ENHANCHING IMAGE RESOLUTION THROUGH TEXT-GUIDED

SCENE RECOGNITION
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements to
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
For the award of the degree
B.Tech. in CSE
By

M. Sarath Brahma Teja(Y20CS111)

K. Venkata Dinesh Babu (Y20CS077)
K. Anirudh (Y20CS084)

May, 2024

R.V.R. & J.C. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
(Affiliated to Acharya Nagarjuna University)
Chandramoulipuram::Chowdavaram,
GUNTUR – 522019

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 R.V. R & J.C. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE and ENGINEERING

Certificate

This is to certify that this project work titled “Enhancing Image Resolution
Through Text Guided Scene Resolution” is the work done by M. Sarath Brahma
Teja(Y20CS111), K. Venkata Dinesh Babu(Y20CS077), and K. Anirudh(Y20CS084)
under my supervision, and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of the degree, B.Tech. in Computer Science & Engineering, during the Academic Year
2023-2024.

Mr. P. Rama Krishna Dr. B. Vara Prasad Rao Dr. M. Sreelatha

Project Guide Incharge, Project Work Prof. &Head

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 Acknowledgement

The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without a proper suggestions,
guidance and environment. Combination of these factors acts like backbone to our work on
“FAST AND INFORMATIVE MODEL SELECTION USING LEARNING CURVE
CROSS VALIDATION”.

We are very glad to express our special thanks to Mr. P. Rama Krishna, Guide for the
project who has inspired us to select this topic and also given a lot of valuable advices in
preparing content for this topic.

We are very thankful to Dr. B. Vara Prasad Rao, Lecturer in charge for the Project who
extended his encouragement and support to carry out this project.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. M. Sreelatha, Head of the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering for her encouragement and support to carry out this Project
successfully.

We are very much thankful to Dr. Kolla Srinivas, Principal of R.V.R &J.C College of
Engineering, Guntur for providing this supportive Environment.

Finally, we submit our reserves thanks to lab staff in Department of Computer Science
and Engineering and to all our friends for their cooperation during preparation.

M. Sarath Brahma Teja (Y20CS111)

K. Venkata Dinesh Babu (Y20CS077)
K. Anirudh (Y20CS084)

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 Abstract
TPGSR proposes a method for improving the resolution and visual quality of low-resolution
scene text images while enhancing text recognition performance. Unlike existing methods that
treat text images as natural scenes without considering categorical information, text
recognition priors are embedded into the super-resolution model. Specifically, predicted
character recognition probabilities obtained from a text recognition model serve as text priors,
guiding the recovery of high-resolution text images. The reconstructed high-resolution image,
in turn, refines the text priors. A multi-stage text prior guided super-resolution framework for
scene text image super-resolution is introduced. Experiments on the TextZoom dataset
demonstrate that the approach effectively enhances the visual quality of scene text images and
significantly improves text recognition accuracy compared to existing methods. Additionally,
the model trained on TextZoom exhibits some generalization capability to low-resolution
images in other datasets.

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 Contents

PageNo.
Title Page i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Contents V
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
List of abbreviations x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem statement 4
1.3 Proposed techniques 4
1.4 Significance of the work 5
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 6
2.1 Review of project 6
2.2 Limitations of existing techniques 10
3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 14
3.1 Requirements Specification 14
3.1.1 Functional Requirements 14
3.1.2 Non-Functional Requirements 15
3.2 UML Diagrams for the project work 16
3.2.1 System view diagrams 17
3.2.2 Detailed view diagrams 21
4 SYSTEM DESIGN 24
4.1 Architecture of the proposed system 24
4.2 Workflow of the proposed system 27
4.3 Module Description 29

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5 IMPLEMENTATION 31
5.1 Algorithms 31
5.2 Data Sets 35
5.3 Metrics calculated 38
5.4 Methods compared 40
6 TESTING 43
6.1 Introduction of testing 43
6.1.1 Importance of testing 43
6.2 Objective of testing 43
6.3 Test code 47
6.4 Test cases 50
7 RESULT ANALYSIS 53
7.1 Selection of TP 53
7.2 The selection of TP Generator(TPG) 54
7.3 Out-of-category analysis 55
7.4 Results on TextZoom 56
7.5 Cost vs Performance 56
8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 57
9 REFERENCES 59

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 List of Tables

S.No Table No Table Description Page No

1 5.3.1 Text image recognition performance of 39

competing STISR models on TextZoom
2 5.3.2 Ablation on different α and β 39

3 5.4.2 Text recognition accuracy on low quality 42

images in ICDAR2015
4 6.1 Text case 1 50

5 6.2 Test case 2 50

6 6.3 Test case 3 51

7 6.4 Test case 4 51

8 6.5 Test case 5 52

9 7.1 TP Types on SR text image recognition 54

10 7.2 TP types on SR text image recognition 54

11 7.5 Cost vs Performance 56

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 List of Figures

S. No Figure No Figure Description Page No

1 1.1.1 comparison of super-resolution results 3

2 3.2.1.1 Use case diagram for TPGSR 17

3 3.2.1.2 Activity diagram for TPGSR 18

4 3.2.1.3 Sequence diagram for TPGSR 19

6 3.2.1.5 Class diagram for TPGSR 20

7 3.2.1.6 State chart diagram for TPGSR 21

8 3.2.2.1 Component diagram 22

9 3.2.2.2 Deployment diagram 23

10 4.1.1 Proposed TPGSR framework 24

11 4.1.2 Comparison of TP-Guided SR block and common 25

SR block
12 4.1.3 Illustration of multi-stage TPGSR 26

13 4.2.1 Workflow 27

14 4.2.2 Visualization of TP(text prior) 28

15 4.2.3 Visualization of different TP and SR results 28

16 5.2.1.1 TextZoom data 35

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S.No Figure No Figure Description Page No

17 5.2.2.1 ICDAR2015 data 36

18 5.2.3.1 SVT data 37

19 5.4.1.1 Comparison of competing STISR models on 41

TextZoom.
20 7.1.1 Visualization of different types of TP 53

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 List of Abbreviations

TPGSR Text Prior Guided Scene Text Image Super-Resolution.

STISR Scene Text Image Super-Resolution.

SISR Single Image Super Resolution.

STR Scene Text Recognition.

GAN Generative Adversarial Networks.

CTC Connectionist Temporal Classification.

OCR Optical Character Recognition.

LR Low Resolution.

HR High Resolution.

TSRN Text Super-Resolution Network.

SVT Street View Text.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Recognizing text characters from scene images is a crucial task in computer vision, essential
for tasks like text retrieval, sign recognition, license plate identification, and scene text-based
visual question answering. However, practical challenges such as low sensor resolution,
blurring, and inadequate illumination often degrade the quality of captured scene text
images. Consequently, recognizing text from low-resolution (LR) images remains a
significant challenge in the field of scene text recognition.
Deep learning has made big strides in sharpening blurry images (SISR). Researchers are now
applying these techniques to text in images (STISR) to improve accuracy of text recognition
software. This builds on prior work adapting deep learning methods for sharpening regular
images.
These approaches typically involve generating low-resolution (LR) images by techniques
like bicubic down-sampling from high-resolution (HR) images, but real-world LR images
often undergo more intricate degradation processes. Recently, Wang and colleagues [11]
introduced the TextZoom dataset, which consists of LR-HR image pairs captured using zoom
lenses, reflecting real-world scenarios. Wang and colleagues also introduced the TSRN
model for Scene Text Image Super-Resolution (STISR), which has demonstrated cutting-
edge performance.
Current STISR techniques, such as TSRN [11], primarily consider scene text images as
natural scenes for super-resolution, overlooking the valuable semantic categorical details
conveyed by the text within the image.

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 Fig 1.1.1 comparison of super-resolution results

As illustrated in Fig. 1.1.1, while TSRN [11] produces notably better results compared to
the basic bicubic model (Fig. 1.1.1), discerning the characters remains challenging.
Recognizing the importance of semantic cues in enhancing object shape and texture
recovery, this paper introduces a novel STISR approach called text prior guided super-
resolution (TPGSR). TPGSR integrates text recognition priors into the super-resolution
process. To achieve this, a TP transformer module is employed to convert coarse text
guidance into more detailed image feature priors, which are then incorporated into the
super-resolution network to guide HR image reconstruction. As depicted in Fig. 1.1.1,
leveraging text prior information significantly enhances STISR outcomes, substantially
improving text legibility. Moreover, the reconstructed HR text image can refine the text
prior, enabling the construction of a multi-stage TPGSR framework for more effective
STISR. Fig. 1.1.1 illustrates the super-resolved text image utilizing the refined text prior,
where the text is clearly and accurately recognizable.

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1.2 Problem Statement

TPGSR aims to enhance both the resolution and visual quality of low-resolution scene text
images while improving text recognition accuracy. Unlike conventional methods that treat
text images as natural scenes, TPGSR integrates text recognition priors into the super-
resolution model, leveraging categorical information to guide high-resolution text image
recovery. This novel approach targets superior performance in scene text image super-
resolution and text recognition tasks.
1.3 Proposed techniques

TPGSR (Text Prior Guided Super-Resolution) represents a cutting-edge method tailored to

enrich the resolution and visual acuity of low-resolution scene text images. Leveraging
intricate algorithms and deep learning architectures, TPGSR not only augments pixel density
but also markedly elevates overall visual fidelity. Such advancements hold particular
importance in domains like optical character recognition (OCR), document scrutiny, and
scene comprehension, where text legibility and image authenticity are critical factors.

TPGSR utilizes text prior information to direct super-resolution, leveraging inherent text
characteristics to enhance low-resolution images. This integration yields sharper, clearer, and
more detailed reconstructions resembling the original high-resolution images.

TPGSR boosts text recognition system performance by enhancing text image resolution and
quality, resulting in more accurate and reliable text extraction. This is especially valuable in
applications like document digitization and content-based image retrieval.

In practical applications, TPGSR can be implemented as part of a larger text processing

pipeline, where it serves as a preprocessing step to enhance the quality of input text images
before they are fed into text recognition or analysis algorithms. This integrated approach
ensures that the text information extracted from the enhanced images is of high quality,
thereby improving the accuracy and efficiency of downstream text processing tasks.

In summary, TPGSR is a powerful and versatile technique for enhancing the resolution and
visual quality of low-resolution scene text images. By leveraging text prior information and
advanced super-resolution algorithms, TPGSR not only improves the visual appearance of
text images but also boosts the performance of text recognition systems, making it an
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invaluable tool for various text-based applications.

In practical applications, TPGSR can be implemented as part of a larger text processing

pipeline, where it serves as a preprocessing step to enhance the quality of input text images
before they are fed into text recognition or analysis algorithms. This integrated approach
ensures that the text information extracted from the enhanced images is of high quality,
thereby improving the accuracy and efficiency of downstream text processing tasks.

In summary, TPGSR is a powerful and versatile technique for enhancing the resolution and
visual quality of low-resolution scene text images. By leveraging text prior information and
advanced super-resolution algorithms, TPGSR not only improves the visual appearance of
text images but also boosts the performance of text recognition systems, making it an
invaluable tool for various text-based applications.
1.4 Significance of the work

By using text prior (TP) to direct the text image super-resolution (SR) process, introduced a
novel scene text image super resolution framework, called TPGSR, in this research. To better
recover the text characters, merged the TP features and picture features, taking into account
that text images include different text category information from those of natural scene
images. To gradually improve the SR recovery of text images, multistage TPGSR was used
since the improved text image can yield higher TP in return. Trials conducted on the
TextZoom benchmark and additional datasets demonstrated that TPGSR may notably enhance
the text recognition performance on low-resolution text images by improving their visual
quality and readability, particularly in those challenging circumstances.

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 2.LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Review of the project
1) S. Karaoglu, R. Tao, T. Gevers, and A. W. M. Smeulders, proposed Words matter:
Scene text for image classification and retrieval. In Proceedings of the IEEE Trans.
Multimedia, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1063–1076, May 2016.
Text in natural images typically adds meaning to an object or scene. In particular, text specifies
which business places serve drinks (e.g., cafe, teahouse) or food (e.g., restaurant, pizzeria),
and what kind of service is provided (e.g., massage, repair). The mere presence of text, its
words, and meaning are closely related to the semantics of the object or scene. This paper
exploits textual contents in images for fine-grained business place classification and logo
retrieval. There are four main contributions. First, they show that the textual cues extracted by
the proposed method are effective for the two tasks. Combining the proposed textual and
visual cues outperforms visual only classification and retrieval by a large margin. Second, to
extract the textual cues, a generic and fully unsupervised word box proposal method is
introduced. The method reaches state-of- the-art word detection recall with a limited number
of proposals. Third, contrary to what is widely acknowledged in text detection literature, they
demonstrate that high recall in word detection is more important than high f-score at least for
both tasks considered in this work. Last, this paper provides a large annotated text detection
dataset with 10 K images
and 27,601-word boxes.

2) C. Y. Fang, C. S. Fuh, P. S. Yen, S. Cherng, and S. W. Chen, proposed An automatic

road sign recognition system based on a computational model of human recognition
processing. In Proceedings of the Comput. Vis. Image Understand., vol. 96, no. 2, pp.
237–268, Nov. 2004.
They presented an automatic road sign detection and recognition system that is based

on a computational model of human visual recognition processing. Road signs are typically
placed either by the roadside or above roads. They provide important information for guiding,
warning, or regulating the behaviors drivers in order to make driving safer and easier. The
proposed recognition system is motivated by human recognition processing. The system

6
consists of three major components: sensory, perceptual, and conceptual analyzers. The
former uses a configurable adaptive resonance theory (CART) neural network to determine
the category of the input stimuli, whereas the later uses a configurable hetero associative
memory (CHAM) neural network to recognize an object in the determined category of objects.
The proposed computational model has been used to develop a system for automatically
detecting and recognizing road signs from sequences of traffic images. The experimental
results revealed both the feasibility of the proposed computational model and the robustness
of the developed road sign detection system.

3) S. Montazzolli Silva and C. Rosito Jung, proposed License plate detection and
recognition in unconstrained scenarios. In Proceedings of the n Proc. Eur. Conf. Comput.
Vis., 2018, pp. 580– 596.
Despite the large number of both commercial and academic methods for Automatic License
Plate Recognition (ALPR), most existing approaches are focused on a specific license plate
(LP) region (e.g., European, US, Brazilian, Taiwanese, etc.), and frequently explore datasets
containing approximately frontal images. This work proposes a complete ALPR system
focusing on unconstrained capture scenarios, where the LP might be considerably distorted
due to oblique views. Their main contribution is the introduction of a novel Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN) capable of detecting and rectifying multiple distorted license plates
in a single image, which are fed to an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) method to obtain
the final result. Their experimental results indicate that the proposed method, without any
parameter adaptation or fine tuning for a specific scenario, performs similarly to state-of-the-
art commercial systems in traditional scenarios, and outperforms both academic and
commercial approaches in challenging ones.

4) A. F. Biten et al, proposed Scene text visual question answering. In Proceedings of the
Proc. IEEE/CVF Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV), Oct. 2019, pp. 4291–4301.
Current visual question answering datasets do not consider the rich semantic information
conveyed by text within an image. In this work, they present a new dataset, ST-VQA, that
aims to highlight the importance of exploiting high level semantic information present in
images as textual cues in the Visual Question Answering process. Authors use this dataset to
define a series of tasks of increasing difficulty for which reading the scene text in the context

7
provided by the visual information is necessary to reason and generate an appropriate answer.
They propose a new evaluation metric for these tasks to account both for reasoning errors as
well as shortcomings of the text recognition module. In addition, they put forward a series of
baseline methods, which provide further insight to the newly released dataset, and set the
scene for further research.

5) W. Wang et al., proposed Scene text image super-resolution in the wild. In Proceedings of
the Eur. Conf. Comput. Vis. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020, pp. 650–666.
Low-resolution text images are often seen in natural scenes such as documents captured by
mobile phones. Recognizing low-resolution text images is challenging because they lose
detailed content information, leading to poor recognition accuracy. An intuitive solution is to
introduce super- resolution (SR) techniques as pre-processing. However, previous single
image super-resolution (SISR) methods are trained on synthetic low-resolution images (e.g.,
Bicubic down-sampling), which is simple and not suitable for real low-resolution text
recognition. To this end, propose a real scene text SR dataset, termed TextZoom. It contains
paired real low-resolution and high- resolution images which are captured by cameras with
different focal length in the wild. It is more authentic and challenging than synthetic data.
Further more, TSRN clearly outperforms 7 stateof- the-art SR methods in boosting the
recognition accuracy of LR images in TextZoom.

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6) C. Dong, C. C. Loy, and X. Tang, proposed Accelerating the super-resolution
convolutional neural network. In Proceedings of the Eur. Conf. Comput. Vis. Cham,
Switzerland: Springer, 2016, pp. 391–407. [7] C. Ledig et al.,
As a successful deep model applied in image super-resolution (SR), the Super-Resolution
Convolutional Neural Network (SRCNN) [1, 2] has demonstrated superior performance to the
previous hand-crafted models either in speed and restoration quality. However, the high
computational cost still hinders it from practical usage that demands real-time performance
(24 fps). In this paper, they aim at accelerating the current SRCNN, and propose a compact
hourglass- shape CNN structure for faster and better SR. Re-design the SRCNN structure
mainly in three aspects. First, they introduce a deconvolution layer at the end of the network,
then the mapping is learned directly from the original low-resolution image (without
interpolation) to the high- resolution one. Second, they reformulate the mapping layer by
shrinking the input feature dimension before mapping and expanding back afterwards. Third,
they adopt smaller filter sizes but more mapping layers. The proposed model achieves a speed
up of more than 40 times with even superior restoration quality. A corresponding transfer
strategy is also proposed for fast training and testing across different upscaling factors
7) C. Ledig et al., proposed Photo-realistic single image super-resolution using a generative
adversarial network. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit.
(CVPR), Jul. 2017, pp. 4681–4690.
Despite the breakthroughs in accuracy and speed of single image super-resolution using faster
and deeper convolutional neural networks, one central problem remains largely unsolved: how
do recover the finer texture details when super-resolve at large upscaling factors. The behavior
of optimization-based super-resolution methods is principally driven by the choice of the
objective function. Recent work has largely focused on minimizing the mean squared
reconstruction error. The resulting estimates have high peak signal-to-noise ratios, but they
are often lacking high-frequency details and are perceptually unsatisfying in the sense that
they fail to match the fidelity expected at the higher resolution. In this paper, they present
SRGAN, a generative adversarial network (GAN) for image super resolution (SR). To our
knowledge, it is the first framework capable of inferring photo-realistic natural images for 4×
upscaling factors. In addition, they use a content loss motivated by perceptual similarity instead

9
of similarity in pixel space. Their deep residual network is able to recover photo realistic
textures from heavily down sampled images on public benchmarks. An extensive mean-
opinion-score (MOS) test shows hugely significant gains in perceptual quality using SRGAN.
The MOS scores obtained with SRGAN are closer to those of the original high-resolution
images than to those obtained with any state-of-the-art method.
8) A. Gupta, A. Vedaldi, and A. Zisserman, proposed Synthetic data for text localisation in
natural images. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR),
Jun. 2016, pp. 2315–2324.
In this paper they introduce a new method for text detection in natural images. The method
comprises two contributions: First, a fast and scalable engine to generate synthetic images of
text in clutter. This engine overlays synthetic text to existing background images in a natural
way, accounting for the local 3D scene geometry. Second, they use the synthetic images to train
a Fully- Convolutional Regression Network (FCRN) which efficiently performs text detection
and bounding-box regression at all locations and multiple scales in an image. The resulting
detection network significantly out performs current methods for text detection in natural
images, achieving an F-measure of 84.2% on the standard ICDAR 2013 benchmark.
Furthermore, it can process 15 images per second on a GPU.
2.2 Limitations of existing techniques
1. Limitations of Single Image Super Resolution:
 Loss of Fine Details: One of the primary challenges with SISR is the potential
loss of fine details during the upscaling process. While the algorithms aim to
increase the resolution of the image, they may inadvertently smooth out or
blur important details, leading to a loss of texture and sharpness in the
enhanced images.
 Computational Complexity: Many state-of-the-art SISR algorithms require
intensive computational resources and processing time, especially when
dealing with high-resolution images. This can limit their practical
applicability in real-time or resource-constrained environments.
 Overfitting and Generalization: SISR models trained on specific datasets may
suffer from overfitting, where they perform exceptionally well on the training
data but fail to generalize to unseen or diverse image content. This can result

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 in artifacts, distortions, or unnatural enhancements in the output images.
 Difficulty with Complex Textures and Patterns: SISR algorithms often
struggle to accurately reconstruct complex textures, patterns, and structures
in images, such as intricate fabric patterns, foliage, or detailed architectural
elements. This can lead to artifacts or inconsistencies in the enhanced images.
 Limited Improvement in Semantic Content: While SISR can enhance the
visual appearance of images by increasing their resolution, it does not
necessarily improve the semantic content or interpretability of the images.
The enhanced images may still lack meaningful context or understanding,
which can be a limitation in applications requiring content-based image
analysis or interpretation.
 Noise and Artifacts Amplification: In some cases, SISR techniques can
amplify existing noise, artifacts, or imperfections present in the low-
resolution images, leading to undesirable visual distortions or inconsistencies
in the output images.
2. Limitations of Scene Text Image Super Resolution:
 Complex Text Structures: Scene text images often contain complex structures,
such as varying font styles, orientations, and layouts. Upscaling such images
while preserving fine-grained text details and spatial arrangement is a
challenging task for STISR methods.
 Small Text Size: Text in scene images can be small in size, and its details
may be lost or distorted during the super-resolution process. This limitation
is especially significant when attempting to upscale low-resolution images
containing tiny characters.
 Inconsistent Text Styles and Orientations: Scene text images can contain text
with varying styles, orientations, and languages. STISR algorithms may have
difficulty in handling these diverse text characteristics and producing
consistent and coherent enhancements across different text styles and
orientations.
 Background and Foreground Interference: Scene text images often contain
complex backgrounds and foreground objects that can interfere with the text

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 content. STISR techniques may inadvertently enhance background noise,
artifacts, or irrelevant foreground objects, leading to distractions and reduced
text readability in the enhanced images.
 Limited Training Data Availability: Acquiring high-quality and diverse
training data specifically for scene text images can be challenging due to
privacy concerns, copyright issues, and data collection efforts. Limited or
insufficient training data can result in suboptimal performance and
generalization capabilities of STISR models.

 Text Recognition Challenges: Super-resolving text regions in scene images

requires not only preserving text details but also ensuring that the text remains
recognizable for downstream tasks like Optimal Character Recognition.
Some STISR approaches might struggle to balance super-resolution and text
recognition objectives effectively.
 Lack of Ground Truth Data: Obtaining high-resolution ground truth data for
scene text images can be challenging, as capturing or manually annotating
high-resolution versions of real-world scenes is not always feasible. This
limitation makes it difficult to quantitatively evaluate STISR performance
accurately.
3. Limitations of Scene Text Recognition:
• Variability in Text Appearance: Scene text can exhibit diverse fonts, sizes,
colors, and styles, making it difficult for OCR models to handle the wide
variability effectively. Models trained on one font/style might struggle to
generalize to other fonts/styles not present in the training data.
• Complex Backgrounds and Occlusions: Scene text often appears in cluttered
or complex backgrounds, and it can be partially occluded by other objects,
reducing the visibility of characters and hindering recognition accuracy.
• Multilingual and Multiscript Text: Scene text may include multiple languages
and scripts, each with unique characters and linguistic rules. OCR models
need to be capable of handling multilingual and multiscript scenarios.
• Limited Training Data: Creating large-scale annotated datasets for scene text
recognition, especially covering diverse scenes and languages, can be time-

12
 consuming and expensive. Limited training data may result in suboptimal
model performance.
• Complex and Irregular Text Structures: Scene text often appears in various
fonts, sizes, orientations, and languages, with irregular shapes and structures.
STR algorithms may struggle to accurately localize, segment, and recognize
text with complex and irregular structures, leading to recognition errors and
inaccuracies.
• Computational Efficiency and Real-time Processing: Despite advancements
in deep learning and machine learning techniques, STR algorithms can be
computationally intensive, especially when processing high-resolution scene
text images or large datasets. This can limit their practical applicability in
real-time or resource-constrained environments, requiring optimized and
efficient implementations for real-time text recognition tasks.
• Scene text images often contain text in multiple languages and scripts,
making it challenging for STR algorithms to handle multilingual and multi-
script recognition. Language-specific models may struggle to generalize
across different languages and scripts, leading to reduced recognition
accuracy and coverage.

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 3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 Requirements Specification
Requirements Analysis, also called as requirements engineering is the process of
determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features called
requirements must be quantifiable, relevant, and detailed.
In Software Engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications.
Requirement analysis is critical to the success or failure of a systems or software project. The
requirement should be documented, actionable, measurable, testable, traceable related to
identified business needs or opportunities, and defined to a level of detail sufficient for system
design.
3.1.1 Functional Requirements
A Functional Requirement is a description of the service that the software must offer. A
function may be input to the system, its behaviour and outputs. It can be any functionality
which defines what function a system is likely to perform. Functional requirements are also
called as Functional Specifications.
The following are the functional requirements
1. Algorithm Implementation:
The system must implement the algorithm for generating learning curves.
It must also implement cross-validation techniques for model evaluation.
2. Model Selection:
The system should allow for the selection of multiple candidate models for evaluation.
It should provide functionality to compare the performance of these models using learning
curve analysis.
3. Performance Metrics:
The system must calculate performance metrics such as accuracy, confidence intervals for
each model.
It should provide means to visualize these metrics to aid in model selection.
4. Speed Optimization:
The system should be designed to execute model selection efficiently, considering the
computational cost of generating learning curves and performing cross-validation.

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3.1.2 Non Functional Requirements
A Non-functional requirement (NFR) is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used
to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviours. They are contrasted with
functional requirements that define specific behaviour or functions.
1. Performance:
The system should be capable of handling datasets of varying sizes.
It should execute model selection and evaluation in a reasonable amount of time, even for
large datasets.
2. Scalability:
The system should scale well with increasing data size and complexity.
It should be able to handle different types of machine learning models without significant
performance degradation.
3. Robustness:
The system should be resilient to errors and exceptions.
It should handle invalid inputs gracefully and provide informative error messages to users.
4. Accuracy:
The system's calculations and visualizations should accurately reflect the performance of the
models being evaluated.
It should avoid introducing biases or inaccuracies that could mislead users in their model
selection process.
MINIMUM HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.

• Hard Disk : 40 GB.
• Monitor : 15 inch VGA Color.
• Mouse : Logitech Mouse.
• Ram : 512 MB
• Keyboard : Standard Keyboard

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MINIMUM SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Operating System : Windows 11.

• Platform : PYTHON TECHNOLOGY
• Tool : Python 3.7.0
• Front End : Python Jupyter
• Back End : Tensorflow
3.2 UML Diagrams for the project work
UML, or Unified Modeling Language, serves as a contemporary method for modeling and
documenting software, widely employed in business process modeling. It utilizes
diagrammatic representations of software components to aid in understanding and identifying
potential flaws or errors. These components can be interconnected in various ways to form
complete diagrams, which are crucial for implementing knowledge in real-life systems.
While initially used primarily in software engineering, UML has expanded its scope to
encompass the documentation of business processes and workflows. For instance, activity
diagrams, a type of UML diagram, offer a standardized and feature-rich alternative to
traditional flowcharts, enhancing readability and efficiency in modeling workflows.
In UML, use cases are identified by examining actors and defining their interactions with the
system. Since one use case often cannot address all system needs, a collection of use cases is
typically employed to cover all system functionalities. Associations, serving as pathways for
communication, are fundamental in UML diagrams. They can link use cases, actors, classes,
or interfaces, with unidirectional associations represented by arrows indicating the direction
of communication.

The various UML diagrams are:

1. Use Case diagram
2. Activity diagram
3. Sequence diagram
4. Collaboration diagram
5. Object diagram
6. State chart diagram
7. Class diagram

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8. Component diagram
9. Deployment diagram
3.2.1 System view diagrams
Use Case Diagram:
A use case diagram consists of actors, a system boundary encompassing a collection of use
cases, communication associations between actors and users, and generalization relationships
among use cases

Fig 3.2.1.1 Use case diagram for TPGSR

Users input images with low-resolution or poor-quality text, and the TPGSR extension, a
software program, applies the TPGSR algorithm to enhance text quality. This algorithm,
trained on extensive image and text datasets, focuses on improving resolution and text
recognition accuracy. Users can adjust parameters and save processed images for sharing or
further use, making TPGSR a user-friendly tool for enhancing text quality in images.
Activity Diagram:
An Activity diagram is a type of state machine where states represent activities or operations,
and transitions occur when these activities are completed. It offers a visual representation of
flow within a use case or among classes. Activity diagrams include activities, transitions,
decision points, and synchronization bars.

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 Fig 3.2.1.2 Activity diagram for TPGSR
The provided UML Activity Diagram illustrates the workflow of a Text Recognition System.
Beginning with input images from the user, optional parameter adjustments are offered to
fine-tune the text recognition process. The system then enhances image resolution and visual
quality, followed by applying machine learning algorithms to improve text recognition
accuracy. Finally, users can save the processed image, concluding the workflow.
Sequence Diagram:
A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with one
another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. A sequence diagram
shows object interactions arranged in time sequence. It depicts the objects and classes
involved in the scenario and the sequence of messages exchanged between the objects needed
to carry out the functionality of the scenario. Sequence diagrams are typically associated with
use case realizations in the Logical View of the system under development. Sequence

18
diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams.

Fig 3.2.1.3 Sequence diagram for TPGSR

Class Diagram:
class diagrams provide a visual representation of the structure and behavior of classes and
interfaces within a system or package, aiding in the understanding and design of software
architecture. Classes in class diagrams. In the UML, classes are represented as
compartmentalized rectangles.
1. The top compartment contains the name of the class.
2. The middle compartment contains the structure of the class (attributes).
3. The bottom compartment contains the behaviour of the class (operations).

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 Fig 3.2.1.4 Class diagram for TPGSR

State Chart Diagram:

The state chart diagram outlines the various states and transitions within a system or process.
the state chart diagram provides a visual representation of the system's behavior, showing how
it transitions between different states in response to events and actions. It helps in
understanding the overall flow and logic of the system.

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 Fig 3.2.1.5 State chart diagram for TPGSR

3.2.2 Detailed view diagrams

Component Diagram:
Component diagrams in UML illustrate the dependencies between software components
within a system. These dependencies vary based on the programming languages used for
development and may occur during compile-time or runtime.
The component diagram for the Text Processing Generative Adversarial Networks for

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 Fig 3.2.2.1 Component diagram
Text Recognition and Super-Resolution (TPGSR) system outlines its high-level components
and interactions. This diagram illustrates how components interact within the TPGSR system,
showcasing its structure and workflow. Users interact via the User Interface, with images
processed through various stages before being outputted with enhanced text quality.
Deployment Diagram:
Deployment diagrams, a type of implementation diagram in UML, depict the configuration of
run-time processing elements and the software components and processes hosted on them.
They consist of nodes and communication associations, representing computers, networks,
and protocols facilitating communication between nodes.

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Fig 3.2.2.2 Deployment diagram

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 4.SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 Architecture of the proposed system
By introducing TP into the STISR process, the main architecture of our TPGSR is illustrated
in Fig. 4.1.1. TPGSR network has two branches: a TP generation branch and a super-
resolution (SR) branch. First, the TP branch intakes the LR image to generate the TP feature.
Then, the SR branch intakes the LR image and the TP feature to estimate the HR image.

Fig 4.1.1 Proposed TPGSR framework

TP Generation Branch: This branch uses the input LR image to generate the TP feature and
passes it to the SR branch as guidance for more accurate STISR results. The key component
of this branch is the TP Module, which consists of a learnable TP Generator and a TP
transformer module. The TP generated by TP Generator is a probability sequence, whose size
may not match the image feature map in the SR branch. To solve this problem, authors employ
a TP transformer module to transform the TP sequence into a feature map.
Specifically, the input LR image is first resized to match the input of TP Generator by bicubic
interpolator, and then passed to the TP Generator to generate a TP matrix whose width is L.
Each position of the TP is a vector of size |A|, which is the number of categories of alphabet
A adopted in the recognizer. To align the size of TP feature with the size of image feature,
they pass the TP feature to the TP transformer module. The TP transformer module consists

24
 of 4 Deconv blocks, each of which consists of a deconvolution layer, a BN layer and a ReLU
layer. For an input TP matrix with width L and height |A|, the output of TP transformer
module will be a feature map with recovered spatial dimension and channel CT (usually 32)
after three deconvolution layers with stride (2, 2) and one deconvolution layer with stride (2,
1). The kernel size of all deconvolution layers is 3 × 3.
SR Branch: The SR branch aims to reproduce an HR text image from the input LR image and
TP guidance feature. It is mainly composed of an SR Module. Many of the SR blocks in
existing SISR methods (e.g., residual blocks [7], [5], enhanced residual blocks [8]) and STISR
methods (e.g., sequential-recurrent blocks [11]) can be adopted as SR Module in couple of
TP guidance features. Considering that these SR blocks, such as the residual block in SRRes-
Net [7] and the sequential-recurrent blocks in TSRN [11], only take the image features as
input, they need to modify them in order to embed the TP features. Authors call their modified
SR blocks as TP- Guided SR Blocks.

Fig 4.1.2 Comparison of TP-Guided SR block and common SR block

The difference between previous SR Blocks and TP-Guided SR Block is illustrated in

Fig.4.1.2. To embed the TP features into the SR Block, authors concatenate them to the internal
image features along the channel dimension. Before the concatenation, they align the spatial
size of TP features to that of the image features by bicubic interpolation. Suppose that the
channel number of image features is C, then the concatenated features of C + CT channels will
go through a projection layer to reduce the channel number back to C. They simply use a 1 ×
1 kernel convolution to perform this projection. The output of projection layer is fused with

25
the input image feature by addition. With several such TP-Guided SR Blocks, the SR branch
will output the estimated HR image, as in those previous super-resolution models.

Multi-Stage Refinement: With the TPGSR framework they can super-resolve an LR image
to a better quality HR image with the help of TP features extracted from the LR input. Actually,
multi- stage refinement has been widely adopted in many computer vision tasks such as object
detection[6] and instance segmentation [3] to improve the prediction quality progressively.
Therefore, authors extend one stage TPGSR model to a multi-stage learning framework by
passing the estimated HR text image in one stage to the TP.

Fig 4.1.3 Illustration of multi-stage TPGSR

Illustration of multi-stage TPGSR. The super-resolution output of one stage will be the
text image input of next stage. Generator in next stage. The multi-stage TPGSR framework is
illustrated in Fig. 4.1.3 In the 1st stage, the TP Module accepts the bicubically interpolated LR
image as input, while in the following stages, the TP Module accepts the HR image output
from the SR Module in previous stage as input for refinement.

26
4.2Workflow of the proposed model
The workflow of Text Prior Guided Scene Text Image Super-Resolution (TPGSR) involves
several stages, each designed to enhance the resolution and visual quality of low-resolution
scene text images while leveraging text prior information.
1. Text Localization and Detection:
Input: Low-resolution scene text image.
Task: Identify and localize text regions within the image.
Techniques: Various text detection algorithms, such as object detection networks or text-
specific detectors, are used to identify regions containing text.

Fig 4.2.1 Workflow

2. Text Prior Extraction:
Input: Localized text regions from the low-resolution image.
Task: Extract text prior information from the identified text regions.
Techniques: Text prior information, including text structure, layout, and characteristics, is
extracted from the localized text regions using feature extraction or analysis methods.

27
 Fig 4.2.2 Visualization of TP(text prior)
3. Super-Resolution with Text Prior Guidance:
Input: Low-resolution scene text image and extracted text prior information.
Task: Enhance the resolution and visual quality of the low-resolution image guided by the
extracted text prior.
Techniques: Advanced super-resolution algorithms, such as deep learning-based models or
image enhancement techniques, are employed to reconstruct high-resolution versions of the
low-resolution scene text image while incorporating text prior information to guide the
enhancement process.

Fig 4.2.3 Visualization of different TP and SR results

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4. Post-Processing and Refinement:
Input: Super-resolved high-resolution image.
Task: Refine and improve the visual quality of the super-resolved image.
Techniques: Post-processing techniques, such as image denoising, sharpening, and artifact
removal, may be applied to further enhance the clarity and fidelity of the super-resolved
image.
5. Text Recognition and Analysis:
Input: Super-resolved high-resolution image.
Task: Recognize and analyze text content within the enhanced image.
Techniques: Optical Character Recognition (OCR) engines or text recognition algorithms are
applied to extract and interpret text information from the super-resolved image for further
processing or analysis tasks.
6. Quality Assessment and Evaluation:
Task: Evaluate the quality and performance of the TPGSR output.
Techniques: Objective quality metrics, such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) or
Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), subjective visual inspection, and text recognition
accuracy assessment, are used to assess the effectiveness and reliability of the TPGSR
technique
7. Iterative Refinement (Optional):
Task: Fine-tune or refine the TPGSR model based on feedback and evaluation results.
Techniques: Model training with additional data, parameter tuning, or architecture
adjustments may be performed iteratively to improve the performance and robustness of the
TPGSR technique.
4.3 Module Description
The Text Prior Guided Scene Text Image Super-Resolution (TPGSR) system consists of
several interconnected modules, each responsible for specific tasks in the super-resolution
process. Here's a breakdown of the module description for TPGSR:
1. Text Localization and Detection Module:
 This module is responsible for identifying and localizing text regions within low-
resolution scene images.
 Techniques such as text detection algorithms or object detection networks are utilized to

29
 locate regions containing text.
2. Text Prior Extraction Module:
 This module extracts text prior information from the localized text regions identified in
the previous step.
 Text prior information includes structural features, layout, and characteristics of the text,
which serve as guidance for the super-resolution process.
3. Super-Resolution with Text Prior Guidance Module:
 This module performs the main super-resolution process, enhancing the resolution and
visual quality of the low-resolution scene text image while incorporating text prior
information.
 Advanced super-resolution algorithms, possibly deep learning-based models, are
employed to reconstruct high-resolution versions of the low-resolution images guided by
the extracted text prior.
4. Post-Processing and Refinement Module:
 Following the super-resolution process, this module refines and improves the visual
quality of the super-resolved images.
 Techniques such as image denoising, sharpening, and artifact removal may be applied to
further enhance the clarity and fidelity of the images.
5. Text Recognition and Analysis Module:
 This module focuses on recognizing and analyzing text content within the enhanced
images.
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) engines or text recognition algorithms are applied
to extract and interpret text information for further processing or analysis tasks.
6. Quality Assessment and Evaluation Module:
 This module evaluates the quality and performance of the TPGSR output.
 Objective quality metrics such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) or Structural
Similarity Index (SSIM), as well as subjective visual inspection and text recognition
accuracy assessment, are used to assess the effectiveness and reliability of the TPGSR
technique.

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 5. IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Algorithms
1. Imports: Import necessary libraries and modules including PyTorch, torchvision, etc.
2. Define InfoGen Module: Create the InfoGen class which generates spatial information
based on text embeddings.
3. Define SRCNN_TL Module: Define the SRCNN_TL class which includes convolutional
layers along with spatial transformer network (STN) components.
4. Forward Pass in SRCNN_TL: In the forward pass of SRCNN_TL, transform the input
using STN if enabled, concatenate spatial text embeddings with input, pass through
convolutional layers.
5. Define SRCNN Module: Define the SRCNN class which is a simpler version without text
embedding manipulation.
6. Forward Pass in SRCNN: In the forward pass of SRCNN, transform the input using STN
if enabled, pass through convolutional layers.
7. Main Block: If the script is run independently, it enters an interactive mode for debugging
or analysis.
Steps Involved
1. Define InfoGen module for generating spatial information based on text embeddings.
2. Define SRCNN_TL module with convolutional layers and optional STN, utilizing
InfoGen for text embedding manipulation.
3. Define SRCNN module, a simpler version without text embedding manipulation.
4. In SRCNN_TL's forward pass, apply STN if enabled, concatenate spatial text embeddings
with input, and pass through convolutional layers.
5. In SRCNN's forward pass, apply STN if enabled and pass through convolutional layers.
6. If the script is run independently, enter an interactive mode for debugging or analysis.
7. Utilize necessary imports from PyTorch, torchvision, and other libraries.
8. Ensure proper handling of dimensions and operations in the forward pass.
9. Add comments and docstrings for clarity and maintainability.
10. Organize the code into classes and functions for modularity and reusability.

31
PSEUDOCODE

import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class InfoGen(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, t_emb, output_size):
# Initialize the InfoGen module with parameters t_emb and output_size
# Define the layers needed for the InfoGen module
...

def forward(self, t_embedding):

# Forward pass through the InfoGen module
# Apply the defined layers to the input t_embedding
# Return the output
...

class SRCNN_TL(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, scale_factor=2, in_planes=4, STN=False, height=32, width=128,
text_emb=37, out_text_channels=32):
# Initialize the SRCNN_TL module with specified parameters
# Define the layers needed for the SRCNN_TL module
...

def forward(self, x, text_emb=None):

# Forward pass through the SRCNN_TL module
# Apply the defined layers to the input x and text_emb
# Return the output
...

class SRCNN(nn.Module):

32
 def __init__(self, scale_factor=2, in_planes=3, STN=False, height=32, width=128):
# Initialize the SRCNN module with specified parameters
# Define the layers needed for the SRCNN module
...

def forward(self, x):

# Forward pass through the SRCNN module
# Apply the defined layers to the input x
# Return the output
...

# Main section
if __name__ == '__main__':
# This part of the code will execute when the script is run directly
# Instantiate or load models, define data loaders, etc.
# For example:
# Define the InfoGen, SRCNN_TL, and SRCNN models
# Define loss function, optimizer, and other training configurations
# Load or generate datasets, define data loaders
# Training loop: iterate over epochs, batches, etc.
# Forward pass, compute loss, backward pass, update weights
# Evaluation: validate the model, test inference, etc.
...

Single Image Super-Resolution (SISR) is a computer vision technique that tackles the
challenge of generating a high-resolution (HR) image from a single low-resolution (LR) input
image. It essentially aims to extract hidden details and information that might have been lost
during image acquisition or compression. Here's a breakdown of the core algorithms used in
SISR

33
1. Interpolation-based methods: These are relatively simple and computationally
inexpensive techniques. They work by replicating existing pixels in the LR image and
introducing new ones based on interpolation algorithms like nearest-neighbor, bilinear, or
bicubic interpolation. While these methods can slightly increase image resolution, they don't
create new information and often lead to blurry or blocky artifacts in the upscaled image.
2. Learning-based methods: This is the dominant approach in modern SISR and leverages
the power of machine learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Here's
a deeper look at the CNN-based workflow:
 Training Data: A large collection of high-resolution image pairs along with their
corresponding low-resolution versions are used for training. These pairs allow the CNN
to learn the relationship between low-resolution and high-resolution image features.
 Network Architecture: The CNN architecture typically consists of several
convolutional layers followed by upsampling layers. Convolutional layers extract
features from the LR image, and upsampling layers increase the image resolution.
Additional techniques like residual connections and skip connections can also be
incorporated to improve the flow of information and prevent vanishing gradients, a
common issue in deep networks
 Loss Function: A loss function, like the Mean Squared Error (MSE) or Peak Signal-to-
Noise Ratio (PSNR), is used to measure the difference between the generated HR image
and the actual HR ground truth image in the training data. The CNN is optimized to
minimize this loss function, essentially forcing it to learn how to produce HR images
that closely resemble the real high-resolution counterparts.
Different flavors of Learning-based methods:
 Supervised Learning: As described above, this is the most common approach where the
CNN is trained on pre-defined image pairs.

 Self-supervised Learning: Here, the CNN learns from unpaired LR and HR images.
The model identifies similarities and patterns within the images themselves to learn the
upscaling process.
 Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): This technique involves two competing
neural networks – a generator and a discriminator. The generator creates HR images from

34
 LR inputs, while the discriminator tries to distinguish between real HR images and the
generated ones. This adversarial training pushes the generator to produce increasingly
realistic and detailed HR outputs.

By effectively learning the complex relationship between low-resolution and high-resolution

images, SISR algorithms can significantly enhance image quality and resolution. However,
it's important to note that SISR is not perfect and has limitations. For instance, it cannot create
entirely new details that were completely absent in the LR image. Additionally, depending on
the training data and chosen algorithms, artifacts like ringing or blurring might still be present
in the reconstructed HR image.

5.2 Datasets
5.2.1 TextZoom
TextZoom consists of 21, 740 LR-HR text image pairs collected by lens zooming of the
camera in real-world scenarios. The training set has 17, 367 pairs, while the test set is divided
into three subsets based on the camera focal length, namely easy (1, 619 samples), medium
(1, 411 samples) and hard (1, 343 samples). Some image pairs are shown. The dataset also
provides the text label for each pair.

Fig 5.2.1.1 TextZoom data

 Focus on Scene Text: Unlike traditional SISR datasets that contain various image
categories, TextZoom exclusively focuses on images containing scene text. This means
the images include text captured in real-world environments, such as signs, billboards, or
text on objects.

35
 Paired LR and HR Images: The dataset provides pairs of low-resolution (LR) and high-
resolution (HR) images of the same scene. These pairs are crucial for training SISR
models, as the model learns the mapping between the low-resolution representation and
the desired high-resolution output.
 Captured in the Wild: Images in TextZoom are captured using cameras with different
focal lengths in real-world settings ("in the wild"). This is a significant advantage over
synthetically generated LR images, as real-world images present challenges like blur,
varying illumination, and complex backgrounds, making them more realistic training data
for SISR models specifically designed for scene text.
 Annotations: TextZoom offers valuable annotations beyond just image pairs. These
annotations can include:
 Bounding boxes around the text regions in the images.
 The actual text content within the bounding boxes (including punctuation).
 Information about the original focal lengths used to capture the image pair.
 Difficulty Levels: The dataset might be further categorized into different difficulty levels
based on the complexity of the text within the images. Easier levels might contain clear,
well-lit text, while harder difficulties could include blurry, distorted, or low-contrast text.
This allows researchers to train and evaluate their SISR models on a range of real-world
scenarios.

5.2.2 ICDAR 2015

ICDAR2015 is a well-known scene text recognition dataset, which contains 2, 077

cropped text images from street view photos for testing. Since the images are captured
incidentally on the street, the text images suffer from low resolution and blurring, making
the text recognition very challenging. Some sample images are shown in (Fig. 5.2.2.1).

5.2.2.1 ICDAR2015 example

36
 Here's a breakdown of what ICDAR2015 offered:

 Focus on Robust Reading: The 2015 edition specifically emphasized "Robust Reading,"
which deals with interpreting written communication in uncontrolled environments. This
goes beyond traditional document scanning, where the text is presented clearly and
consistently.
 Competitions: ICDAR2015 hosted several competitions to push the boundaries of
document image analysis techniques. Two key competitions relevant to scene text include:
 Robust Reading (RR-2015): This competition focused on tasks like text localization and
recognition in various scenarios, including scene images, born-digital images, and scene
videos.
 Smartphone Document Capture and OCR (SmartDoc-2015): This competition
targeted techniques for document image capture and text extraction using smartphones.
 Datasets: The challenges likely involved datasets containing scene text images, possibly
including the TextZoom dataset mentioned earlier (if it existed in 2015).
5.2.3 SVT
SVT is also a scene text recognition dataset, which contains 647 testing text images. Each
image has a 50-word lexicon with it. The images are also captured in the street and have low-
quality, as shown below

Fig 5.2.3.1 SVT data

In the context of scene text analysis and computer vision, SVT refers to the Street View Text
Dataset. Here's a breakdown of what this dataset offers:
 Source: Images are harvested from Google Street View, capturing real-world scenarios with
text signage.
 Focus: The dataset primarily focuses on text found in outdoor environments, such as business
names on storefronts, street signs, or text on buildings.
 Content: The dataset includes:

37
o Images: Low-resolution images captured from Google Street View.
o Annotations: Bounding boxes around the text regions present in the images.
 Applications: SVT is valuable for training and evaluating algorithms related to Scene
Text Super Resolution (SISR). Researchers leverage this dataset to develop models that
can effectively enhance the resolution and quality of text in low-resolution street view
images.
 Comparison to TextZoom: While both datasets target scene text SISR, there might be
some key differences:
 TextZoom: Potentially offers higher resolution images and might include additional
annotations like the actual text content within the bounding boxes.
 SVT: Might be a larger dataset due to its source (Google Street View) but may have less
detailed annotations.
5.3 Metrics calculated

The implementation in the original repository [9], the TP Generator will automatically assign
the out-of-category label with blank labels in the pre-training phase. In inference, when the
input is an out-of-category (e.g., Chinese or Korean) text image, there is a high probability
that CRNN will classify it to the blank category, and thus provide null TP guidance for SR
recovery. For such characters, the STISR results will mainly depend on the SR Module in
TPGSR network. To test the SR performance of TPGSR model on images with out-of-
category characters, they applied it to some text images in Korean, Chinese and Hindi picked
from the ICDAR-MLT dataset. The results are shown in below table They see that the
reconstructed HR text images by our model show clearer appearance and contour than their
LR counterparts. This thus shows the robustness of our TPGSR in handling out-of-category
text image recovery.

38
 Table 5.3.1 SR TEXT IMAGE RECOGNITION PERFORMANCE OF COMPETING STISR MODELS ON TEXTZOOM.

1) Impact of Tuning the TP Generator: To prove the significance of TP Generator tuning,

conduct experiments by fixing and tuning the TP Generator in a one-stage TPGSR model. The
text recognition accuracies are shown in Table 5.3.1. By fixing the TP Generator, can enhance
the SR image recognition by 3.1% compared to the TSRN baseline [11].
By tuning the TP Generator with the full set of loss (in Eq. 3) during the training process, the
recognition accuracy can be further improved from 44.5% to 49.8%, achieving a performance
gain of 5.3%. This clearly demonstrates the benefits of tuning the TP Generator to the SR text
recognition task.
However, if disable L1 or DK L in Eq. 3 when tuning the TP Generator, the performance
drops by 0.9% (49.8% v.s 48.9%) or 2.0% (49.8% v.s 47.8%) compared to the full loss
training. The results reveal that the two loss terms are complementary with each other. They
measure the similarity from different aspects and hence enrich the supervision information
when used together.

2) Selection of Balancing Parameters in Loss:

Table 5.3.2 Ablation on Different α and β.

39
conduct experiments by using a single-stage TPGSR-TSRN to investigate how the different
proportions of α and β affect the final SR text recognition accuracy. The experimental results
are shown in Table 5.3.2.
fix α to 1 and evaluate the models trained with different α/β ratios (ranging from 1 to 20). The
model achieves the best result when β is set to 1 (left part of Table 5.3.2). Then fix β to 1 and
search for the best β/α. The results in the right part of Table 5.3.2 reveal that the model gets
the best text recognition accuracy of 49.8% when the ratio is set to 1. Therefore, set both α
and β to 1 in our experiments.

5.4 Methods Compared:

Since one of the goals of STISR is to improve the text recognition performance by HR image
recovery, it is necessary to check if the estimated SR images truly help the final text
recognition task. To this end, evaluate the TPGSR models with both fixed and tuned TP
Generator by using LR and SR images as inputs. For multi-stage version, test all the TP
Generators and pick the best LR and SR results from them. Note that models with tuned TP
Generator and LR image as input is similar to directly fine-tuning the text recognition model
on the LR images. The results are shown in Table 5.3.2. It can be seen that by tuning TP
Generator on the LR images, the text recognition accuracy can be increased. However, the
recognition accuracy can be improved more by using the SR text image. For example, at stage
one, the recognition accuracy of LR images by using tuned TP Generator is 45.3%, while the
accuracy of SR images even without fine-tuning the TP Generator is 49.8%. If the tuned TP
Generator is used to generate the SR text image, the text recognition performance can be
further improved compared to the fixed TP Generator. Moreover, as the stage number grows,
the SR text image recognition is constantly improved by both the fixed and tuned TP
generators. It reveals the stability of our multistage refinement. However, the performance of
LR input with tuned TP Generator (i.e., IL under ACCT ) degrades as the stage number grows.
The reason is that the TP Generators in latter stages are tuned on better quality recovered SR
images and therefore it shows poor recognition on the LR images. In conclusion, the
experiments and comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness of our SR Module in improving
the final SR text recognition.

40
5.4.1 Results on TextZoom:

Fig 5.4.1.1 comparison of competing STISR models on TextZoom.

The experimental results on TextZoom are shown. Here they present the text recognition
accuracies on STISR results by using the official ASTER , MORAN and CRNN text
recognition models. In Fig. 5.4.1.1, they visualize the SR images by the competing models
with the ground-truth text labels. From Fig. 5.4.1.1, they can have the following findings.
First, see that our TPGSR framework significantly improves the text recognition accuracy of
all original SISR/STISR methods under all settings. This clearly validates the effectiveness of
TP in guiding text image enhancement for recognition. Second, from Fig. 5.4.1.1 one can see
that with TPGSR, all SR models show clear improvements in text image recovery with more
readable character stroke, resulting in correct text recognition. This also explains why our
TPGSR can improve significantly the text recognition accuracy.

41
 5.4.2 Generalization to Other Datasets:
To verify the generalization performance of our model trained on TextZoom to other datasets,
they apply it to the low quality images (height ≤ 16 or recognition score ≤ 0.9) in ICDAR2015
and SVT. Overall, 563 low quality images were selected from the 2,077 testing images in
ICDAR2015, and 104 images were selected from the 647 testing images in SVT. The STISR
and text image recognition experiments are then performed on the 667 low-quality images.
Since TSRN [11] is specially designed for text image SR and it performs much better than
other SISR models, they only employ TSRN and TPGSR-TSRN in this experiment. The
ASTER and CRNN text recognizers as well as stronger baseline SEED are used.
Dataset ICDAR2015 SVT
No.of images 563 104
Approach SEED [52] ASTER [46] CRNN [17] SEED [52] ASTER [46] CRNN [17]
Origin 54.6% 50.8% 21.5% 60.2% 50.8% 19.2%
TSRN [5] 52.6% 48.3% 24.5% 54.3% 48.3% 23.1%
TPGSR-TSRN 56.1% 52.0% 27.1% 61.1% 52.0% 29.8%

Table 5.4.2TEXT RECOGNITION ACCURACY ON THE LOW-QUALITY IMAGES IN

ICDAR2015/SVT

The results are shown in Table 5.4.2. can have the following findings. First, compared with
the text recognition results using original images without SR, TSRN improves the performance
when CRNN is used as text recognizer, but reduces the performance when ASTER or SEED
is used as the recognizer. This implies that TSRN does not have stable cross-dataset
generalization capability. Second, TPGSR-TSRN can consistently improve the performance
over the original

images for all the three recognizers. This demonstrates that it has good generalization
performance on cross-dataset test. Third, TPGSR-TSRN consistently outperforms TSRN
under all settings.

42
 6. TESTING
6.1 Introduction
Software testing is defined as an activity to check whether the actual results match the
expected results and to ensure that the software system is Defect free. It involves the execution
of a software component or system component to evaluate one or more properties of interest.
It is required for evaluating the system. This phase is the critical phase of software quality
assurance and presents the ultimate view of coding.
6.1.1 Importance of Testing
The importance of software testing is imperative. A lot of times this process is skipped,
therefore, the product and business might suffer. To understand the importance of testing, here
are some key points to explain.

Software Testing saves money

Provides Security

Improves Product Quality

Customer satisfaction

Testing is of different ways the main idea behind the testing is to reduce the errors and do it
with a minimum time and effort.
6.2 OBJECTIVE OF TESTING
Testing is a fault detection technique that tries to create failure and erroneous states in a
planned way. This allows the developer to detect failures in the system before it is released to
the customer.

Note that this definition of testing implies that a successful test is test that identifies faults.
will use this definition throughout the definition phase. Another often used definition of
testing is that it demonstrates that faults are not present.

Testing can be done in two ways:

● Top down approach.

● Bottom up approach

Top-down approach:

43
This type of testing starts from upper level modules. Since the detailed activities usually
performed in the lower level routines are not provided stubs are written.

Bottom-up approach:
Testing can be performed starting from smallest and lowest level modules and proceeding one
at a time. For each module in bottom up testing a short program executes the module and
provides the needed data so that the module is asked to perform the way it will when embedded
within the larger system. In this project, bottom-up approach is used where the lower level
modules are tested first and the next ones having much data in them.

Benefits of Testing:

Cost-Effective:

 It is one of the important advantages of software testing. Testing any IT project on time
helps to save money for the long term. In case if the bugs caught in the earlier stage of
software testing, it costs less to fix.

Security:

 It is the most vulnerable and sensitive benefit of software testing. People are looking for
trusted products. It helps in removing risk sand problems earlier.

Product quality:

 It is an essential requirement of any software product. Testing ensures a quality product is

delivered to customers.

Customer Satisfaction:

 The main aim of any product is to give satisfaction to their customers. UI/UX Testing
ensures the best user experience.

TESTING METHODOLOGIES

 Unit testing

 Integration testing

 User Acceptance testing

 Output testing

 Validation testing

44
Unit testing:
Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of Software design that is the
module. Unit testing exercises specific paths in a module’s control structure to ensure
complete coverage and maximum error detection. This test focuses on each module
individually, ensuring that it functions properly as a unit. Hence, the naming is Unit Testing.
During this testing, each module is tested individually and the module interfaces are verified
for the consistency with design specification. All important processing path are tested for the
expected results. All error handling paths are also tested.

Integration testing:
Integration testing addresses the issues associated with the dual problems of verification and
program construction. After the software has been integrated a set of high order tests are
conducted. The main objective in this testing process is to take unit tested modules and builds
a program structure that has been dictated by design.

User Acceptance testing:

User Acceptance of a system is the key factor for the success of any system. The system under
consideration is tested for user acceptance by constantly keeping in touch with the prospective
system users at the time of developing and making changes wherever required. The system
developed provides a friendly user interface that can easily be understood even by a person
who is new to the system.

Output testing:
After performing the validation testing, the next step is output testing of the proposed system,
since no system could be useful if it does not produce the required output in the specified
format. Asking the users about the format required by them tests the outputs generated or
displayed by the system under consideration. Hence the output format is considered in 2 ways
- one is on screen and another in printed format.

Validation testing:
Validation checks are performed on the following fields:

 Text field: The text field can contain only the number of characters lesser than or equal
to its size.The text fields are alphanumeric in some tables and alphabetic in other tables.

45
 Incorrect entry always ashes and error message.

 Numeric field:
The numeric field can contain only numbers from 0 to 9. An entry of any character ashes an
error messages. The individual modules are checked for accuracy and what it has to perform.
Each module is subjected to test run along with sample data. The individually tested modules
are integrated into a single system. Testing involves executing the real data information is
used in the program the existence of any program defect is inferred from the output. The
testing should be planned so that all the requirements are individually tested. A successful test
is one that gives out the defects for the inappropriate data and produces and output revealing
the errors in the system.

Preparation of test data:

Taking various kinds of test data does the above testing. Preparation of test data plays a vital
role in the system testing. After preparing the test data the system under study is tested using
that test data. While testing the system by using test data errors are again uncovered and
corrected by using above testing steps and correction sare also noted for future use.

Using Live test data:

Live test data are those that are actually extracted from organization files. After a system is
partially constructed, programmers or analysts often ask users to key in a set of data from their
normal activities. Then, the systems person uses this data as a way to partially test the system.
In other instances, programmers or analysts extract a set of live data from the files and have
them entered themselves. It is difficult to obtain live data in sufficient amounts to conductive
extensive testing. And, although it is realistic data that will show how the system will perform
for the typical processing requirement, assuming that the live data entered are in fact typical,
such data generally will not test all combinations or formats that can enter the system. This
bias toward typical values then does not provide a true systems test and in fact ignores the
cases most likely to cause system failure

Using artificial test data:

Artificial test data are created solely for test purposes, since they can be generated to test all
combinations of formats and values. In other words, the artificial data, which can quickly be

46
prepared by a data generating utility program in the information systems department, make
possible the testing of all login and control paths through the program. The most effective test
programs use artificial test data generated by persons other than those who wrote the
programs. Often, an in dependent team of testers formulates a testing plan, using the systems
specifications. The package “Virtual Private Network” has satisfied all the requirements
specified as per software requirement specification and was accepted.

System Testing:
System testing of software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete integrated system
to evaluate the system’s compliance with its specified requirements. System testing is a series
of different tests whose primary purpose is to fully exercise the computer-based system.

Performance Testing:
It checks the speed, response time, reliability, resource usage, scalability of a software
program under their expected workload. The purpose of Performance Testing is not to find
functional defects but to eliminate performance bottlenecks in the software or device.

Alpha Testing:
This is a form of internal acceptance testing performed mainly by the in- house software QA
and testing teams. Alpha testing is the last testing done by the test teams at the development
site after the acceptance testing and before releasing the software for the betatest. It can also
be done by the potential users or customers of the application. But still, this is aform of in-
house acceptance testing.
6.3 Test Code
import unittest
from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
import argparse
import yaml
from easydict import EasyDict
from your_script import main, TextSR

class TestTextSR(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):

47
 # Set up any necessary dependencies or configurations

# Mocking argparse.ArgumentParser
self.patcher_argparse = patch('argparse.ArgumentParser.parse_args')
self.mock_argparse = self.patcher_argparse.start()

# Mocking builtins.open
self.patcher_open = patch('builtins.open')
self.mock_open = self.patcher_open.start()

# Mocking TextSR class

self.patcher_textsr = patch('your_script.TextSR')
self.mock_textsr = self.patcher_textsr.start()

def tearDown(self):
# Clean up after the test
self.patcher_argparse.stop()
self.patcher_open.stop()
self.patcher_textsr.stop()

def test_argument_parsing(self):
# Test argument parsing using argparse
args = ['--arch', 'tsrn_tl_wmask', '--test']
self.mock_argparse.return_value = argparse.Namespace(arch='tsrn_tl_wmask',
test=True)
parsed_args = main.parse_arguments()
self.assertEqual(parsed_args.arch, 'tsrn_tl_wmask')
self.assertTrue(parsed_args.test)

def test_configuration_loading(self):
# Test loading of YAML configuration file

48
 config_content = """
some_key: some_value
"""
self.mock_open.return_value.__enter__.return_value.read.return_value =
config_content
config = main.load_configuration('some_config.yaml')
self.assertEqual(config.some_key, 'some_value')

def test_textsr_train(self):
# Test the train method of TextSR class
config = EasyDict({'some_config_key': 'some_config_value'})
args = argparse.Namespace(test=False, demo=False)
opt_TPG = EasyDict({'some_opt_key': 'some_opt_value'})

main(config, args, opt_TPG)

self.mock_textsr.assert_called_once_with(config, args, opt_TPG)

text_sr_instance = self.mock_textsr.return_value
text_sr_instance.train.assert_called_once_with()

# Add more test cases for other methods as needed...

if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

49
6.4 Test Cases

Test Case ID 01
Test Scenario Testing partition train-test data.
Test Case Verify proper and reproducible
partitions.
Test Steps Load various images contain text,
iterate over different seeds, partition
data.
Test Data ICDAR2015.
Expected Result Proper and reproducible partitions.
Actual Result Proper and reproducible partitions.
Status Pass
(Pass/Fail)

Table No 6.1 Test case 1

Test Case ID 02
Test Scenario Testing TPGSR normal functionality.
Test Case Verify TPGSR method functionality.
Test Steps Load ICDAR2015 dataset, apply
TPGSR method with CRNN.
Test Data ICDAR2015 (Images with text).
Expected Result Successful TPGSR execution with
valid results.
Actual Result Successful TPGSR execution with
valid results.
Status Pass
(Pass/Fail)
Table No 6.2 Test case 2

50
 Test case ID 03

Test Scenario Applying ASTER to the image

Test Case Select .jpg image

Test Steps Apply the ASTER Algorithm

Test data Choose .jpg image

Expected Result Enhanced image with text

Actual Result Enhanced image with text

Status(Pass/Fail) Pass

Table No 6.3 Test case 3

Test case ID 04

Test Scenario Applying CRNN to the image

Test Case Select .jpg image

Test Steps Apply CRNN technique to the image

Test data Choose .jpg image

Expected Result Moderates the Luminescence

Actual Result Moderates the Luminescence

Status(Pass/Fail) Pass

Table No 6.4 Test case 4

51
 Test case ID 05

Test Scenario Fusion of Handcrafted and Deep Features

for the image
Test Case Get the images from both streams

Test Steps
Apply “Fusion of Handcrafted and Deep
Features for the image” algorithm
Test data Get the images from both streams

Expected Result Generate Text in the image

Actual Result Generated Text

Status(Pass/Fail) Pass

Table No 6.5 Test case 5

52
 7. RESULT ANALYSIS
7.1 Selection of TP:
There are different choices of TP Generator in our framework, e.g., CTC-based generator
such as CRNN [17] and attention-based generator such as ASTER [4]. As introduced in III-
A, TP generated from CTC-based model presents the foreground and background
categorical text prediction by order as in the input image. visualizes the TP generated by
CTC-based model with different inputs. The lighter the points on the TP, the higher the
probabilities of corresponding characters are. For the input LR text image, the tuned TP
Generator can yield a clearer representation of TP.

Fig 7.1.1 Visualization of different types of TP

Compared with Fig. 7.1.1(a), the probabilities in Fig. 7.1.1(b) are sharper with higher
categorical probability on correct characters. The SR text recognition performance using
tuned TP Generator can reach 49.8%, 5.3% higher than the fixed TP Generator (44.5%) as
shown in Table 7.1. If they further input the recovered SR image to the tuned TP Generator,
one can have an even better TP estimation as shown in Fig. 7.1.1(c), resulting in another 2.0%
gain compared with the LR inputs. However, TP estimated by the attention-based model
predicts only the foreground characters. To test the upper-bound of attention-based TP,
directly use the one-hot ground truth label as the TP input (shown in Fig. 7.1.1(d)). The result
in Table 7.1 illustrates inferior performance to the CTCbased TP (45.9% vs. 49.8%) and it is
also far behind the upper bound of the CTC-based TP by HR input (45.9% vs. 58.0%).

53
 TP Input tuned ACC

IH  58.0%

IL  44.5%
IL  49.8%
IH  51.8%

TL - 45.9%

Table 7.1 TP TYPES ON SR TEXT IMAGE RECOGNITION

7.2 The Selection of TP Generator (TPG)

Most of the commonly-used text recognition models are either CTCbased (e.g., CRNN [17]
in our TPG) or attention-based (e.g., ASTER [4] and MORAN [12]). CTC-based TPG predicts
results with both foreground and background labels, while attention-based TPG predicts only
the foreground labels. In CTC-based prediction, the foreground labels indicate what the
characters are, while the background labels indicate the background area. According to the
spacing between two characters, the CTC-based model could employ different amount of
background labels to indicate the background space between the neighboring characters. Such
an arrangement could well align the text prior to the image feature and hence allow the proper
guidance for recovering text characters. Compared with CTC-based TPG, the attention-based
TPG could not provide background label spacing.

TPG type ACC Model Size Flops

CRNN [17] 49.89% 8.3M 1.7G
CRNN [17] (ResNet-26[53]) 51.1% 16.4M 4.0G
ASTER [46] 47.6% 21.0M 4.7G
ASTER [46] w random spacing 47.6% 21.0M 4.7G
Ground-truth text label 45.9% - -
Table 7.2 TP TYPES ON SR TEXT IMAGE RECOGNITION

Referring to Table 7.2, one can see that without background label spacing, even the ground
truth text label (the upper bound of attention-based text prior) could not provide effective
guidance, achieving only an SR text recognition rate of 45.9%. By using ASTER [4] as TPG,

54
they can only achieve a recognition rate of 42.1%. If insert random blanks into the ASTER
prediction as text prior, the SR text recognition rate can be improved to 47.6%, which is still
much worse than the guidance from CRNN [17] (49.8%). In conclusion, the CTC-based model
can generate better adaptive spacing between the foreground characters and result in better
SR guidance. Moreover, using ASTER as TPG will largely increase the computational cost
and model size. On the other hand, a better CTC-based recognition model can enhance the final SR
text recognition. If they upgrade the backbone of CRNN [17] from a 7-layer VGG-Net to a 26-layer
ResNet [10] and use it as the TPG, the SR recognition rate can be further improved from 49.8% to
51.1%. However, the computational cost will also be increased by 2.4 times in terms of Flops.
Therefore, they keep the original CRNN model as the TPG to balance accuracy and efficiency.
7.3 Out-of-Category Analysis

Fig 7.3.1 out-of-category text image SR in different languages

The implementation in the original repository [17], [50], the TP Generator will automatically
assign the out-of-category label with blank labels in the pre-training phase. In inference, when
the input is an out-of-category (e.g., Chinese or Korean) text image, there is a high probability
that CRNN will classify it to the blank category, and thus provide null TP guidance for SR
recovery. For such characters, the STISR results will mainly depend on the SR Module in
TPGSR network. To test the SR performance of TPGSR model on images with out-of-
category characters, they applied it to some text images in Korean, Chinese and Hindi picked
from the ICDAR-MLT [54] dataset. The results are shown in Fig. 11. They see that the
reconstructed HR text images by our model show clearer appearance and contour than their
LR counterparts. This thus shows the robustness of our TPGSR in handling out-of-category
text image recovery.

55
7.4 Results on TextZoom
The experimental results on TextZoom are shown in Table 5.3.1 . Here they present the text
recognition accuracies on STISR results by using the official ASTER [4], MORAN [2] and
CRNN [17] text recognition models. In Fig. 5.4.1.1, they visualize the SR images by the
competing models with the ground-truth text labels. From Table 5.3.1 and Fig. 5.4.1.1, they
can have the following findings. First, from see that our TPGSR framework significantly
improves the text recognition accuracy of all original SISR/STISR methods under all settings.
This clearly validates the effectiveness of TP in guiding text image enhancement for
recognition. Second, from Fig. 8 one can see that with TPGSR, all SR models show clear
improvements in text image recovery with more readable character stroke, resulting in correct
text recognition. This also explains why our TPGSR can improve significantly the text
recognition accuracy, as shown.
7.5 Cost vs Performance
Super-resolver Recognizer
ASTER [46] CRNN [17]
Approach Flops
(4.72G) (0.81G)
[5] w 5 SRBs 0.91G 58.3% 41.4%
[5] w 7 SRBs 1.16G 57.7% 40.1%
[5] w 9 SRBs 1.41G 57.1% 40.0%
[5] w 12 SRBs 1.78G 56.6% 39.8%
Ours ( N=1 ) 1.76G 60.9% 49.8%
Table 7.5 COST V.S PERFORMANCE. N REFERS TO THE NUMBER OF STAGES IN TPGSR

To further examine the effectiveness of TPGSR, they compare the computational cost of
singlestage TPGSR with TSRN [11]. In Table 7.5, they perform experiments of TSRN with
different number of Sequential-Residual Blocks (SRBs). The results show that straightly
increasing the number of SRBs is not an effective way to improve the performance of TSRN
(results in accuracy drop with more SRBs). However, under designed TPGSR network, the
performance improves by 8.4% with CRNN [17] and 2.6% with ASTER [4] compared to
TSRN with 5 SRBs. It is humble to conclude that exploiting text prior underTPGSR
framework deserves the additional cost it introduces. Moreover, compared to CRNN [17],
ASTER [4] performs better in recognition task with higher computational cost (0.81G vs.
4.72G).

56
 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

8.1 Conclusion
The proposed multi-stage text prior guided super-resolution (TPGSR) framework for scene text
image super-resolution (STISR) provides an effective and efficient solution to improve the
resolution and visual quality of low-resolution scene text images while boosting the
performance of text recognition. The proposed framework embeds text recognition prior into
STISR models and uses a multi-stage approach to enhance the resolution and visual quality
of low-resolution scene text images. The paper evaluates the proposed framework on two
benchmark datasets, TextZoom and ICDAR2015, and compares it with several state-of-the-
art STISR methods to demonstrate its effectiveness.
The idea of featuring a prior knowledge module, a deep super-resolution network, and sub-
networks for text enhancement, font adaptation, and layout refinement, has effectively guide
the super-resolution process, leading to visually appealing and contextually coherent results.
The ability to exploit prior knowledge has allowed the TPGSR model to outperform traditional
super-resolution approaches, especially when applied to scene text images.
The framework can be extended to handle more complex scenarios, such as multi-lingual text,
curved text, and text in natural scenes. The paper suggests exploring the use of other types of
text recognition priors, such as semantic segmentation maps and attention maps, to further
improve the performance of the proposed framework. The proposed framework can also be
integrated with other computer vision tasks, such as object detection and segmentation, to
improve the performance of downstream tasks.
8.2 Future work
In order to enhance the visual quality of the reconstructed HR text images, the next step is to
investigate the use of generative adversarial networks (GANs). GANs can be used to generate
more realistic and natural-looking images by learning the distribution of the high- resolution
images from the low-resolution images. The paper suggests exploring the use of GANs in
combination with the proposed framework to further improve the visual quality of the
reconstructed HR text images.
However, the TPGSR model has the potential to be extended to handle scene text images with

57
multiple languages and scripts. One possible approach is to train the model on a diverse dataset
that includes text in multiple languages and scripts. This would enable the model to learn the
linguistic patterns and font styles of different languages and scripts, and adapt its super-
resolution process accordingly. Additionally, the model could be modified to include language
and script identification modules that can detect the language and script of the input text and
adjust the super-resolution process accordingly. Another approach is to develop techniques to
adapt the model to recognize and super-resolve diverse linguistic content, such as using transfer
learning or fine-tuning techniques to adapt the model to new languages and scripts.
Furthermore, the paper suggests investigating the use of transfer learning to improve the
generalization performance of the proposed framework. Transfer learning can be used to
transfer the knowledge learned from one dataset to another dataset with similar characteristics.
The paper suggests exploring the use of transfer learning in combination with the proposed
framework to improve the generalization performance of the proposed framework to new
dataset.

58
 9. References

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[4] B. Shi, M. Yang, X. Wang, P. Lyu, C. Yao, and X. Bai, “ASTER: An
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[10] K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, “Deep residual learning for image
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