UNIT I

SETS
CHAPTER

SETS
1
1.1 Cardinality of Operations of Two Sets

PRACTICE 1.1
Read / Understand / Think / Do
Keeping Skill Sharp
1. (a) What is cardinality of union of two non-empty sets ? Define it.
(b) Write the definition of cardinality of complement of union of two non-empty sets.
(c) What represent the set notation n(A  B) and n(A  B) ?
(d) What is the meaning of no(P) ?
(e) Write the relation among n(U), n(M), n(N), and n( M  N ), where M and N are the
disjoint subsets of U.
Solution:
(a) Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then the cardinality of union of two sets A and B denoted
by n(A  B) is defined as the number of elements of the sets A or B or both without repetition
of any elements.
(b) Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then the cardinality of complement of union of two sets A
and B denoted by n( A  B ) is defined as the number of elements of neither set A nor set B.
(c) The set notation n(A ∪ B) represents the cardinality of union of the sets A and B.
The set notation n(A ∩ B) represents the cardinality of intersection of the sets A and B.
(d) The meaning of no(P) is the cardinality of the set P only.
(e) Let M and N are the disjoint subsets of U then the relation among n(U), n(M), n(N) and
n( M  N ) is,

n(U) = n(M) + n(N) + n( M  N )

2. Circle () the correct answer.
(a) If P, Q and P  Q are non-empty subsets of a universal set U, which relation is true for
their cardinalities ?

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 (i) n(U) = n(P) + n(Q) (ii) n(U) = n(P) + n(Q) – n( P  Q )

(iii) n(U) = n(P) – n(Q) + n( P  Q ) (iv) n(U) = n(P) + n(Q) + n( P  Q )

(b) Write the relation among n(U), n(A), n(B), n(A  B) and n( A  B ), where A and B are
the overlapping subsets of U.
(i) n(U) = n(A) + n(B) – n( A  B )

(ii) n(U) = n(A) + n(B) + n( A  B )

(iii) n(U) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B) + n( A  B )

(iv) n(U) = n(A) + n(B) + n(A ∩ B) + n( A  B )

(c) Write the relation among n(U), no(V), no(B), n(V  B) and n( V  B ), where V and B are
the overlapping subsets of U.
(i) n(U) = no(V) + no(B) – n( V  B )

(ii) n(U) = no(V) + no(B) + n( V  B )

(iii) n(U) = no(V) + no(B) – n(V  B) + n( V  B )

(iv) n(U) = no(V) + no(B) + n(V  B) + n( V  B )

(d) If P and Q are non-empty overlapping subsets of a universal set U, which relation is true
for their cardinalities?
(i) n(U) = n(P) + n(Q) + n( P  Q ) (ii) n(U) = no(P) + n(Q) + n(P  Q)
(iii) n(P  Q) = no(P) + n(Q) (iv) n(P  Q) = no(P) + no(Q)
(e) It is given that n(A) = 15, n(B) = 12 and n(A  B) = 20, what is the value of n(A  B)?
(i) 47 (ii) 7 (iii) 17 (iv) 23
(f) It is given that no(P) = 10, no(Q) = 7 and n(P ∪ Q) = 25, what is the value of n(P  Q)?
(i) 8 (ii) 42 (iii) 23 (iv) 22
Solution:
(a) (iv) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (d) (iii)
(e) (ii) (f) (i)
Check Your Performance
Answer the following questions for each problem.
3. Suppose U = {x : x is a positive integer less than 20}, A = {x : x is a multiple of 5} and B = {x : x
is an even number}.
(a) What are the cardinality of U, A, and B?
(b) Construct the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) Find n(A  B) and n(A  B).
(d) Establish the relation among n(A), n(B), n(A  B) and n(A  B).
(e) Are A  B and B  A equal ? Give reason.

2
Solution:
Here, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ......, 17, 18, 19}, A = {5, 10, 15} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
(a) n(U) = 19, n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 9 U
A B 3
(b) Showing the above information in a Venn diagram below: 1
U 2 4 7
A B 5 6 8
10 12 14
15 16 18
3–1=2 1 9–1=8 9 19
11 13 17
8 n(AB)

no(A) n(AB) no(B)

(c) AB = {5, 10, 15}  {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
= {10}
 n(A  B) = 1
AB = {5, 10, 15}  {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
= {2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18}
 n(A  B) = 11
(d) Here, n(A) = 3, n(B) = 9, n(A  B) = 11 and n(A  B) = 1
Now, n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) = 3 + 9 – 11 = 12 – 1 = 11 = n(A  B)
Hence, n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
(e) Yes, A  B and B  A are equal because the union of two sets are commutative.
4. Suppose U = {x/x is a natural number up to 10}, M = {x/x is prime number} and N = {x/x is an
odd number}.
(a) What is the cardinality of a set ? Find the values of n(U), n(M) and n(N).
(b) Illustrate the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) Find n(M  N), n(M Δ N) and n( M  N ).

(d) Establish the relation among n(U), n(M  N), n(M Δ N) and n( M  N ).
(e) Why is n(M ∩ N) not more than n(M) or n(N) ? Give suitable reason.
Solution:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, M = {2, 3, 5, 7}, N = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(a) The cardinality of a set is the number of elements in the set.
n(U) = 10, n(M) = 4 and n(N) = 5
(b) Illustrating the above information in a Venn diagram alongside:
U
M N

4–3=1 3 5–3=2

4 n(MN)

no(M) n(MN) no(N)

(c) M  N = {2, 3, 5, 7}  {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} = {3, 5, 7}
 n(M  N) = 3
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 no(M) = n(M) – n(M  N) = 4 – 3 = 1
no(N) = n(N) – n(M  N) = 5 – 3 = 2
 n(M  N) = no(M) + no(N) = 1 + 2 = 3
M  N = {2, 3, 5, 7}  {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
MN = U – (M  N) = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...., 8, 9, 10} – {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
= {4, 6, 8, 10}
 n( M  N ) = 4

(d) Here, n(M  N) + n(M  N) + N( M  N ) = 3 + 3 + 4 = 10 = n(U)

Hence, n(U) = n(M  N) + n(M  N) + n( M  N )

(e) n(M  N) is not more than n(M) or n(N) because M  N is a proper subset of M or N.
5. It is given that n(A) = 5, n(B) = 6 and n(A  B) = 2, where A and B are proper subsets of U.
(a) Define the cardinality of the union of A and B.
(b) Illustrate the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) Find n(A  B) and n(A Δ B).
(d) Write the relation between n(A  B), n(A  B) and n(A Δ B).
Solution:
Given, n(A) = 5, n(B) = 6 and n(A  B) = 2
(a) The number of elements in the union of the sets A and B is called the cardinality of the union
of A and B.
(b) Illustrating the above information in a Venn diagram alongside.
U
A B

5–2=3 2 6–2=4

no(A) n(AB) no(B)

(c) n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) "Alternatively"
= 5 + 6 – 2 = 11 – 2 = 9 From the Venn diagram,
no(A) = n(A) – n(A  B) = 5 – 2 = 3 n(A  B) = 3 + 2 + 4 = 9
no(B) = n(B) – n(A  B) = 6 – 2 = 4 no(A) = 5 – 2 = 3
 n(A  B) = no(A) + no(B) = 3 + 4 = 7 no(B) = 6 – 2 = 4
(d) Here, n(A  B) + n(A  B) = 7 + 2 = 9 = n(A  B)
Hence, n(A  B) = n(A  B) + n(A  B)
6. It is given that n(P) = 16, n(Q) = 20, n( P  Q ) = 4 and n(U) = 39, where P and Q are proper
subsets of U.
(a) Define the cardinality of the intersection of P and Q.
(b) Draw the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) Find n(P  Q) and n(P Δ Q).

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 (d) Write the relation between n(U), n( P  Q ), n(P  Q) and n(P Δ Q).
Solution:
Given, n(P) = 16, n(Q) = 20, n( P  Q ) = 4 and n(U) = 39
(a) The cardinality of the intersection of P and Q is the number of elements containing in the
intersection of sets P and Q.
(b) Drawing the above information in a Venn diagram.
U
P Q

16 – x x 20 – x

no(P) n(PQ) no(Q)

(c) n(P  Q) = ?, n(P  Q) = ?
Let n(P  Q) = x
Now, n(U) = n(P  Q) + n( P  Q )

n(U) = n(P) + n(Q) – n(P  Q) + n( P  Q )

or, 39 = 16 + 20 – x + 4
or, 39 = 40 – x
or, x = 40 – 39 = 1
Hence, n(P  Q) = 1.
n(P  Q) = no(P) + no(Q) = n(P) – n(P  Q) + n(Q) – n(P  Q)
= n(P) + n(Q) – 2n(P  Q) = 16 + 20 – 2 × 1
= 36 – 2 = 34
(d) Here n(P  Q) + n(P  Q) + n( P  Q ) = 34 + 1 + 4 = 39 = n(U)

 n(U) = n( P  Q ) + n(P  Q) + n(P  Q).

7. The diagram shows the results of survey of 80 families taken in a particular place to find the
types of animals owned by each family.
(a) Write the definition of the cardinality of the complement of B  C.
(b) Write the given information of the Venn diagram in set notation.
(c) Find the number of families who did not take buffaloes and cows.
(d) Write the relation between n( B ), no(C) and n( B  C ). Buffaloes (B) Cow (C)
U

Solution:
(a) The cardinality of the complement of B  C is the number 23 12 28
of elements not containing in the sets B or C or both.
(b) From the given Venn diagram,
no(B) = 23, no(C) = 28, n(B  C) = 12 and n(U) = 80
(c) The number of families who did not take buffaloes and cows, n( B  C ) = ?

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 Let n( B  C ) = x
Now, we know,
n(U) = n(B  C) + n( B  C )

or, n(U) = no(B) + no(C) + n(B  C) + n( B  C )

or, 80 = 23 + 28 + 12 + x
or, 80 = 63 + x
 x = 80 – 63 = 17
 17 families did not take bufffaloes and cows.
(d) Here, n( B ) = n(U) – n(B) = 80 – 35 = 45

no(C) = 28, n( B  C ) = 17

Now, no(C) + n( B  C ) = 28 + 17 = 45 = n( B )

Hence, n( B ) = no(C) + n( B  C )
8. 50 students of a class who use either blue colour or yellow colour or both. 40 use yellow colour
(Y) and 20 use blue colour (B). Answer the following questions: U
B Y
(a) Write the above information in set notation.
(b) What is the meaning of n(B  Y) from the given Venn
diagram?
(c) Fill the above information in the same Venn diagram.
(d) How many students use green colour? How many students use
just blue colour ?
(e) Why is n(B  Y) not more than n(B) or n(Y) ? Give reason.
Solution:
(a) Here, Y represents the set of students who use yellow colour and B that of blue colour.
Then, n(B  Y) = 50, n(Y) = 40, n(B) = 20
(b) The meaning of n(B  Y) is the number of students who use both blue and yellow colour.
(c) Filling the above information in the same Venn diagram by supposing n(B  Y) = x,
(d) Here, n(B  Y) = 50 B Y
U
or, n(B) + n(Y) – n(B  Y) = 50
or, 20 + 40 – x = 50
20 – x x 40 – x
or, 60 – x = 50
or, – x = 50 – 60
 – x = – 10
 x = 10
Hence, n(B  Y) = 10
i.e., 10 students use both colour or green colour.
Again, no(B) = n(B) – n(B  Y) = 20 – 10 = 10.
Hence, 10 students use just blue colour.
(e) n(B  Y) is not more than n(B) or n(Y) because B  Y is proper subset of B or Y.

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9. Out of 50 students in a class who were asked whether they had played football or volleyball, 28
had played volleyball, 4 had played both and 12 had played football.
(a) Present the above information in set notation.
(b) Present the given information in a Venn diagram.
(c) How many students had played neither football nor volleyball?
(d) Which set is equal to the complement of either not playing football or not playing
volleyball?
Solution:
(a) Let U represents a Set of all students in the survey, V represents a set of students who had
played volleyball and F represents a set of students who had played football. Then,
n(U) = 50, n(V) = 28, n(V  F) = 4 and n(F) = 12
(b) Presenting above information in a Venn diagram alongside,
U
F V

12 – 4 = 8 4 28 – 4 = 24

(c) n( V  F ) = ?
Here, n(V  F) = n(V) + n(F) – n(V  F)
= 28 + 12 – 4 = 36
 n( V  F ) = n(U) – n(V  F) = 50 – 36 = 14
Hence, 14 students had played neither football nor volleyball.
(d) F  V is equal to the complement of either not playing football or not playing volleyball.
10. In a survey of 150 students, it was found that 25 students drink neither tea nor coffee, 85 drink
tea and 75 drink coffee.
(a) Write the above information in set notation.
(b) Show the given information in a Venn diagram.
(c) Find out the number of students who drink both tea and coffee.
(d) Which is equal to the number of the students of complement of only one drink or none of
both drinks?
Solution: Suppose, U = A set of all students involved in the survey.
T = A set of students who drink tea
C = A set of students who drink coffee. Then,
(a) n(U) = 150, n( T  C ) = 25, n(T) = 85 and n(C) = 75.
(b) Showing the given information in a Venn diagram by supposing n(T  C) = x,

7
 U
T C

85 – x x 75 – x

25

no(T) n(TC) no(C)

(c) Now, we have,
or, n(U) = n(T) + n(C) – n(T  C) + n( T  C )
or, 150 = 85 + 75 – x + 25
or, 150 = 185 – x
 x = 185 – 150 = 35
(d) n(T  C) is equal to the number of the students of complement of only one drink or none of
both drinks.
11. In a certain school, 40% of the pupils play basketball, 25% play volleyball and 10% play both
basketball and volleyball.
(a) Present the above information in set notation.
(b) Illustrate the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) What percent of the pupils in the school play neither basketball nor volleyball? Find it.
(d) What is the percent of pupils of complement of who play neither basketball nor
volleyball?
Solution:
(a) Suppose, U = A set of pupils of the school involved in the survey,
B = A set of pupils who play basketball,
V = A set of pupils who play volleyball. Then,
n(U) = 100 (say), n(B) = 40, n(V) = 25, n(B  V) = 10
(b) Illustrating the above information in a Venn diagram alongside.
U
F V

40% – 10% 10% 25% – 10%

= 30% = 15%

(c) n( B  V ) = ?
Now, we have,
n( B  V ) = n(U) – n(B  V)
= n(U) – {n(B) + n(V) – n(B  V)}
= n(U) – n(B) – n(V) + n(B  V)
= 100 – 40 – 25 + 10
= 110 – 65 = 45
Hence, 45% of pupils in the school play neither basketball nor volleyball.

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 (d) Percent of pupils of complement of neither basketball nor volleyball,

n( B  V ) = n(U) – n( B  V ) = 100 – 45 = 55.
Hence, 55% is the percent of pupils of the complement of pupilswho play neither basketball
nor volleyball.
12. In the survey of a community, 55% of the people like to listen the radio, 65% like to watch the
television and 35% don't like to listen to the radio as well as to watch the television.
(a) Write the above information in set notation.
(b) What percent of the people in the community like listen the radio as well as to watch the
television? Find it.
(c) Illustrate the above information in a Venn diagram.
(d) What is the percent of people of complement of who like both listening the ratio and
watching the television ?
Solution:
Let, U = A set of all people involved in the survey.
R = A set of people who like to listen the radio,
T = A set of people who like to watch the television. Then,
U
(a) n(U) = 100 (suppose), n(R) = 55, n(T) = 65, n( R  T ) = 35 T
R
(b) Illustrating the above information in a Venn diagram alongside.
65% –
(c) n(R  T) = ? 55% 55%
= 10%
Here, n(R  T) = n(U) – n( R  T ) = 100 – 35 = 65 35%
Again, n(R  T) = n(R) + n(T) – n(R  T)
or, 65 = 55 + 65 – n(R  T)
 n(R  T) = 55%
Hence, 55% of the people in the community like to listen the radio as well as to watch the
television.
(d) n( R  J ) = 100 – 55 = 45. So, 45% people is the complement of people who like both
listening the radio and watching the television.

13. Of the 30 cars passing through Motor Testing Station, 7 had defective brakes but not defective
light and 18 cars had defective lights.
(a) Present the above information in set notation.
(b) Show the given information in a Venn diagram.
(c) How many cars had not defective both lights and brakes?
(d) Why is the number of cars defective lights more than both defective lights and brakes?
Solution:
(a) Let U denote a set of all cars passing through Motor Testing station, B and L denote the sets of
cars with defective brakes and lights respectively. Then,
(U) = 30, no(B) = 7, n(L) = 18, n(B  L) = x (suppose)
(b) Showing the above information in a Venn diagram,

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 U
B L

7 x 18– x

no(B) n(BL) no(L)

(c) Now, n(B  L) = no(B) + n(L) = 7 + 18 = 25
 n( B  L ) = n(U) – n(B  L)
= 30 – 25 = 5
Hence, 5 cars had not defective lights and brakes.
(d) The number of cars defective lights is more than both defective lights and brakes because BL
is a proper subset of L.
14. Out of 105 students, 80 passed Health, 72 in Account, 10 failed both subjects and 7 did not
appear in the examination.
(a) Write the above information in set notation.
(b) Present the given information in a Venn diagram.
(c) Find the number of students who passed at least one subject.
(d) Why is the number of students who passed Account not less than Account only?
Solution:
Suppose, U = A set of all students who appeared in the examination,
H = A set of students who passed in Health,
A = A set of students who passed in Account. Then,
(a) n(U) = 105 – 7 = 98, n(H) = 80, n(A) = 72, n( H  A ) = 10, n(H  A) = x (say)
(b) Presenting the given information in a Venn diagram.
U
H A "Alternatively"
n(U) = n(A) + n(H) – n(H  A)
80 – x x 72 – x or, 98 = 72 + 80 – x
or, x = 152 – 58
10 or, x = 54
i.e., n(H  A) = 54
(c) n(passed at least one subject), n(H  A) = ?
we have,  no(H) = 80 – 54 = 26
 no(A) = 72 – 54 = 18
n(U) = n(H  A) + n( H  A )
 n(at least one) = no(H) + no(A) + n(HA)
or, 98 = n(H  A) + 10 = 26 + 18 + 64 = 98
or, n(H  A) = 98 – 10 = 88
Hence, 88 students passed at least one subject.
(d) The number of students who passed account (A) only is not less than account only (A – H)
because A is the superset of (A – H).

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15. Out of group of 600 Japanese tourists who visited Nepal, 60% have been already visited to
Khokana, Lalitpur and 45% to Changunarayan, Bhaktapur and 10% of them have been
visited to both places.
(a) Write the above information in set notation.
(b) Illustrate the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) How many Japanese tourists have visited at most one place?
(d) Why is the number of tourists not represented in percentage ?
Solution:
Suppose, U = A set of Japanese tourists who visited Nepal.
K = A set of Japanese tourists who have been already visited Khokana, Lalitpur,
C = A set of Japanese tourists who have been already visited Changunarayan, Bhaktapur.
Then,
60
(a) n(U) = 600, n(K) = 60% of 600 = 100 × 600 = 360
45
n(C) = 45% of 600 = 100 × 600 = 270
10
n(K  C) = 10% of 600 = 100 × 600 = 60
(b) Illustrating the above information in a Venn diagram,
U
K C

360 – 60 60 270 – 60
= 300 = 210

30
(c) Now, n(K  C) = 360 + 270 – 60 = 570
 n( K  C ) = 600 – 570 = 30

n(at most one place) = no(K) + no(C) + n( K  C )

= n(K) – n(K  C) + n(C) – n(K  C) + n( K  C )

= 360 – 60 + 270 – 60 + 30
= 630 – 120 + 30 = 540
"Alternatively"
n(at most one place) = n(not in both places)
= n( K  C ) = n(U) – n(K  C)
= 600 – 60
= 540
 540 Japenese tourists have visited at most one place.
(d) The number of tourist is not represented in percentage because percentage is taken as certain
equal parts from 100 equal parts (fraction) while number of the tourists is the counting number.

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16. In an examination, 45% of students passed Maths only, 40% passed Science only and 8%
students failed both subjects. If 188 students passed in Science then,
(a) represent the given information in set notation.
(b) Draw the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) Find the total number of students.
(d) How many total percentage of students are participated in the examination ?
Solution:
Suppose, U = A set of all students participated in the exam,
M = A set of students who passed in Maths.
S = A set of students who passed in Science.
(a) Let the total number of students, n(U) = x, then,
45 9x 40 2x
no(M) = 45% of x = 100 × x = 20 , no(S) = 40% of x = 100 × x = 5
8 2x
n( M  S ) = 8% of x = 100 × x = 25 and n(S) = 188.
(b) Drawing the above information in a Venn diagram alongside:
U
M S

9x 2x 2x
188 –
20 5 5
2x
25

(c) We know,
n(U) = n(M  S) + n( M  S ) = no(M) + n(S) + n( M  S )
9x 2x
or, x = 20 + 188 + 25
9x 2x
or, x – 20 – 25 = 188
100x – 45x – 8x
or, 100 = 188
or, 100x – 53x = 18800
or, 47x = 18800
18800
or, x = 47 = 400
Hence, total number of students is 400.
(d) Total percentage of students participated in the exam is 100%.
17. Among 90 girls, 30 people like to wear frock only, 25 people like to wear pants only and 18
people do not like to wear both clothes.
(a) Write the given information in set notation.
(b) Present the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) Find the ratio of the girls who like to wear frock and pants.
(d) Compare the number of girls who like to wear frock and pants.

12
Solution:
Suppose, U = A set of all girls involved in the survey.
F = A set of girls who like wear frock,
P = A set of girls who like wear pants.
Then, by question,
(a) n(U) = 90, no(F) = 30, no(P) = 25, n( F  P ) = 18
(b) Presenting above information in a Venn diagram,
U
F P

30 x 25

18
(c) n(F  P) = x (let)
then n(U) = n(F  P) + n( F  P )

or, n(U) = no(F) + no(P) + n(F  P) + n( F  P )

or, 90 = 30 + 25 + x + 18
or, 90 = 73 + x
 x = 90 – 73 = 17
 n(F) = no(F) + n(F  P) = 30 + 17 = 47
and n(P) = no(P) + n(F  P) = 25 + 17 = 42
 n(F) : n(P) = 47 : 42
 The ratio of the girls who like to wear frock and pants is 47 : 42.
18. In an election of a municipality, two candidates M and N stood for the post of Mayor and
50,000 people were in the voter list. Votes were supposed to cast the vote for a single candidate.
The number of votes secured by M is thrice of the number of votes secured by N. 400 people
didn't cast vote and 500 votes were invalid.
[Hints: The votes secured by M and N are valid votes.]
(a) Present the given information in set notation.
(b) Show the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) How many votes were secured by M and N separately? Find it.
(d) How many more votes secured by M than N.?
Solution:
Let, U = A set of all voters for the election of a municipality.
M = A set of votes who secured by M.
N = A set of votes who secured by N.
then, by question,
(a) n(U) = 50,000, n( M  N ) = 400, n(F  N) = 500.
Let no(N) = x then no(M) = 3x,
(b) Showing the above information in a Venn diagram alongside,

13
 U
M N

3x 500 x

400
(c) We know,
n(U) = n(M  N) + n( M  N )
or, 50,000 = n(M  N) + 400
 n(M  N) = 50,000 – 400 = 49,600
Now, n(M  N) = no(M) + no(N) + n(M  N)
or, 49,600 = 3x + x + 500
or, 49,600 – 500 = 4x
49100
or, x = 4 = 12275

 no(N) = x = 12275 and no(M) = 3x = 3 × 12275 = 36825

Hence, 36825 and 12275 votes were secured by M and N separately.
(d) 36825 – 12275 = 24550 votes
Hence, M gets 24550 more votes than N.
19. In a survey of some people, it was found that the ratio of the people who liked pop songs and
rap songs is 7 : 9. Out of which, 60 people liked both songs, 30 liked rap songs only and 40
liked none of the songs.
(a) Represent the given information in set notation.
(b) Draw the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) Find the number of people who did not like pop songs.
(d) Compare the number of people who liked pop song only and rap song only.
Solution:
Suppose, U = A set of all people involved in the survey.
P = A set of people who liked pop songs.
R = A set of people who liked rap songs.
Then, by question,
(a) n(P) : n(R) = 7 : 9. Let n(P) = 7x then n(R) = 9x
U
n(P  R) = 60, no(R) = 30, n( P  R ) = 40 P R

(b) Drawing a Venn diagram,

(c) Now, we know, 70 – 60 60 90 – 60
n(R) = no(R) + n(P  R) = 10 = 30
or, 9x = 30 + 60
40
or, 9x = 90
or, x = 10
 n(R) = 9x = 9 × 10 = 90 and n(P) = 7x = 7 × 10 = 70
 n( P ) = n(U) – n(P) = 140 – 70 = 70

14
 Hence, 70 people did not like pop songs.
(d) Here, no(P) = n(P) – n(P  R) = 70 – 60 = 10
no(R) = 30
10
 no(P) : no((R) = 10 : 30 = 30 = 1 : 3
no(P) 1
i.e. n (R) = 3 or, no(R) = 3o(P)
o

Hence, the no. of people who like rap songs only is three times the no. of people who like pop
songs only.
20. Out of students appeared in an examination, 30% failed in English, 25% failed in
Mathematics, 90% passed in at least one subjects and 220 students were passed in both
subjects then,
(a) Represent the above information in the set notation.
(b) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the above information.
(c) Find the number of students appeared in the examination.
(d) Find the number of students who passed in English only.
Solution:
(a) Here, n(U) = 100 (Suppose), n(E) = 100 – 30 = 70, n(M) = 100 – 25 = 75,
n (passed at least one subject) = (E  M) = 90, n( T  C ) = 100 – 90 = 10
(b) Drawing a Venn diagram for above information,
M U
(c) Now, we have E
n(U) = n(E) + n(U) – n(E  M) + n( T  C )
or, 100 = 70 + 75 – n(E  M) + 10
10
or, n(E  M) = 155 – 100 = 55.
 55% students passed in both subjects. 70 75
90
But by question, n(E  M) = 220
Suppose, n(U) = x, then
55% of x = 220
55
or, 100  x = 220
100
or, x = 220  55 = 400.
Hence, 400 students appeared in the examination.
(d) n(E) = 70% of 400 = 280
 no(E) = n(E) – n(E  M) = 280 – 220 = 60
Hence, 60 students who passed in English only.
Changing Question on Demand of Publication
20. In a survey among some students, it was found that 50 liked tea, 100 like coffee and all of them
liked at least one drink. The number of students who liked coffee only is 3 times the number of
students who liked tea only.
(a) Represent the above information in the set notation.
(b) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the above information.

15
 (c) Find the number of students who liked both drinks.
(d) Find he number of students who liked at most one drink.
Solution:
(a) Here, n(T) = 50, n(C) = 100, n( T  C ) = 0, no(C) = 3no(T)
Suppose, no(T) = x then no(C) = 3x and n(T  S) = y
(b) Showing the above information in a Venn diagram.
U
T C

x y 3x

50 100
(c) Now, x + y = 50 .................. (i)
3x + y = 100 ................ (ii)
By subtracting,
2x = 50  x = 25
From the equation (i), y = 50 – 25 = 25
 n(T  C) = 25
(d) n(T  C) = 50 + 100 – 25 = 125
 n(at most one) = n(only one or none) = n(not both) = n( T  C ) = 125 – 25 = 100.

16
 1.2 Cardinality of Operations of Three Sets

PRACTICE 1.2
1. The figure shows the number of elements each region in the Venn diagram.
(a) Write the definition of the cardinality of A ∪ B ∪ C.
U
(b) Find the following: A
(i) n(A) (ii) n(A  B)
3
(iii) n(A  B) (iv) no(A  C)
3 0
(v) no(C) (vi) no(A  B) 4
4 5
(vii) n(A  B  C) (viii) n( A  B ) 1
C B
6
(ix) n( A  B  C )

(c) Write the relation between n(A  B  C) and n( A  B  C ).

Solution:
(a) The cardinality of A  B  C is the number of elements in the set (A  B  C).
(b) (i) n(A) = 3 + 4 + 3 + 0 = 10. (ii) n(A  B) = 0 + 4 = 4
(iii) n(A  B) = 3 + 3 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 5 = 16
(iv) no(A  C) = 3 (v) no(C) = 4
(vi) no(A  B) = 0 (vii) n(A  B  C) = 4
(viii) n( A  B ) = 4 + 6 = 10 (ix) n( A  B  C ) = 6

(c) n(A  B  C) = 3 + 3 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 1 + 5 = 20, n( A  B  C ) = 6

and n(U) = 3 + 3 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 26
Here, n(A  B  C) + n( A  B  C ) = 20 + 6 = 26 = n(U)

Hence, n(U) = n(A  B  C) + n( A  B  C )

or, n(A  B  C) = n(U) + n( A  B  C )

which is the relation between n(A  B  C and n( A  B  C ).

2. Let a universal set be the students in Biswo Bhasa campus and the number of students shown
in the region of the Venn diagram. U
F = Set of students who learn French, F G
G = Set of students who learn German, 5
6 0
L = Set of students who learn Latin 4
3 2
(a) How many students learn French?
(b) How many students learn Latin and German? 1
2
(c) How many students learn French and German but not Latin? L
(d) How many students learn Latin only?
(e) How many students learn none of these three languages?

17
Solution:
(a) From the given Venn diagram,
no(F) = 6, no(G) = 0, no(L) = 1, no(F  G) = 5, no(G  L) = 2, no(L  F) = 3,
n(F  G  L) = 4 and n( F  G  L ) = 2
 n(F) = no(F) + no(F  G) + no(L  F) + n(F  G  L) = 6 + 5 + 3 + 4 = 18
(b) n(L  G) = no(G  L) + n(F  G  L) = 2 + 4 = 6
(c) no(F  G) = 5
(d) no(L) = 1
(e) n( F  G  L ) = 2
3. The Venn diagram below shows the number of pupils in a class of 35 students who study one
or other of the sciences: Biology (B), Physics (P) and Chemistry (C) U
or none of the three. B P
(a) How many pupils do not study Science? x
7 0
(b) How many pupils study just one of these three Sciences?
9
(c) Write down the number of pupils in terms of x who are x x+2
studying one or more of these sciences. 2
(d) Find the value of x. 3
C
Solution:
From the given Venn diagram,
n(U) = 35, no(B) = 7, no(B  P) = x, no(P) = 0, no(P  C) = x + 2, no(C) = 2,
no(C  B) = x, n(B  P  C) = 9 and n( B  P  C ) = 3

(a) n( B  P  C ) = 3  3 pupils do not study science.

(b) no(B) + no(P) + no(C) = 7 + 0 + 2 = 9
 9 pupils study just one of these three sciences.
(c) n(B  P  C) = no(B) + no(P) + no(C) + no(B  P) + no(P  C)
+ no(C  B) + n(B  P  C)
= 7 + 0 + 2 + x + x + 2 + x + 9 = 20 + 3x
 The number of pupils who are studying one or more of these sciences is 20 + 3x.
(d) We know, n(U) = n(B  P  C) + n( B  P  C )
or, 35 = 20 + 3x + 3
or, 35 – 23 = 3x
or, 3x = 12
12
 x= 3 =4
Hence, x = 4
4. It is found that 15% of the pupils at a school do not jog or swim or cycle, 8% do all three of
these activities, 15% swim and cycle but do not jog, 15% do both jog and swim, 20% swim
only, 18% cycle only and 42% do two or more activities.
(a) Define cardinality of complement of a set.
(b) Workout the percentage of pupils who,

18
 (i) do both jog and cycle only. (ii) swim or cycle. (iii) do not swim.
(iv) do not all three activities jog, swim and cycle (or do at most two activities).
(c) Show the above information in a Venn diagram.
(d) Why is the percentage of total pupils who involve in the survey 100% ? Give reason.
Solution:
(a) Cardinality of complement of set is the number of elements in the given set.
(b) Let n(U) = 100. Then by question,
n( J  S  C ) = 15, n(J  S  C) = 8, no(S  C) = 15, n(J  S) = 15,
no(S) = 20, no(C) = 18 and n(J  S)o + no(S  C) + no(C  J) + n(J  S  C) = 42
(i) no(J  C) = 15 – 8 = 7 i.e. 7% of pupils jog and cycle only.
(ii) n(S  C) = no(S) + no(C) + no(J  S) + no(S  C) + no(C  J) + n(J  S  C)
= 20 + 18 + 42 = 80
i.e. 80% of pupils like to swim or cycle.
(iii) n(S) = no(S) + n(J  S) + n(S  C) – n(J  S  C)
= 20 + 15 + 23 – 8 = 50
Hence, 100% - 50% = 50% of pupils do not swim.
(iv) n( J  S  C ) = n(U) – n(J  S  C) = 100 – 8 = 92
 92% do not jog, swim and cycle.
(c) Showing the above information in the Venn diagram above.
U
J S
7
5 20
8
12 15
18
15
C

(d) The percentage of total pupils who involved in the survey is 100% because the total parts of the
whole is always equal to 100% in percentage.
5. Out of 138 students in a school, 60 take computer, 100 take optional maths and 68 take
account. If 28 take computer and optional maths, 44 take optional maths and account and 20
take computer and account.
(a) Write the definition of the cardinality of all the three subjects.
(b) How many students take all the three subjects? Find it.
(c) How many students take only two subjects? Find it.
(d) Draw a Venn diagram to represent the above information.
(e) Why is the cardinality of all the three subjects less than the cardinality of any two
subjects?
Solution:
(a) The cardinality of all three subjects is the number of students who take all three subjects.
(b) Here, n(U) = 138, n(C) = 60, n(O) = 100, n(A) = 68, n(C  O) = 28
n(O  A) = 44 and n(A  C) = 20
19
 n(C  O  A) = ?
Since there is no one who don't take any of the three subjects, so n( C  O  A ) = 0

 n(C  O  A) = n(U) – n( C  O  A ) = 138 – 0 = 138

Now, n(C  O  A) = n(C) + n(O) + n(A) – n(C  O) – n(O  A)
– n(A  C) + n(C  O  A)
or, 138 = 60 + 100 + 68 – 28 – 44 – 20 + n(C  O  A)
or, 138 = 228 – 92 + n(C  O  A)
or, 138 = 136 + n(C  O  A)
 n(C  O  A) = 138 – 136 = 2
 2 students take all three subjects.
(c) Here, no(C  O) + no(O  A) + no(A  C) = n(C  O) – n(C  O  A) + n(O  A)
– n(COA) + n(AC) – n(COA)
= n(C  O) + n(A  O) + n(A  C)
– 3n(C  O  A)
= 28 + 44 + 20 – 3 × 2
= 92 – 6 = 86
 86 students take only two subjects.
(d) Drawing a Venn diagram to represent the above information alongisde:
U
C O
26
14 30
2
18 42
6
0
A
(e) The cardinality of all three subjects is less than the cardinality of any two subjects because the
set all three subjects is a proper subset of set of any two subjects.
6. In a survey of 100 people, 65 read the Kantipur, 45 read the Gorkhapatra, 40 read the
Rajdhani, 25 read the Kantipur as well as Gorkhapatra, 20 read the Kantipur as well as the
Rajdhani, 15 read the Gorkhapatra as well as the Rajdhani and 5 read all the three news
papers.
(a) Define the cardinality of neither reading all the three newspapers.
(b) Show the above information in a Venn diagram.
(c) How many people didn’t read all the three newspapers? Find it by using Venn diagram.
(d) How many people read at most one newspaper? Find it.
Solution:
(a) The cardinality of set of people neither reading all three newspapers is the number of people
who do not read either of the newspapers.
(b) Showing the above information in a Venn diagram alongside:

20
 U
K G
20
25 10
5
15 10
10
5
R
(c) Here, n(U) = 100, n(K) = 65, n(G) = 45, n(R) = 40, n(K  G) = 25, n(K  R) = 20,
n(G  R) = 15 and n(K  G  R) = 5,
n( K  G  R ) = ?
Here, n(K  G  R) = n(K) + n(G) + n(R) – n(K  G) – n(K  R)
– n(G  R) + n(K  G  R)
= 65 + 45 + 40 – 25 – 20 – 15 + 5
= 155 – 60 = 95
 n( K  G  R ) = n(U) – n(K  G  R) = 100 – 95 = 5
Hence, 5 people didn't read all three newspaper.
(d) n(At most one newspaper) = no(K) + no(G) + no(R) + n( K  G  R ) = ?
From the given Venn diagram,
n(at most one newspaper) = 10 + 10 + 25 + 5 = 50
 50 people read at most one newspaper.
7. In a group of people, 23 people like to eat rice, 17 like to eat bitten rice, 18 like to eat soup rice,
6 people like to eat rice only, 9 like to eat bitten rice only, 5 like to eat bitten rice and soup rice
and 3 like to eat soup rice only.
(a) Write the definition of the cardinality of the union of all the three meals.
(b) How many people like to eat all the meals? Find it by using Venn diagram.
(c) How many people are there altogether? Find it.
(d) Illustrate the above information in a Venn diagram.
(e) Why is the cardinality of all the three meals not more than the cardinality of the union of
all the three meals?
Solution:
(a) The cardinality of the union of all three meals is the number of people who like to eat rice or
bitten rice or soup rice or all of them.
(b) Here, n(R) = 23, n(B) = 17, n(S) = 18, no(R) = 6, no(B) = 9, n(B  S) = 5, no(S) = 3
n(R  B  S) = ? Let (R  B  S) = x
We know,
n(S) = no(S) + n(B  S) + no(S  R)
or, 18 = 3 + 5 + no(S  R)
 no(S  R) = 10
Also,
n(B) = no(B) + n(B  S) + no(R  B)
or, 17 = 9 + 5 + no(R  B)
21
 or, 17 – 14 = no(R  B)
 no(R  B) = 3
Again,
n(R) = no(R) + no(R  B) + no(S  R) + n(R  B  S)
or, 23 = 6 + 3 + 10 + n(R  B  S)
or, 23 = 19 + n(R  B  S)
 n(R  B  S) = 23 – 19 = 4
(c) n(U) = ?
Here, n( R  B  S ) = 0
 n(U) = n(R  B  S)
= no(R) + n(B) + no(S) + no(S  R)
= 6 + 17 + 3 + 10 = 36
 There are 36 people altogether.
(d) Illustrating the above information in a Venn diagram.
U
R B
3
6 9
4
10 1
3
S
(e) The cardinality of three meals is not more than the cardinality of the union of all three meals
because the set of three meals is a proper subset of the union of set of all three meals.
8. In a class of students, 20 students study Mathematics, 21 study Science, 18 study Nepali, 7
study Mathematics only, 10 study Science only, 6 study Mathematics and Science only and 3
study Science and Nepali only.
(a) Write the definition of the cardinality of students who study at least one subject.
(b) How many students study all the subjects? Find it.
(c) How many students are there altogether? Find it.
(d) Present the above information in a Venn diagram.
Solution:
(a) The cardinality of students who study at least one subject is the number of students who study
the union of the three subjects.
(b) Here, n(M) = 20, n(S) = 21, n(N) = 18, no(M) = 7, no(S) = 10,
no(M  S) = 6 and no(S  N) = 3.
n(M  S  N) = ?
Let n(M  S  N) = x
Now, we have
n(S) = no(S) + no(M  S) + no(S  N) + n(S  N)
or, 21 = 10 + 6 + 3 + x
or, 21 = 19 + x
 x = 21 – 19 = 2

22
 Hence, 2 students study all the subjects.
(c) n(U) = ?
Here, n( M  S  N ) = 0
So, n(U) = n(M  S  N) = no(M) + n(N) + no(M  S) + no(S)
= 7 + 18 + 6 + 10 = 41
 There are 41 students altogether.
(d) Presenting the above information in a Venn diagram,
U
M S
6
7 10
2
5 3
8
N

23
 Additional Practice – I
Cardinality of Union of Two Sets
1. (i) In a class of 25 students, 15 students like to play cricket and 12 students like to play
football. Also, each student likes to play at least one of two games.
(a) How many students like to play both games?
(b) Illustrate the above information in a Venn diagram.
(ii) In a group of 65 students 35 like tea, 50 like milk and each person likes at least one of the
two drinks.
(a) How many people like both tea and milk?
(b) How many people like only one drink?
(c) Show the above information in a Venn diagram.
Solution:
(i) Let C and F denote the set of students who like to play cricket and football respectively. Also,
U denotes the Universal set.
Now, n(U) = 25, n(C) = 15, n(F) = 12, n( C  F ) = 0, n(C  F) = x (Suppose)
To find: n(C  F) = ?
Drawing a Venn Diagram,
Now, we have
n(U) = no(C) + no(F) + n(C∩F) + n( C  F )
or, 25 = 15 – x + 12 – x + x + 0
or, 25 = 27 – x
or, x = 2
"Alternative method"
We know that,
(a) n(U) = n(C) + n(F) – n(C  F) + n( C  F )
Or, 25 = 15 + 12 – n(C  F) + 0
Or, 25 = 27 – n(C  F)
Or, n(C  F) = 2
(b) Showing the information in Venn Diagram

(ii) Let T and M denote the set of students who like Tea and Milk respectively. Also U denotes the
Universal set.
Now, n(U) = 65, n(T) = 35, n(M) = 50, n( T  M ) = 0
To find: i. n(T  M) = ?

24
 (a) We have,
n(U) = n(T) + n(M) – n(T  M) + n( T  M )
Or, 65 = 35 + 50 – n(T  M) + 0
Or, 65 = 85 – n(T  M)
Or, n(T  M) = 20
Hence, 20 people like tea and milk.
(b) Again, ii. no(T) + no(M) = ?
We know that,
no(T) + no(M) = n(T) – n(T∩M) + n(M) – n(T∩M)
or, no(T) + no(M) = 35 – 20 + 50 – 20
or, no(T) + no(M) = 45
Hence, 45 people like only one drink.
(c) Finally, showing the information in a Venn Diagram,

2. (i) In a class of 50 students, 25 students like to play volleyball, 35 like to play football and 15
like to play both games.
(a) How many students do not like to play any games?
(b) Illustrate the above information by a Venn diagram.
(ii) A survey conducted among 202 students of a school, the following information are found
where 125 like mango, 135 like papaya and 22 dislike both the fruits; find the following;
(a) find the number of students who like both fruits by using a Venn diagram.
(b) find the number of students who like mango only.
(iii) In a group of 55 people, 20 people like to read Kantipur but not Nagarik and 19 people
like to read Nagarik but not Kantipur.
(a) If 7 people did not like both, how many people like both newspapers?
(b) Represent the above information in a Venn diagram.
Solution:
(i) Let V and F denote the set of students who like to play Volleyball and Football respectively.
Also U denotes the Universal set.
Now, n(U) = 50, n(V) = 25, n(F) = 35, n(V  F) = 15
To find: n( V  F ) = ?
(a) We know that,
n(U) = n(V) + n(F) – n(V  F) + n( V  F )

or, 50 = 25 + 35 – 15 + n( V  F )

or, 50 = 45 + n( V  F )

25
 or, n( V  F ) = 5
Hence, 5 students do not like to play any games.
(b) Finally, showing the information in Venn Diagram,

(ii) Let, M and P denote the set of students who like Mango and Papaya respectively. Also U
denotes the Universal set.
Then, n(U) = 202, n(M) = 125, n(P) = 135, n( M  P ) = 22
(a) Now, we know that,
n(U) = n(M) + n(P) – n(M  P) + n( M  P )
or, 202 = 125 + 135 – n(M  P) + 22
or, 202 = 282 – n(M  P)
or, n(M  P) = 80
Hence, 80 students like both of fruits.
(b) Also, we know that,
no(M) = n(M) – n(M  P)
Or, no(M) = 125 – 80
Or, no(M) = 45
Hence, 45 students like mango only.
(iii) Let K and N denote the set of people who like to read Kantipur and Nagarik daily newspapers.
Also, U denotes the Universal set.
Now, n(U) = 55, no(K) = 20, no(N) = 19, n( K  N ) = 7
To find: n(K∩N) = ?
(a) We know that,
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
n(U) = no(K) + no(N) + n(K∩N) + n(𝐾 ∪ 𝑁)
or, 55 = 20 + 19 + n(K∩N) + 7
or, 55 = 46 + n(K∩N)
or, n(K  N) = 9
(b) Showing the information in Venn Diagram.

3. (i) In an examination, 68% of the examinees passed Mathematics, 74% English and 46%
both subjects.

26
 (a) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the above information.
(b) Calculate the total number of examinees appeared if 6 failed both the subjects.
(ii) In a survey of the students, it was found that 65% of the students studied BA course, 60%
of the students studied BN course, 330 students studied both courses and 8% didn’t study
both courses, then
(a) show the above information in a Venn diagram.
(b) find the total number of students to take part in the survey.
Solution:
(i) Let, M and E denote the set of examinees who passed in Mathematics and English respectively.
Also U denotes the Universal set.
Now, n(U) = 100 (say), n(M) = 68, n(E) = 74, n(M  E) = 46
(a) Showing in Venn Diagram:

To find: n( M  E ) = ?
We know that,
n(U) = n(M) + n(E) – n(M  E) + n( M  E )

or, 100 = 68 + 74 – 46 + n( M  E )

or, 100% = 96 + n( M  E )

or, n( M  E ) = 4
 4% examinees failed in both subjects.
By given, n( M  E ) = 6

But, n( M  E ) = 6
so 4% of n(U) = 6
4
i.e. 100 × n(U) = 6
100
or, n(U) = 6 × 4 = 150
Hence, there are 150 examinees participated in the exam.
(ii) Let, A and N denote the set of students who studied BA course and BN course. Also U denotes
the Universal set.
Now, n(U) = 100 (say), n(A) = 65, n(N) = 60, n(A  N) = x, n( A  N ) = 8
(a) Showing the information in Venn Diagram

27
 To find: n(A  N) = ?
We know that,
n(U) = n(A) + n(N) – n(A  N) + n( A  N )
or, 100 = 65 + 60 – x + 8
or, 100 = 133 – x
or, x = 33
 33% students studied both courses.
By given, n(A  N) = 300
33% of n(U) = 330
33
i.e. 100 × n(U) = 330
100
or, n(U) = 330 × 33 = 1000
Hence, there were 1000 students to take part in the survey.
4. (i) In a group of 76 people, the ratio of people who like to drink Coca-Cola and Pepsi is 5:3.
If 7 of them like both the soft drinks and 11 of them like none of the soft drinks,
(a) draw a Venn diagram, find how many of them like only Coca-Cola.
(b) Find how many of them like only Pepsi.
(ii) Out of 33 students appeared in an examination, the number of students who passed
Mathematics only is twice the number of students who passed English only. If 15 students
passed both subjects and 9 students failed both subjects then,
(a) find the number of students who passed Mathematics.
(b) Find the number of students who passed English.
(c) Show the result in a Venn diagram.
Solution:
(i) Let, C and P denote the set of people who like to drink Coca-Cola and Pepsi respectively. Also
U denotes the Universal set.
Now, n(U) = 76, n(C):n(P) = 5:3, n(C  P) = 7, n( C  P ) = 11
Since, n(C):n(P) = 5:3 so n(C) = 5k (say) then n(P) = 3k
Drawing the information in Venn Diagram

From the Venn diagram,

28
 n(U) = no(C) + no(P) + n(C∩P) + n(𝐶̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∪ 𝑃)
or, 76 = 5k – 7 + 3k – 7 + 7 + 11
or, 76 = 8k + 4
or, 8k = 72
or, k = 9
Now, no(C) = 5k – 7 = 5×9 – 7 = 45 – 7 = 38
And no(P) = 3k – 7 = 3×9 – 7 = 27 – 7 = 20
(ii) Let, M and E denote the set of students who passed in Mathematics and English subjects. Also
U denotes the Universal set.
Now, n(U) = 33, no(M) = 2 × no(E), n(M  E) = 15, n( M  E ) = 9
So, let no(E) = k then no(M) = 2k
(a) We know that,
n(U) = n(M) + n(E) – n(M∩E) + n(𝑀 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∪ 𝐸)
or, 33 = 2k + k – 15 + 9
or, 33 = 3k – 6
or, 39 = 3k
or, k = 13
Hence, i. n(M) = no(M) + n(M∩E) = 2k + 15 = 2×13 + 15 = 26 + 15 = 41
i.e. 41 students passed in Mathematics.
(b) n(E) = no(E) + n(M∩E) = k + 15 = 13 + 15 = 28
i.e. 28 students passed in English.
(c) Showing in Venn Diagram:

5. (i) In a survey, two-thirds of students like Mathematics and one-fourth like only Science. If
34 students like other subjects,
(a) how many students like Mathematics and only Science ? Find it.
(b) Show the above information in a Venn diagram.
(ii) In a community, two-thirds of people like folk music and 25% like only modern music. If
44 people like other musics and 100 people like both musics, how many people like
(a) modern music (b) only folk music ?
(c) Show the above information in the same Venn diagram.
1
(iii) In a group of people, 33 % people like only mango and 34 did not like mango at all.
3
2
Also, 26 % people like orange but 24 dislike none of them.
3
(a) Show the above information in a Venn diagram.
(b) How many people like both types of fruit? Find it.
Solution:

29
(i) Let, M and S denote the set of students who like Mathematics and Science respectively. Also,
U denotes the Universal set.
2x x
Now, n(U) = x (say) then, n(M) = 3 , no(S) = 4 , n( M  S ) = 34,
To find: n(M) = ?, no(S) = ?
We know that,
n(U) = n(M) + n(S) – n(M  S) + n( M  S )

or, n(U) = n(M) + no(S) + n( M  S )

2x x
or, x = 3 + 4 + 34 [∵ no(S) = n(S) – n(M  S)]
2x x
or, x – 3 – 4 = 34
12x – 8x – 3x
or, 12 = 34
or, x = 34×12
or, x = 408
2x 408
Hence, n(M) = 3 = 2 × 3 = 272
x 408
no(S) = 4 = 4 = 102
(ii) Let, U = A set of people involved in the survey.
F = A set of people who like folk music.
M = A set of people who like modern music.
Then by question, n(U) = x (suppose)
2 2x x
n(F) = 3 of x = 3 , no(M) = 25% of x = 4

n( F  M ) = 44, n(M  F) = 100  n(F  M) = x – 44

Now, n(F  M) = n(F) + no(M)
2x x
or, x – 44 = 3 + 4
8x + 3x
or, x – 44 = 12
or, 12x – 528 = 11x
or, 12x – 11x = 528
or, x = 528
U
x 528 F M
(a) n(M) = 100 + 4 = 100 + 4 = 232
2x 2 × 528
(b) no(F) = 3 – 100 = 3 – 100 = 252 252 100 132
(c) Showing in a Venn diagram,
44
(iii) Suppose, U = A set of all people.
M = A set of people also like mango.

30
 O = A set of people also like orange.
Then, by question,
1 x
n(U) = x (say), no(M) = 333 % of x = 3

n( M ) = 34  n(M) = x – 34
2 80x 4x
n(O) = 263 % of x = 300 = 15

n( M  O ) = 24  n(M  O) = x – 24
(a) Now, Showing above information in a Venn diagram
(b) we have U
M O
n(M  O) = no(M) + n(O)
x 4x
or, x – 24 = 3 + 15 x
3 4x
9x x – 34 15
or, x – 24 = 15 24
3x
or, x – 24 = 5
or, 5x – 120 = 3x
or, 2x = 120  x = 60
 n(M) = x – 34 = 60 – 34 = 26
x 60
no(M) = 3 = 3 = 20

 n(M  O) = 26 – 20 = 6
Hence, 6 people like both of fruits.
Cardinality of Union of Three Sets
6. (i) Out of the total candidates in an examination, 40% students passed Mathematics, 35%
Science and 50% Health. If 8% passed Mathematics and Science, 18% Science and
Health and 14% Health and Mathematics.
(a) Draw a Venn diagram to show the above information.
(b) Calculate the percentage of students who passed all the three subjects.
(ii) Out of 50 students in an examination, 20 offered Physics, 18 offered Chemistry and 15
offered Biology, 10 offered none of these subjects, 5 offered Physics and Biology, 5 offered
Chemistry and Biology and 4 offered Physics and Chemistry.
(a) Present the above information in Venn diagram.
(b) Find the number of students who offered all the three subjects.
(c) What percentage do offer exactly two subjects?
Solution:
(i) Let, M = A set of candidates also passed Mathematics
S = A set of candidates also passed Science
H = A set of candidates also passed Health
Then, n(M  S  H) = 100 (suppose), n(M) = 40, n(S) = 35, n(H) = 50, n(M  S) = 8,
n(S  H) = 18, n(H  M) = 14, n(M  S  H) = x

31
 (a) Drawing a Venn diagram to show the above information,
U
M S
8–x 35

40 x

8 50
H
(b) From the Venn diagram
n(U) = n(M) + n(S) + n(H) – n(M  S) – n(S  H) – n(M  H) + n(M  H  S)
or, 100 = 40 + 35 + 50 – 8 – 18 – 14 + x
or, 100 – 85 = x  x = 15
Hence, 15% of students passed all the three subjects.
(ii) Let, U = A set of students participated in an exam.
P = A set of students who offered Physics.
C = A set of students who offered Chemistry.
B = A set of students who offered Biology.
Then by question,
n(U) = 50, n(P) = 20, n(C) = 18, n(B) = 15, n( P  C  B ) = 10, n(P  B) = 5,
n(C  B) = 5, n(P  C) = 4, n(P  C  B) = x (suppose)
(a) Presenting above information in a Venn diagram,
U
P C
4
20 18
x
10 5
15
10 B
(b) Now, we have,
n(U) = n(P) + n(C) + n(B) – n(P  C) – n(C  B) – n(P  B)
+ n(P  C  B) + n( P  C  B )
or, 50 = 20 + 18 + 15 – 5 – 5 – 4 + x + 10
or, 50 – 49 = x  x = 1
Hence, one student offered all the three subjects.
(c) no(P  C) = 4 – 1 = 3; no(C  B) = 5 – 1 = 4; no(P  B) = 5 – 1 = 4
 n(exactly two subjects) = 3 + 4 + 4 = 11
11
 Percent of exactly two subjects = 50 × 100% = 22%
7. (i) In a survey of students, it was found that 50% of them like English, 55% like
Mathematics and 45% like Science. If 20% like Mathematics and English, 15% like

32
 English and Science, 20% like Mathematics and Science and 5% like all the three
subjects,
(a) What percentage like only two subjects?
(b) What percentage doesn’t like any subject?
(ii) In a survey of students every students study of least one of the three subjects Maths,
English or Science. The number of students who study only one subject is twice the
number of students who study only two subjects. If 20 students study all the three and 80
students who don't study only two subjects.
(a) Find the total number of students in the survey.
(b) Show the above information in a Venn diagram.
Solution:
(i) Let, U = A set of all students involved in a survey.
E = A set of students who like English,
M = A set of students who like Mathematics,
S = A set of students who like Science
Then, by the given question, n(U) = 100 (suppose)
n(E) = 50, n(M) = 55, n(S) = 45, n(M  E) = 20, n(E  S) = 15,
n(M  S) = 20, n(m  E  S) = 5
(a) Now, we have,
no(M  E) = n(M  E) – n(M  E  S) = 20 – 5 = 15
no(E  S) = n(E  S) – n(M  E  S) = 15 – 5 = 10
no(M  S) = n(M  S) – n(M  E  S) = 20 – 5 = 15
 no(M  E) + no(E  S) + no(M  S) = 15 + 10 + 15 = 40
Hence, 40% of them like only two subjects.
(b) Now, we know,
n(U) = n(E) + n(M) + n(S) – n(M  E) – n(E  S) – n(M  S)
+ n(M  E  S) + n( M  E  S )

or, 100 = 50 + 55 + 45 – 20 – 15 – 20 + 5 + n( M  E  S )

or, 100 – 100 = n( M  E  S )

or, n( M  E  S ) = 0
Hence, none likes any subjects.
(ii) Let, U = A set of all students
M = A set of students who study Maths
E = A set of students who study English
S = A set of students who study Science
Then, by question,
no(M) + no(E) + no(S) = 2x and no(M  E) + no(E  S) + no(M  S) = x
n(M  E  S) = 20
n(not only two subjects) = 80
or, 2x + 20 = 80  x = 30

33
  n(M  E  S) = 2x + x + 20 = 3 × 30 + 20 = 110
Hence, the total number of students in the survey is 110.
8. (i) In a recent survey among some girls, it was found that 55% of them wanted to use
Leagoo mobile 35% wanted to use Huawei mobile, 50% wanted to use Oppo mobile, 25%
wanted to use Leagoo and Oppo, 20% wanted to use Oppo and Huawei, 15% want
Leagoo and Huawei and 10% wanted all three types of mobile. If 58 girls did not want to
use all these mobiles, find the total number of girls involved in the survey by using a Venn
diagram.
(ii) In a survey of students, every student studies at least one of the three subjects Population,
Environment Science and History. The number of students who study only one subject is
twice the number of students who study only two students. If 30 students study all three
and 70 students who don't study only two subjects, what is the total number of students in
the survey? Find it by using Venn diagram.
(iii) In the First Term Exam, every student passed in at least one of the subjects Maths,
English and Science. 30 students passed in Maths and English, 25 passed in English only
and 13 passed in Science only. The students passed in Maths only and in Science are in
the ratio of 4:9. If 32% of the students passed only in Maths find the total number of
students participation in the exam.
Solution:
(i) Let, U = A set of all girls who involved in a survey.
L = A set of girls who wanted to use Leagoo mobile.
H = A set of girls who wanted to use Huawei mobile.
O = A set of girls who wanted to use Oppo movile.
Then, by the given question,
n(U) = 100 (suppose), n(L) = 55, n(H) = 35, n(O) = 50
n(L  O) = 25, n(O  H) = 20, n(L  H) = 15, n(L  H  O) = 10
Showing the above information in a Venn diagram,
U
L H
5% 10%
55% 25%
35%
10%
15% 10% 58
15% 45%
O 10%

Now, we have
n(U) = n(L) + n(H) + n(O) – n(L  O) – n(O  H)
– n(L  H) + n(L  H  O) + n( L  H  O )

or, 100 = 55 + 35 + 50 – 25 – 20 – 15 + 10 + n( L  H  O )

or, 100 – 90 = n( L  H  O )

or, n( L  H  O ) = 10
i.e. 10% of them did not want to use all mobiles.

34
 But by question,
10% of n(U) = 58
10
or, 100 × n(U) = 58
or, n(U) = 580
Hence, the total number of girls involved in the survey is 580.
(ii) Suppose, P = A set of students who study in Population
E = A set of students who study in Environment
H = A set of students who study in History
Then, no(P) + no(E) + no(H) = 2x (Suppose)
no(P  E) + no(E  H) + no(P  H) = x
n(P  E  H) = 30 U
Now, we have P E
n(P  E  H) = 2x + x + 30 = 3x + 30
n(not only two subjects) = 70 30
or, 2x + 30 = 70
or, 2x = 40  x = 20
 n(P  E  H) = 3 × 20 + 30 = 90 H
Hence, the total number of students in the survey is 90.
(iii) Suppose, M = A set of students who passed in Maths
S = A set of students who passed in Science
E = A set of students who passed in English
Then, by question, n( M  S  E ) = 0
n(M  E) = 30, no(E) = 25, no(S) = 13
U
no(M) = 4x and n(S) = 9x (suppose)
M E
Now, we have
30
n(M  S  E) = n(M  E) + no(S) 4x 25
= no(M) + n(M  E) + no(E) + no(S)
= 4x + 30 + 25 + 13
13
= 4x + 68
S
Again, no(M) = 32% of n(M  S  E)
32
or, 4x = 100 × (4x + 68)
8
or, 4x = 25 × 4(x + 17)
or, 25x = 8x + 136
or, 17x = 136
or, x = 8
 n(M  S  E) = 4x + 68 = 4 × 8 + 68 = 100
Hence, the total number of students participation in the exam is 100.

35