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Topic-IV

80x86 Instruction Sets and ALP

T1. Barry B Brey, The Intel Microprocessors. Pearson, Eight Ed. 2009. Chapter 4-6, 8

Lecture 12

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Instruction Encoding

ADC CX,43H

Encoding
1000 00 1 1 11 010 001 43H (83 D1 43H)

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8-Bit Division
• Uses AX to store the dividend divided by the contents of any 8-bit
register or memory location.
• Quotient moves into AL after the division with AH containing a
whole number remainder.
– quotient is positive or negative; remainder always assumes sign
of the dividend; always an integer

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• Numbers usually 8 bits wide in 8-bit division .

– the dividend must be converted to a 16-bit wide number in
AX ; accomplished differently for signed and unsigned
numbers

• CBW/CWD (convert byte to word) instruction performs this

sign conversion.

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16-Bit Division
• Sixteen-bit division is similar to 8-bit division
– instead of dividing into AX, the 16-bit number is divided into
DX–AX, a 32-bit dividend

• As with 8-bit division, numbers must often be converted to the

proper form for the dividend.
– if a 16-bit unsigned number is placed in AX, DX must be
cleared to zero

• In the 80386 and above, the number is zero-extended by using

the MOVZX instruction.

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Increment
• The INC instruction adds 1 to any register or memory location,
except a segment register.
• The size of the data must be described by using the BYTE PTR,
WORD PTR directives.
• The assembler program cannot determine if the INC [DI]
instruction is a byte-, word-sized increment.

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Increment

• INC Destination
Ex: INC CX ; Add 1 to the contents of CX.
EX: INC BYTEPTR [BX] ; Increments the byte pointed to
by the contents of BX.

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INC Destination

Destination –Register or memory location ( specified in 24 diff

ways)

•( AF, OF, PF, SF, ZF affected, CF not affected)

•INC BL

•INC BX

•INC EDX

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DEC Destination

Destination –Register or memory location ( specified in 24 diff

ways)

•( AF, OF, PF, SF, ZF affected, CF not affected)

•DEC BL

•DEC BX

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INC/DEC the contents of a Memory

location
 Specify the data size in memory

use directive
• BYTE PTR, WORD PTR, DWORD PTR
• INC WORD PTR [BX]
• INC BYTE PTR[BX]
• BX-1000H DS-2000H

After execution of After execution of

Consider INC WORD PTR INC BYTE PTR [BX]
[BX]

21000 FF 21000 00 21000 00

21001 00 21001 01 21001 00
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BCD and ASCII Arithmetic

• The microprocessor allows arithmetic manipulation of both
BCD (binary-coded decimal) and ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information Interchange) data.

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BCD Arithmetic
• Two arithmetic techniques operate with BCD data:
• addition and subtraction.
• DAA (decimal adjust after addition) instruction follows BCD
addition,
• DAS (decimal adjust after subtraction) follows BCD
subtraction.
– both correct the result of addition or subtraction
so it is a BCD number

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DAA
• DAA follows the ADD or ADC instruction to adjust the result into
a BCD result.
• After adding the AL and BL registers, the result is adjusted with a
DAA instruction before being stored.
• Ex: before execution let AL =0101 1001=59 BCD and
BL= 0011 0101= 35 BCD
ADD AL,BL ; AL =1000 1110= 8EH
DAA ; Add 0110 because 1110 > 9
; AL= 1001 0100= 94 BCD
AF,CF,PF and ZF are affected. OF is undefined after DAA
instruction.

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 Ex: up counter can be implemented as follows.

MOV COUNT,00H ; COUNT=00H

MOV AL,COUNT ;AL=00H
ADD AL,01H ;AL=01H
DAA ; decimal adjust the result
MOV COUNT,AL ; put decimal result back in
memory

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DAS Instruction
• Functions as does DAA instruction, except it follows a subtraction
instead of an addition.
• Ex: AL=1000 0110 =86 BCD
BH= 0101 0111 =57 BCD
SUB AL,BH ; AL= 0010 1111 =2FH,CF=0
DAS ; lower nibble=1111>9 So,DAS
subtracts 0000 0110 to give
AL=0010 1001 =29 BCD

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ASCII Arithmetic
• ASCII arithmetic instructions function with coded numbers, value
30H to 39H for 0–9.
• Four instructions in ASCII arithmetic operations:
– AAA (ASCII adjust after addition)
– AAD (ASCII adjust before division)
– AAM (ASCII adjust after multiplication)
– AAS (ASCII adjust after subtraction)
• These instructions use register AX as the source and as the
destination.

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ASCII Arithmetic

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AAA Instruction
• Addition of two one-digit ASCII-coded numbers will not result in
any useful data.
• Ex: Before: AL= 0011 0001 , ASCII 1;
BL= 0011 1001,ASCII 9
ADD AL,BL ; Result : AL=0110 1010 = 6AH,
; which is incorrect BCD
AAA ;
ADD AX, 3030

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 The lower order byte( lower nibble )of AL is unpacked and

Higher nibble is zeroed.
 The AAA instruction works only on the AL register.
 The AAA instruction updates AF and CF but OF,PF,SF and ZF
are left undefined.

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End of Lecture 12

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