INTERSHIP TRAINING 2024

7. Energy Audit

Energy audit definition- an energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows,
for energy conservation in a substation process or system it reduce the amount of energy input
into system without negatively affecting the out put

7.1 loss calculations formulas

1. HV side loss = INCOMING POWER- TRANSFORMER POWER X 100 INCOMING

POWER

2. Transformer loss = TRANSFORMER POWER - 11KV BANK POWER X 100

TRANSFORMER POWER

3. 11KV Bank power loss=11KV BANK POWER POWER LOSS-FEEDER LOSS X 100
11KV BANK POWER POWER LOSS

4. Total Station loss = INCOMING POWER - FEEDER LOSS

INCOMING POWER

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08. Operation and Maintenance of SubStation

In substation has normally General inspection and Cleaning of Mechanisms like

Transformers, Motors, Circuit breakers, Batteries, Transmission lines etc.Measure
equipment condition. Check oil and insulation liquid levels. Correct
torque settings.

Objective of Maintenance

●Primary objective of maintenance is to ensure a long lasting equipment life cycle

without abnormal failures and outages.

●Maintenance shall ensure that the system is kept in proper operational

condition at all times.

●Maintenance shall secure the highest degree of energy availability and

reliability.

●Trouble shooting and Fault recovery in the shortest possible time

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09.Safety Measure taken in Electricity

1 Turn off the power

2 Use the right tools and equipment

3 Wear protective gear

4 Follow the codes and standards

5 Avoid water and moisture

6 Be alert and cautious

1.Turn off the power

Before you start any electrical work, you need to turn off the power at the main switch or
circuit breaker. This will prevent any accidental contact with live wires or components that
could cause a shock or a short circuit. You should also use a voltage tester to confirm that the
power is off and label the switch or breaker to warn others not to turn it on while you are
working. Ensuring power is off before starting electrical work is a non-negotiable rule, This
incident reinforced the importance of using voltage testers religiously. Labeling the breaker is
equally crucial; it's a simple step that safeguards not just you but your entire team. It's these
fundamental practices that prevent accidents and allow us to go home safely to our families
every day.

2.Use the right tools and equipment

You should always use the right tools and equipment for the electrical job you are doing. This
means using tools that are insulated, rated, and approved for the voltage and current you are
working with. You should also use equipment that is in good condition, without any damage,
wear, or defects that could compromise its safety or performance. You should avoid using
extension cords, adapters, or splitters that could overload the circuit or create a fire hazard.

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3. Wear protective gear

You should always wear protective gear when you are doing electrical work. This includes
gloves, goggles, shoes, and clothing that are suitable for the electrical environment and the
type of work you are doing. You should also avoid wearing any jewelry, metal accessories, or
loose clothing that could catch on wires, tools, or equipment or conduct electricity. You should
also keep your hair tied back and your skin covered to prevent burns or shocks.

4.Follow the codes and standards

You should always follow the codes and standards that apply to the electrical work you are
doing. These are the rules and regulations that ensure the safety and quality of the electrical
systems and appliances you are installing, .approvals that are required by the local authorities
or the utility company. You should also consult a licensed electrician if you are unsure about
any aspect of the electrical work or if you encounter any problems or complications.

5.Avoid water and moisture

You should always avoid water and moisture when you are doing electrical work. Water and
moisture can conduct electricity and cause shocks, burns, or electrocution. You should also
avoid working in wet or damp areas or near sources of water or moisture, such as pipes,
faucets, sinks, tubs, or showers. You should also keep your tools and equipment dry and clean
and use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) to protect yourself from ground faults.

6. Be alert and cautious

You should always be alert and cautious when you are doing electrical work. This means paying
attention to your surroundings, your actions, and your tools and equipment. You should also
follow the instructions and warnings that come with the electrical systems and appliances you
are working with. You should also avoid distractions, such as phones, music, or conversations,
that could make you lose focus or make mistakes. You should also have a first aid kit and a fire
extinguisher nearby in case of emergencies.

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9. Safety measures taken at MUSS

Safety measures in a master unit substation, which is a type of substation that receives power
from a high-voltage transmission line and distributes it to lower-voltage circuits, typically
include:

1. *Enclosures and Barriers:* Substation enclosures and barriers to prevent unauthorized

access and protect personnel from electrical hazards.

2. *Safety Signage:* Clearly marked signs indicating high-voltage areas, electrical hazards, and
emergency procedures.

3. *Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):* Required gear such as gloves, helmets, safety
glasses, and arc flash suits for personnel working on or near energized equipment.

4. *Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) Procedures:* Protocols to ensure equipment is safely de-energized

and locked/tagged out before maintenance or servicing.

5. *Fire Protection:* Fire-resistant construction materials, fire detection systems, and fire
extinguishing equipment to mitigate the risk of fires.

6. *Grounding Systems:* Grounding of equipment and structures to prevent electric shock and
discharge.

7. *Ventilation:* Adequate ventilation systems to prevent the buildup of gases and maintain a
safe working environment.

8. *Emergency Response Plan:* Procedures for responding to accidents, electrical incidents,

and other emergencies, including evacuation plans and first aid protocols.

9. *Regular Maintenance:* Scheduled inspections, testing, and maintenance of equipment to

identify and address potential safety hazards.

10. *Training:* Comprehensive safety training for personnel involved in the operation,
maintenance, and emergency response at the substation.

These safety measures are crucial for protecting personnel, equipment, and the surrounding
environment in a master unit substation.

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1.During power handling condition hand gloves should be used.

2. Goggles must be used to protect eyes during working period.

3. Earth rod must be used in the time of line clearance work.

4. Insulated gum shoes should be used and helmet should be used in substation.

5. Ladder should be used during working condition.

6. Regular insertion of water to earthing pits.

7. Every substation requires CO₂ extinguishers.

8. Every poles requires grounding.

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10.SCADA

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are crucial in substations for
monitoring, controlling, and managing electrical equipment and processes. They help in real-
time monitoring of voltage, current, and other parameters, allowing operators to remotely
control devices and detect faults promptly

1. Introduction:

- Brief overview of SCADA systems and their importance in substations.

2. Components of SCADA Systems:

- Description of sensors, actuators, and other components used in SCADA systems.

3. Functionality:

- Explanation of how SCADA systems monitor, control, and manage electrical equipment and
processes in substations.

4. Benefits: - Discussion on the benefits of SCADA systems in enhancing efficiency, reliability,

and safety of substation operations.

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5. Applications:

- Overview of various applications of SCADA systems in substations, such as monitoring

voltage, current, and detecting faults.

6. Integration with Renewable Energy:

- Explanation of how SCADA systems facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources
into the grid.

7. Challenges and Considerations:

- Discussion on challenges faced in implementing and maintaining SCADA systems, as well as

considerations for effective deployment.

8. Case Studies:

- Examples of successful implementations of SCADA systems in substations, highlighting their

impact and benefits.

9. Future Trends:

- Exploration of emerging trends and technologies shaping the future of SCADA systems in
substations.

10. Conclusion:

- Summary of key points and the importance of SCADA systems in modern substation
operations.

 The SCADA concept was developed to be a universal means of remote-access to a

variety of local control modules, which could be from different manufacturers and
allowing access through standard automation protocols. In practice, large SCADA
systems have grown to become very similar to distributed control systems in function,
while using multiple means of interfacing with the plant. They can control large-scale
processes that can include multiple sites, and work over large distances as well as small
distance. It is one of the most commonly-used types of industrial control systems, in
spite of concerns about SCADA systems being vulnerable to cyber warfare/cyber
terrorism attacks.

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11. Tools Used In Sub Stations

Tools required during working in substation is as fallows

 Spanners

Spanners are versatile tools used for tightening or loosening nuts, bolts, and other fasteners.
They come in various sizes and types, including adjustable wrenches and fixed-size spanners.

 Cutting plier

Cutting pliers, also known as wire cutters or diagonal pliers, are tools used for cutting wires,
cables, and other materials. They have sharp jaws designed to slice through various gauges of
wire cleanly and efficiently. They're commonly used in electrical work, crafting, and general
household repairs.

 Wire cutter

A wire cutter is a type of cutting tool specifically designed for cutting wires and cables cleanly
and efficiently. It typically consists of two sharp blades that come together to cut through the
wire when pressure is applied. Wire cutters are commonly used in electrical work, crafting,
and DIY projects.

 Bolt cutter

Bolt cutters are heavy-duty cutting tools designed to cut through bolts, chains, padlocks, and
other heavy-gauge metals. They consist of long handles for leverage and sharp jaws that can
exert a tremendous amount of force to shear through tough materials. Bolt cutters are
commonly used by locksmiths, law enforcement, and in emergency situations where access
needs to be gained quickly.

 Megger

A Megger is a type of electrical testing instrument used to measure the insulation resistance of
electrical systems and components. It applies a high voltage to the insulation under test and
measures the resulting current flow. This helps determine the condition of the insulation and
whether it can safely withstand the expected operating voltage. Meggers are commonly used
in maintenance and troubleshooting of electrical equipment to prevent breakdowns
and ensure safety.

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 Multi-meter

A multimeter, short for "multiple meter," is a versatile electrical testing device used to measure
various electrical properties such as voltage, current, and resistance. It typically consists of a
digital or analog display, a selection dial to choose the desired measurement function, and
probes for connecting to the circuit under test. Multimeters are essential tools for electricians,
engineers, and hobbyists for diagnosing electrical problems, verifying circuit continuity, and
troubleshooting electronic devices.

 Tong-tester

A tong tester, also known as a clamp meter, is a handy electrical testing tool used to measure
current without the need to disconnect wires. It works by clamping around the conductor and
measuring the magnetic field created by the current flowing through it. This allows electricians
to measure current safely and accurately in a variety of electrical systems and components.

 Spring load earthing

Spring-loaded earthing refers to a type of electrical earthing system where a spring mechanism
is used to maintain continuous contact between the earthing device and the earth electrode.
This ensures a reliable and consistent connection, even in situations where there may be slight
movement or settling of the ground. These systems are commonly used in electrical
installations to provide a low-resistance path to dissipate fault currents safely into the ground,
thus protecting both equipment and personnel from electrical hazards.

11.1 Register maintained in substation

 Interruption Register
 Equipment Register
 Attendance Register
 Consumption Register
 Battery Reading Register
 Log Book
 Line Clearance Register
 Daily Interruption Register

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11.2 Line faults

Any faults occur in the field the feeder suddenly drawn heavy current unless tripped the init
breaker

 OCR (Over current relay)

It detects the line to line fault in a system

 EFR (Earth fault relay)

It detects the line to earth fault in a system

11.3 line clearance procedure

 Line clearance giving procedure

 confirm the line fault working feeder.
 trip the circuit breaker
 open the group operating switch
 All the phases are earthed
 Register the line name in line clearance register and issue the confidential number so
the line section officer
 The maintain work is done.

Line clearance return procedure

 Line clearance return by the LC number by section officer after the line work complete.
L.C closed then confirm by the work man after the complete of the work giving to them
 Remove the earth rod from the outgoing feeders
 Insert the breaker to the breaker location to the socket
 Close the group operating switch
 Charge the feeders

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11.4 control panels used in substation

 110kv/11kv line control panels

A 110kV/11kV line control panel typically controls the operation and monitoring of electrical
equipment related to power transmission or distribution between 110kV and 11kV systems. It
might include circuit breakers, switches, relays, meters, and control systems to manage the
flow of electricity safely and efficiently.

 Transformer 1 control panel

A transformers control panel is designed to monitor and manage the operation of transformers
in an electrical system. It usually includes components such as circuit breakers, protective
relays, meters, temperature sensors, and control systems to regulate voltage, protect against
faults, and ensure efficient operation of the transformers.

 Transformer 2 control panel

A transformers control panel is designed to monitor and manage the operation of transformers
in an electrical system. It usually includes components such as circuit breakers, protective
relays, meters, temperature sensors, and control systems to regulate voltage, protect against
faults, and ensure efficient operation of the transformers.

 Transformer 3 control panel

A transformers control panel is designed to monitor and manage the operation of transformers
in an electrical system. It usually includes components such as circuit breakers, protective
relays, meters, temperature sensors, and control systems to regulate voltage, protect against
faults, and ensure efficient operation of the transformers.

 OLTC panel

An On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) panel is an essential component in power transformers. It

regulates the voltage output of the transformer by automatically adjusting the tap settings on
the transformer's winding while the transformer is under load. The OLTC panel typically consists
of control circuits, motorized mechanisms, and monitoring devices to ensure smooth and
efficient operation of the tap changer. It helps maintain a stable voltage supply to the electrical
grid despite fluctuations in load demand.

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 Capacitor bank control panel

A capacitor bank control panel is used to regulate and control the operation of capacitor banks
in electrical systems. Capacitor banks are installed to improve power factor and voltage stability
by supplying reactive power to the system when needed. The control panel typically includes
switching devices, controllers, protective relays, and monitoring equipment to manage the
switching of capacitor banks based on system requirements and conditions. It helps optimize
the power factor and overall efficiency of the electrical system.

 Announciator panel for bank and feeder

An announciator panel for a bank and feeder is a monitoring device used in electrical
substations or control rooms to display alarms and status indications related to banks of
equipment, such as capacitor banks or feeder circuits. It typically consists of lights or indicators
corresponding to different equipment or circuits, along with labels to indicate their status (e.g.,
normal, alarm, trip). The announciator panel provides operators with a quick visual overview of
the status of various equipment or circuits, allowing them to respond promptly to any
abnormalities or faults.

11.5 Single phase And Three phase Systems in substation

In single phase system only 2 lines are the feeder (R Y or YB or BR) - it is used for domestic
purpose

In three phase system all the 3 wires are going to the feeder (RYB) - it is used to
run the pump sets.

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12 Auxiliary DC System in thirthahalli MUSS

12.1 Introduction

The most critical component of a protection, control and monitoring(PCM)system is the

auxiliary dc control power system. Failure of the dc control power can render fault detection
devices unable to detect faults, breakers unable to trip for faults, local and remote indication to
become inoperable, etc. In many cases, the de system is not redundant, which makes reliability
an extremely important consideration in the overall design. The auxiliary dc control power
system consists of the battery, battery charger, distribution system, switching and protective
devices, and any monitoring equipment. Proper design sizing and maintenance of the
components that make up the dc control power system are required

13 Battery system
13.1 Battery sizing requirements

Under normal operation, the battery charger supplies de power to recover the battery voltage
after a discharge and to maintain the float voltage while supporting any self-discharge losses in
the battery system the charger also supplies the continuous loads on the auxiliary de system,
while the battery supports intermittent medium-rate and momentary high-rate loads, such as
trip coils and de motors. Upon failure of the battery charger or loss of its ac supply, the battery
has to support the continuous loads along with the intermittent and momentary loads that
many occur before the battery charger is repaired or the ac supply is restored.

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13.2 Battery Charges and Monitoring

The battery charges must be sized to serve the continuous load and recharge the battery in a
reasonable period of time (typically 8 to 24) after a discharge event. Reference (11) provides
guidance on performing a charger sizing calculation.

The allowable rate of recharge differs between battery types, so the manufacturing of the
battery should be consulted to determine the reasonable time period for recharge and the
charging efficiency factor prior to performing the battery charger sizing calculations. Specifying
a higher rate of recharge will create greater battery heating and greater evolution of hydrogen
gas which may factor into system ventilation requirement and watering interval maintenance.

Sometime redundant battery chargers are installed on each independent auxiliary dc control
power system. If the 2 battery charges are powered by independent station power sources, this
can virtually eliminate the occurrence of failure of the charging system resulting in a long
discharge cycle. If the 2 battery charges are operated in parallel, they must include voltage -
matching functionality. Load sharing control functions can also be specified but this is
generally not required.

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