction efficiency.

The Location in the flue gas duct where the reaction has to take place can be defined in
advance by means of the water droplet size and the resulting penetration depth. If the
water droplet is big enough injection in a place that is too hot for a NOx reduction is
possible because the reaction can take place downstream the injection point in a colder

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place within the flue gas. The mass of the dilution water, which is additionally used as a
carrier medium for urea solution, ensures a high penetration depth at rather low energy
consumption, and may cool down the flue gas to the desired temperature, if necessary.

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