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TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
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OBJECTIVES:
• Define the six trigonometric functions
• Given a trigonometric function, list the other functions
and write the corresponding values.

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II. UNIT CIRCLE
P

O (1, 0)

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THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION OUT OF
RIGHT TRIANGLE
Side opposite of 𝜃 Leg b
Side adjacent of 𝜃 Leg a

𝑐 Side opposite the right angle (Longest side) hypotenuse c

𝑏 A right triangle has three important properties:

𝜃 1. The ratios of the measures of the sides can be used to
define six trigonometric functions.
𝑎 2. The sum of the interior angles is 180
3. The sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of
the hypotenuse (Pythagorean Theorem).

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THE SIX
TRIGONOMETRIC Ratio Ratio in words
FUNCTION OUT OF 𝑏 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
RIGHT TRIANGLE 𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑐 (Hypotenuse)
𝑏 (Opposite) 𝑏 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝜃 𝑏 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑎 (Adjacent) 𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑏 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
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 Function
Ratio in Trigonometr
Ratio name / Remember this acronym
words ic ratio
abbreviation
𝒐𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 SOH
𝑏 𝑏
sine / sin sin 𝜃 = It means Sine 𝜃 is equal to
𝑐 (Hypotenuse) 𝑐 𝒉𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
Opposite over Hypotenuse
𝑏 (Opposite)
𝑎 𝒂𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 CAH
𝑎
cosine / cos cos 𝜃 = It means Cosine 𝜃 is equal to
𝑐 𝒉𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
Adjacent over Hypotenuse
𝜃
𝒐𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 TOA
𝑎 (Adjacent) 𝑏 tangent / 𝑏
tan 𝜃 = It means Tangent 𝜃 is equal to
𝑎 𝒂𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 tan 𝑎
Opposite over Adjacent

𝑐 𝒉𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 cosecant / CHO

𝑐
csc 𝜃 = It means Cosecant 𝜃 is equal to
THE SIX 𝑏 𝒐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 csc 𝑏
Hypotenuse over Opposite
TRIGONOMETRIC 𝑐 𝒉𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
SHA
secant / sec sec 𝜃 = It means Secant 𝜃 is equal to
FUNCTION OUT OF 𝑎 𝒂𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎
Hypotenuse over Adjacent

RIGHT TRIANGLE 𝑎 𝒂𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 Cotangent /

cot 𝜃 =
𝑎
CAO
It means Cotangent 𝜃 is equal
𝑏 𝒐𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 cot 𝑏
to Adjacent over Opposite
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Examples:
Find the six trigonometric ratios of θ in each of the following.
𝑏= 4
a. b.
𝑐= 5
𝑏= 4 𝑎= 4
𝑐 =?
𝜃 𝜃
𝑎 =?

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Examples:
Find the six trigonometric ratios of θ in each of the following.
Solution:
a. We have the given, b = 4, c = 5, and unknown length of side a.
a. We will use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the side a.
𝑐= 5
𝑏= 4 2
𝑐 =𝑎 + 𝑏 2 2 Use these to solve the six trigonometric values.
𝜃 52 = 𝑎 2 + 42 𝟒 𝟓
sin 𝜽 = csc 𝜽 =
𝑎 = ?𝟑 25 = 𝑎2 + 16 𝟓 𝟒

25 − 16 = 𝑎2 𝟑 𝟓
cos 𝜽 = sec 𝜽 =
9 = 𝑎2 𝟓 𝟑
𝑎2 = 9
𝟒 𝟑
𝑎2 = 9 tan 𝜽 =
𝟑
cot 𝜽 =
𝟒
𝒂= 𝟑
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Examples:
Find the six trigonometric ratios of θ in each of the following.
Solution:
𝑏= 4 a. We have the given, a= 4, b = 4, and unknown length of side a.
b. We will use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the side a.
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𝑐 =𝑎 + 𝑏 2 2 Use these to solve the six trigonometric values.
𝑎= 4
𝑐 2 = 42 + 42 sin 𝜽 = 𝟐 2
𝑐 = ?4 2 csc 𝜽 =
𝜃 𝑐 2 = 16 + 16 𝟐
𝑐 2 = 32 𝟐
cos 𝜽 = sec 𝜽 = 2
𝑐 2 = 32 𝟐
𝑐 = 16 • 2
𝑐=4 2 tan 𝜽 = 𝟏 cot 𝜽 = 𝟏

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SPECIAL RIGHT TRIANGLES
0 0 0
A special right triangle like the 30 − 60 − 90
0 0 0
Triangle & 45 − 45 − 90 Triangle can be used to
find the six trigonometric ratios for the given triangles
have their own unique properties. Furthermore, these
triangles can be used as a reference triangle for some
non – acute triangles. Let’s discuss the two special
right triangles.
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𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝟗𝟎𝟎
Triangle

300

600

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Example 1: Find the six trigonometric ratios of
Solution:
𝑎= 3 Since the given angle is a 30 – degree angle & we are certain that the
300 triangle is a right triangle, we can apply the properties of a 300 − 600 − 900
Triangle.
𝑏=1
𝑐=2 The length of the side opposite the 𝟑𝟎𝟎 – angle is b = 1.
600
The length of the side opposite the 𝟔𝟎𝟎 angle is 3 times the length of
the shortest side. Thus, 𝟑 x 1 = 𝟑 = a

The length of the side opposite the 𝟗𝟎𝟎 angle is twice the length of the
shortest side. Hence, 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 = 𝟐 = 𝒄
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
sin 𝜽 = 𝟐 𝟑 sec 𝜽 =
tan 𝜽 =
𝟑 𝟑

cos 𝜽 = 𝟑 csc 𝜽 = 𝟐 cot 𝜽 = 𝟑

𝟐
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Example 2 Find the six trigonometric ratios of 𝟔𝟎𝟎 -angle found in quadrant IV.
The length of side opposite the 900 – angle is twice
the length of the shortest side. The shortest length is
𝑎= 4 a = 4, since it is opposite the smallest angle, which is
600 300 . So, we have, 𝟒 𝒙 𝟐 = 𝟖
𝒃 = − 𝟒√𝟑
𝒄=𝟖
The length of side opposite the 600 − angle is
Solution: 3 times the shortest side, hence we have,
The angle is found at the √𝟑 𝒙 𝟒 = 𝟒√𝟑
quadrant IV. We will find the other
but the sign of this value 4 𝟑 should be negative since the
lengths of sides of the triangle. side opposite of 𝟔𝟎𝟎 is parallel to the negative y – axis.
Since it is a 300 − 600 − 900 Hence, we have,
Triangle, we know that, 𝒃 = − 𝟒√𝟑

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 Let us substitute these values below.

𝑎= 4
600
𝒃 = − 𝟒√𝟑
𝑐= 8
300
𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

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𝟒𝟓𝟎 − 𝟒𝟓𝟎 − 𝟗𝟎𝟎
Triangle

450

450

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 Example 1: Find the six trigonometric ratios of the
450 – angle marked below.
Let us find the sides of this triangle. Since we know that
the legs of the 450 − 450 − 900 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 are equal in
𝑎= 1 length, hence the other leg measures 1 unit.
𝑏= 1 𝒂=𝟏

450
In 𝟒𝟓𝟎 − 𝟒𝟓𝟎 − 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆, the length of the
Solution: 𝒄= 𝟐
hypotenuse is 2 times the length of the leg of the
triangle, hence,
Since the triangle is a 450 − 450 −
900 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, we can apply the properties of
𝒄 = 𝟐x1
the
450 − 450 − 900 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒. 𝒄= 𝟐

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 Example 1: Find the six trigonometric ratios of the
450 – angle marked below.

𝑏= 1 𝑎= 1

450

Solution: 𝒄= 𝟐
Since the triangle is a
450 − 450 − 900 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, we can
apply the properties of the
450 − 450 − 900 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.

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ACTIVITY Find the six trigonometric ratios based on the given
illustration below.

1.
15 2.
8
θ 30˚
8
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