ELEMENTS OF Prepared By:

Dr. Siddharth Joshi

ELECTRICAL Assistant Professor
ENGINEERING Electrical Engineering Dept.
SoET, PDEU
 Unit 1 – DC Circuit
Sr. Lectures
Topic Planned
No. Required
1 UNIT I: DC Circuits 02
Electrical circuit elements (R, L and C), voltage and current sources
2 Dependent and independent sources, Ohms Law, temperature co- 01
efficient of resistance
3 Kirchhoff current and voltage laws, voltage and current divider circuit. 01
4 Thevenin and Norton Theorems and their equivalents 02
5 Maximum power transfer and superposition theorems 01
6 Nodal and mesh analysis 01
7 Star-delta transformation 01
8 Time domain analysis/natural response of first order RL and RC Circuit 01
 Electric current
• I = q/t
• Electric current as a scalar quantity (Eg.)
• Potential difference: flow of electrons

A B A B
+5v +3v +5v +3v

flow of charge carriers i.e. current

 Difference between
Emf and potential difference
• Emf means electromotive force due to which charge can flow in the circuit.
(for example source)
• Where as potential difference means the difference between the potential
energy between the two points in a circuit. (Eg tank)
• Unit of both are volt. But emf is cause and the Potential difference is the
effect.
• EMF maintains potential difference while p.d. causes current to flow.
Rise and Fall in potential

According to direction of journey

drop

rise
Just write rise / drop in potential
Electrical circuit
elements
(R, L and C),
voltage and
current sources
 What do you understand by the
term 'Resistance' ?
• The opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric current is
called resistance.
• Resistance may be defined as the physical property of a substance due to
which it opposes the flow of electricity through it.
 What is a conductor???
• Certain substances offer very little opposition to the flow of electrons or current
and are called conductors
• For example metals, acids and salt solutions.
• In pure metals silver, copper and aluminum are very good conductors.
What is insulator???
• Certain substances offer very high opposition (resistance) to the flow of current
and are called insulators or very poor conductors to the flow of electricity. For
example, bakelite, mica, rubber, P.V.C., dry wood, glass etc.
 Laws of resistance

• The resistance R offered by a conductor depends on the following factors :

1. It varies directly as its length, l.

2. It varies inversely as the cross-section A of the conductor.

3. It depends on the nature of the material.

4. It also depends on the temperature of the conductor.

where r is a constant depending on the nature of the material of the conductor & is known as
its specific resistance or resistivity.
If in Eq. above, we put I = I metre and A =1 metre2,then R = r

Hence, specific resistance of a material may be defined as the resistance between the
opposite faces of a metre cube of that material.
 Inductance
• It is a two-terminal storage element in which energy is stored in the magnetic field. The
schematic representation of the inductance is shown in Fig. below. The changing
magnetic field set up by the time varying current through the inductance reacts to
induce voltage in it to oppose the change of current.
• The voltage as in the case of R & L elements is shown to drop in the direction of current.
The v-i relation of an inductance is

Where: V is the voltage across the inductor, L

is the inductance of the inductor (measured in
henries, H), di/dt is the rate of change of
current over time.
• In a direct current (DC) circuit, an inductor is a
passive electrical component that stores energy in the
form of a magnetic field when a current passes
through it. Unlike resistors, inductors do not
dissipate energy as heat, but they resist changes in
the current flowing through them.
• When a DC voltage is applied across an inductor, it
initially behaves like an open circuit, blocking any
sudden changes in current. As the current starts to
flow through the inductor, the magnetic field builds
up, and the inductor gradually allows the full current
to pass through. Once the current reaches its
maximum steady-state value, the inductor acts like a
short circuit, allowing the current to flow without
any opposition.
• It's important to note that in a steady-state DC
circuit, where the voltage source remains constant,
an inductor behaves like a short circuit. However,
during the transient phase when the current is
changing (e.g., when the circuit is first turned on or
off), the inductor will resist changes in the current
flow.
Energy Stored in Inductance

*i
Current flow through coil changes the magnetic field
from the inductor expands
Current stops flowing magnetic field starts collapsing &
magnetic energy is turned back in to electrical energy
But here the case is Inductor with DC
 Capacitance
• It is a two-terminal element that has the capability of energy storage in an electric
field. The stored energy can be fully retrieved.
• Fig. is the schematic representation of a capacitance. There is a voltage drop in the
direction of current with the terminal where the current flows in acquiring positive
polarity with respect to the terminal at which the current leaves the element.
• The law governing the v-i relationship of a capacitor is,
• In a direct current (DC) circuit, a capacitor is a passive
electrical component that stores electric charge. Unlike
inductors, capacitors do not resist changes in current
but instead resist changes in voltage.
• When a DC voltage is applied across a capacitor, it
initially behaves like a short circuit, allowing current to
flow and charging up. As the capacitor charges, the
voltage across it increases. Once the voltage across the
capacitor reaches the same value as the applied voltage,
the capacitor becomes fully charged, and it acts like an
open circuit, blocking any further flow of current.

• In a steady-state DC circuit, where the voltage source remains constant, a

fully charged capacitor behaves like an open circuit and does not allow
any current to pass through. However, during the transient phase when
the voltage is changing (e.g., when the circuit is first turned on or off), the
capacitor allows current to flow as it charges or discharges to match the new
voltage.
Energy Stored in Capacitance
 Voltage Source
• A voltage source is a two-terminal device whose voltage at any instant of
time is constant and is independent of the current drawn from it. Such a
voltage source is called an Ideal Voltage Source and have zero internal
resistance.
• Practically an ideal voltage source cannot be obtained.
• Sources having internal resistances are known as Practical Voltage
Source. Due to this internal resistance; voltage drop takes place, and it
causes the terminal voltage to reduce. The smaller is the internal resistance
(r) of a voltage source, the more closer it is to an Ideal Source.
• The symbolic representation of the ideal and practical voltage source is
shown in figure.
 Current Source
• The current sources are further categorized as Ideal and Practical
current source.
• An ideal current source is a two-terminal circuit element which
supplies the same current to any load resistance connected across its
terminals. It is important to keep in mind that the current supplied
by the current source is independent of the voltage of source
terminals. It has infinite resistance.
• A practical current source is represented as an ideal current source
connected with the resistance in parallel. The symbolic
representation is shown in figure.
 Dependent and
independent sources,
Ohms Law, temperature
co-efficient of resistance
 Dependent and independent sources

• Voltage Source and Current Source

• A Source is a device which converts mechanical, chemical, thermal

or some other form of energy into electrical energy. In other words,
the source is an active network element meant for generating
electrical energy.
• The various types of sources available in the electrical network are
voltage source and current sources. A voltage source has a forcing
function of emf whereas the current source has a forcing function of
current.
Independent Voltage Source
Independent Current Source
 Dependent Sources

• In dependent sources (also referred as controlled sources), the

source voltage or current is not fixed, but is dependent on a
voltage or current at some other location in the circuit. Thus,
there are four types of dependent sources:
Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
Current-controlled current source (CCCS)
In a bilateral system, the same relationship between current and voltage
exists for current flowing in either direction.
On the other hand, a unilateral system has different current–voltage
relationships for the two possible directions of current, as in diodes and
transistors.
 Dependent Sources
 Dependent sources can be classified as
In a VCVS, the output voltage is
follows:
proportional to the input voltage, where
• Voltage-controlled voltage source: The the proportionality factor is known as the
source delivers the voltage as per the "gain" of the VCVS. The gain is usually
voltage of the dependent element. denoted by a symbol, such as "A" or "β."

The relationship between the output

V=fav(x) voltage (Vo) and the input voltage (Vin)
can be expressed mathematically as:
Vo = A * Vin
Here, "A" represents the voltage gain of
the VCVS, and it's typically a constant
value or may be dependent on other circuit
parameters.
 Dependent Sources
In a VCCS, the output current is proportional to the
control voltage, and the proportionality factor is
referred to as the "transconductance" or "gm" of the
 Dependent sources can be classified as VCCS. The transconductance represents the
follows: sensitivity of the output current to changes in the
control voltage.
• Voltage-controlled current source:
The source delivers the current as per The relationship between the output current
the voltage of the dependent element. (Iout) and the control voltage (Vin) can be
expressed mathematically as:
Iout = gm * Vin
Here, "gm" represents the transconductance of
I=fbv(x)
the VCCS, and it's typically a constant value or
may be dependent on other circuit parameters.
gm = ΔIout / ΔVin

In a transconductance device, the output current is directly proportional to the input voltage. This means that
as the input voltage changes, the output current also changes proportionally. Transistors are a common
example of components that exhibit transconductance behavior.
 In a CCCS, the output current is proportional to
Dependent Sources the input current, and the proportionality factor
 Dependent sources can be classified as is referred to as the "transresistance" or "rm" of
follows: the CCCS. The transresistance represents the
sensitivity of the output current to changes in
• Current-controlled current source:
the input current.
The source delivers the current as per
the current of the dependent element.
The relationship between the output current
(Iout) and the input current (Iin) can be
I=fci(x) expressed mathematically as:
Iout = rm * Iin
Here, "rm" represents the transresistance of the
CCCS, and it's typically a constant value or
ro = ΔVout / ΔIin may be dependent on other circuit parameters.
In a transresistance device, the output voltage is directly proportional to the input current. This means that as
the input current changes, the output voltage also changes proportionally. Transistors configured as current-
controlled voltage sources (CCVS) or transimpedance amplifiers are examples of components that exhibit
transresistance behavior.
 Dependent Sources
 Dependent sources can be classified
as follows: In a CCVS, the output voltage is proportional
• Current-controlled voltage source: to the input current, and the proportionality
The source delivers the voltage as per factor is referred to as the "transresistance" or
the current of the dependent element. "ro" of the CCVS. The transresistance
represents the sensitivity of the output voltage
to changes in the input current.

V=fdi(x) The relationship between the output voltage

(Vout) and the input current (Iin) can be
expressed mathematically as:
Vout = ro * Iin
Here, "ro" represents the transresistance of the
CCVS, and it's typically a constant value or
may be dependent on other circuit parameters.
30(V/A)*Ix and Ix = 750mA 200Ix and Ix = 50mA
Output of CCVS is 22.5V Output of CCCS is 10mA

6Vx and Vx = 2V 0.2(A/V)*Vx and Vx = 5V

Output of VCVS is 12V Output of VCCS is 1A
• Voltage-Controlled Voltage Sources
find applications in various
electronic circuits, such as
amplifiers, oscillators, and signal
processing circuits. They are
particularly useful in analog
circuits where the control of
voltage levels is required based on
input signals or control voltages.
Additionally, VCVSs can be used to
design systems with feedback
loops and as building blocks for
more complex circuit designs.
• VCCSs find various applications in
electronic circuits, particularly in
amplifiers and signal processing
circuits.
• They can be used to control currents
based on input control voltages and can
also be employed in designing devices
that require precision current control,
such as in electronic testing and
measurement instruments.
• CCCSs are used in various electronic
circuits and applications.
• They are particularly useful in circuit
designs where precise control of output
current based on an input current is
required. CCCSs can be found in
amplifier circuits, feedback systems,
and other applications where current
modulation is necessary.
• CCVSs find applications in various
electronic circuits, particularly in
amplifiers, signal processing circuits,
and control systems.
• They are useful in situations where the
output voltage needs to be controlled
based on an input current. CCVSs can
be used to design circuits that convert
current signals to voltage signals or as a
part of feedback control systems.
 Output
Dependent Input
Amplifier type impeda
source impedance
nce
Current CCCS 0 ∞
Transresistance CCVS 0 0
Transconductance VCCS ∞ ∞
Voltage VCVS ∞ 0

Input Output Dependent source Amplifier type

I I current controlled current source CCCS current amplifier
I V current controlled voltage source CCVS transresistance amplifier
V I voltage controlled current source VCCS transconductance amplifier
V V voltage controlled voltage source VCVS voltage amplifier
 Ohm’s Law
• The ratio of potential difference (V) between any two points on
a conductor to the current (I) flowing between them, is constant.
provided the temperature of the conductor does not change.
• Put in another way, it simply means that provided R is kept
constant, current is directly proportional to the potential
difference across the ends of a conductor.
• However, this linear relationship between V and it does not apply
to all non-metallic conductors.
 Limitations
• Need not apply for non metallic conductors.
• As physical condition will change it will not work significantly.
• It does not apply the non linear devices such as zener diodes,
voltage regulator etc.
1. This law is valid for conductors only and that too at a constant temperature. The
resistance of a conductor increases with temperature. Hence, for changing
temperature the V-I graph for a conductor will be non-linear (not a straight line).

2. In case of insulators ohm’s law is not followed at all, insulators do not conduct at
all. But, when a very high voltage is applied across an insulator dielectric break
down occurs and all of a sudden current begins to flow.

3. Ohm’s law is not followed by semiconductors.

The V-I graph has a steep rising at a particular voltage, which indicates that the
material begins to conduct properly only after a certain voltage.
Some problems
 Effect of temperature on resistance
 The effect of rise in temperature is :
1. To increase the resistance of pure metals. The increase is large and fairly regular for
normal ranges of temperature. The temperature/resistance graph is a straight line. As
would be presently clarified, metals have a positive temperature co-efficient at
resistance.
2. To increase the resistance of alloys, though in their case, the increase is relatively
small and irregular. For some high-resistance alloys like Eureka (60% Cu and 40%
Ni) and manganin, the increase in resistance is (or can be made) negligible over a
considerable range of temperature.
3. To decrease the resistance of electrolytes, insulators (such as paper, rubber, glass,
mica etc.) and partial conductors such as carbon. Hence, insulators are said to possess
a negative temperature-coefficient of resistance.
 Temperature coefficient of resistance
Concept
• The temperature coefficient of resistance of a material is the increase
in the resistance of a 1 ohm resistor of that material when it is subjected
to a rise of temperature of 1◦C. The symbol used for the temperature
coefficient of resistance is α (Greek alpha). Thus, if some copper wire of
resistance 1ohm is heated through 1◦C and its resistance is then
measured as 1.0043 ohm then α=0.0043/◦C for copper. The units are
usually expressed only as ‘per ◦C’, i.e. α=0.0043/◦C for copper. If the 1
resistor of copper is heated through 100◦C then the resistance at 100◦C
would be 1+100×0.0043=1.43 ohm.
 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

• Let a metallic conductor having a resistance of R0 at 0°C be heated of

t degree C and let its resistance at this temperature be R.

• (i) directly on its initial resistance

• (ii) directly on the rise in temperature
• (iii) on the nature of the material of the conductor.
 Definition of α0 or α
• Temperature co-efficient of resistance of a conductor is the increase
in resistance per ohm from original resistance per degree C.
• Those substances whose resistance increases with rise in temperature
are said to have positive temperature co-efficient of resistance.
• On the other hand those substances whose resistance decreases with
increases in temperature are said to have a negative temperature
co-efficient.
 Temperature coefficient of resistance
• Temperature coefficient of resistance indicates how much the resistance
changes for a change in temperature. It is indicated by the alpha symbol (α).
• A positive α value means R increases with temperature.
• A negative α value means R decreases with temperature.
• A value of 0 means R stays constant.
R1  R0 (1   0t1 )
If conductor has resistance R0, R1, R2 at 0 degree
C, t1 degree C and t2 degree C then, R2  R0 (1   0t 2 )
R1 (1   0t1 )

R2 (1   0t 2 )
Temperature / resistance graph for copper
 Graphical • By definition;
representation of α

Rt  R0  BC
t  rise int emperature  AB
BC
0 
R0 * AB

α0 = Slope of the temperature v/s resistance

graph/original resistance
Temperature Co-efficient at
various temperature
• Thus, if some copper wire of resistance 1  is heated through 1°C and its resistance is
then measured as 1.0043  then  = 0.0043 /°C for copper. The units are usually
expressed only as ‘per °C’, i.e., = 0.0043/°C for copper
• Some typical values of temperature coefficient of resistance measured at 0°C are
given below:
• Copper 0.0043/°C Aluminium 0.0038/°C
• Nickel 0.0062/°C Carbon -0.00048/°C
• (Note that the negative sign for carbon indicates that its resistance falls with increase
of temperature.)
 Numerical
A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 100Ω when its temperature
is 0◦C. Determine its resistance at 70◦C if the temperature coefficient
of resistance of copper at 0◦C is 0.0043/◦C.
 Numerical
An aluminium cable has a resistance of 27Ωat a temperature of 35◦C.
Determine its resistance at 0◦C. Take the temperature coefficient
of resistance at 0◦C to be 0.0038/◦C.
 Numerical
A carbon resistor has a resistance of 1kΩ at 0◦C. Determine its
resistance at 80◦C. Assume that the temperature coefficient of
resistance for carbon at 0◦C is −0.0005/◦C.
 Kirchhoff current and
voltage laws, voltage and
current divider circuit.
Types of circuits
Series circuit
 Main Characteristics - Series
• The current in each resistor is same.
• The total resistance in the circuit is equal to the sum of individual
resistances plus internal resistance of the cell if any.
• The voltage drop across any resistor is directly proportional to that
resistor.
• The current in the circuit is independent of the relative positions of
the resistors.
 Application of series circuits
• LED circuits.
 Application of series circuits
• Motor connected with rheostat R.
• Voltage divider
Potential / Voltage Divider
Voltage divider rule
Parallel circuit
• The voltage across each resistor is same.
• The current through any resistor is inversely
proportional to its reactance/resistance.
• The total current in the circuit is equal to the
sum of current in its parallel branches.
• The reciprocal of the total resistance is the
sum of reciprocals of the individual
resistances.
• As the number of resistance increased the
total resistance of the circuit decreased.
 Application of Parallel circuits
• Identical voltage sources are connected in parallel for greater
amount of current.
 Simple Circuits
• Series circuit:
– All in a row
– 1 path for electricity
– 1 light goes out and the
circuit is broken.

•Parallel circuit: Many paths

for electricity 1 light goes
out and the others stay
on…….
Current Division
 Kirchhoff's laws
• Kirchhoff's Current Law
• Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
The entire study of electric network analysis is based mainly on
Kirchhoff’s laws. But before discussing this, it is essential to familiarize
ourselves with the following terms:
1. Node A node is a junction where two or more network elements are
connected together.
2. Branch An element or number of elements connected between two
nodes constitute a branch.
3. Loop A loop is any closed part of the circuit.
4. Mesh A mesh is the most elementary form of a loop and cannot be
further divided into other loops.
• All meshes are loops but all loops are not meshes.
KCL
 KCL Cont…
• The algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction or node in an electric circuit is zero.
• Consider five conductors, carrying currents I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 meeting at a point O as
shown in Fig. Assuming the incoming currents to be positive and outgoing currents
negative, we have;
 KVL
• The algebraic sum of all the voltages in any closed circuit or mesh or loop is zero.
• If we start from any point in a closed circuit and go back to that point, after going
round the circuit, there is no increase or decrease in potential at that point.
• This means that the sum of EMFs and the sum of voltage drops or rises meeting on the
way is zero.
 Determine, using Kirchhoff’s laws,
each branch current for the network shown in
Figure
Find the current through 'ab-branch' (Iab) and voltage (Vcg)
across the current source using Mesh-current method.
Assume voltage across the current source is v1
(‘c’ is higher potential than ‘g’ (ground potential
and assumed as zero potential) and note I2 -2A
(since assigned current direction (I2) is opposite
to the source current)
 Thevenin and Norton
Theorems and their equivalents
 THEVENIN THEOREM
‘The current in any branch of a network is that which would result if an e.m.f. equal to
the p.d. across a break made in the branch, were introduced into the branch, all other
e.m.f.’s being removed and represented by the internal resistances of the sources.’

Consider the following:

Network •A
A
Network • Network 1 •B
B
1 • 2 Now place a voltmeter across terminals A-B and
read the voltage. We call this the open-circuit voltage.
Figure Coupled networks.
No matter how complicated Network 1 is, we read one
Network •A voltage. It is either positive at A, (with respect to B)
or negative at A.
1 •B
We call this voltage Vos and we also call it VTHEVENIN = VTH
Figure Network 1, open-circuited.
 • We now deactivate all sources of Network
1. A
• To deactivate a voltage source, we remove R1 R3
the source and replace it with a short
R2 R4
circuit.
• To deactivate a current source, we remove B
the source.
Deactivating the independent sources
Consider the following circuit.
A
I2
V3 
_
+
A RTH
R1
R2
R3
+
_ VTH
R4
_+ V1 _ I1
V2 + B
B 
A typical circuit with independent sources
Problem Statement : Use Thévenin’s theorem to find the current flowing in
the 10Ω resistor for the circuit shown in Figure.
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp3/index.html#
 NORTON THEOREM
‘The current that flows in any branch of a network is the same as that which would flow in
the branch if it were connected across a source of electrical energy, the short-circuit current
of which is equal to the current that would flow in a short-circuit across the branch, and the
internal resistance of which is equal to the resistance which appears across the open-
circuited branch terminals.’
Use Norton’s theorem to determine the current flowing in the 10Ω resistance for the
circuit shown in Figure.
NORTON THEOREM – practice problem
 The Source Transformation
• Current source parallel resistance
• Voltage source series resistance
Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalents of the circuit of Fig. as seen at terminal ab.

Do it yourself
Maximum power transfer
and
Superposition theorems
 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Statement
This theorem states that in a linear bilateral network, the current at any point (or voltage between any two points) due to
the simultaneous action of a number of independent sources in the network is equal to the summation of the component
currents (or voltages). A component current (or voltage) is defined as that due to one source acting alone in the network
with all the remaining sources removed.
 2

1
Example of Superposition theorem
Find the current ‘I’
 Home work
Figure below shows a circuit containing two sources of e.m.f., each with their internal
resistance. Determine the current in each branch of the network by using the superposition
theorem.
 Maximum power transfer theorem
The maximum power transfer theorem states:
‘The power transferred from a supply source to a load is at its maximum when the
resistance of the load is equal to the internal resistance of the source.’

Typical practical applications of the

maximum power transfer theorem are
found in stereo amplifier design,
seeking to maximize power delivered
to speakers, and in electric vehicle
design, seeking to maximize power
delivered to drive a motor.
Proof of MPTT
The circuit diagram of Figure shows dry cells of source e.m.f. 6V, and
internal resistance 2.5Ω. If the load resistance RL is varied from 0 to 5Ω in
0.5 steps, calculate the power dissipated by the load in each case. Plot a
graph of RL (horizontally) against power (vertically) and determine the
maximum power dissipated.
RL in ohms I=E/r+RL P=I2RL (W)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Nodal and mesh analysis
 Nodal Analysis
A node of a network is defined as a point where two or more branches are joined. If three
or more branches join at a node, then that node is called a principal node or junction. In
Figure, points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are nodes, and points 1, 2 and 3 are principal nodes.

A branch is a path that

connects two nodes.
Nodal Analysis
Concept
For the circuit of Fig., find all the node voltages and the
currents in resistances 0.25Ω and 1/3Ω. Use the nodal
method.
7+v2-3(v2-v1)-2(v2-v3)=0
 Mesh current analysis
• Mesh-current analysis is merely an extension of the use of Kirchhoff’s
laws, figure shows a network whose circulating currents I1, I2 and I3
have been assigned to closed loops in the circuit rather than to branches.
Currents I1, I2 and I3 are called mesh-currents or loop-currents.
 Mesh & Loop
• Loop: It is a close path in a circuit in which no element or node is encountered more
than once.
• Mesh: It is a loop that contains no other loop within it. For example, the circuit of
Fig. has even branches, six nodes, three loops and two meshes.
Analyse the circuit of Fig. by the mesh method. From the results, calculate
the current in the 5ohm resistance.
Home work : Use mesh-current analysis to determine
the current flowing in (a) the 5 Ω resistance, and (b)
the 1 Ω resistance of the d.c. circuit shown in Figure.

Solve the following

Star-delta transformation
Delta-star transformation
Delta Star

Reference
 1

Subtracting 2 from 1 and adding

results in 3
How to remember????
 Star Delta

Multiply 1 & 2, 2 & 3 and 3 & 1 then

adding together and simplify them;
1

3
 Star Delta

Multiply 1 & 2, 2 & 3 and 3 & 1 then adding together and

simplify them;
 In the network shown in Fig., determine the resistance
between: A and B. The numbers represent the respective
resistance in ohm.
Delta to star

Star to delta
Find the resistance of the circuit between point A
and B using star delta transformation.
Find the value of the voltage source that delivers 2 Amps current
through the circuit as shown in figure. Homework
Delta to star conversation

Star to delta conversation

Using star delta conversion find the
resistance between point A and B
 Master Practice Problem
• Master practice sum.pdf
 Time domain
analysis/natural
response of first order RL
and RC Circuit
Analysis/natural response of first order RC
Response of R–C series circuit to a step input
After a period of time it can be determined from
equations (4) to (6) that the voltage across the
capacitor, vC, attains the value V, the supply
voltage, whilst the resistor voltage, vR, and
current i both decay to zero.
Analysis/natural response of first order RL
Response of R–L series circuit to a step input
A 20μF capacitor is connected in series with a 50k resistor and the circuit
is connected to a 20V, d.c. supply. Determine (a) the initial value of the
current flowing, (b) the time constant of the circuit, (c) the value of the
current one second after connection, (d) the value of the capacitor
voltage two seconds after connection, and (e) the time after connection
when the resistor voltage is 15V.
A circuit consists of a 10μF capacitor connected in series with a 25 kΩ resistor with a
switchable 100V d.c. supply. When the supply is connected, calculate (a) the time constant,
(b) the maximum current, (c) the voltage across the capacitor after 0.5s, (d) the current
flowing after one time constant, (e) the voltage across the resistor after 0.1s, (f) the time for
the capacitor voltage to reach 45V, and (g) the initial rate of voltage rise.
A coil of inductance 0.04H and resistance 10 is connected to a 120V, d.c. supply.
Determine (a) the final value of current, (b) the time constant of the circuit, (c)
the value of current after a time equal to the time constant from the instant the
supply voltage is connected, (d) the expected time for the current to rise to
within 1% of its final value.