BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB FILE

ON

SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences)

SUBJECT CODE: 213

[SEMESTER: 3rd]
[BBA (G)]
[2021-24]

Guided By: Submitted By:

Dr. Laxmi
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Introduction 3

2 How to install SPSS 5

3 How to do data entries in SPSS 8

4 How to calculate percentage using SPSS 10

5. How to conduct t–test in SPSS 13

6. How to perform one way ANOVA using SPSS 15

7. How to perform chi square using SPSS 19

 INTRODUCTION
What is SPSS
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), also known as IBM SPSS Statistics, is a
software package used for the analysis of statistical data.
Although the name of SPSS reflects its original use in the field of social sciences, its use has
since expanded into other data markets. SPSS is commonly used in healthcare, marketing
and education research.
The types of data analyzed using SPSS is widely varied. Common sources include survey
results, organization customer databases, Google Analytics, scientific research results and
server log files. SPSS supports both analysis and modification of many kinds of data and
almost all formats of structured data. The software supports spreadsheets, plain text files
and relational databases such as SQL, SATA and SAS.
SPSS provides data analysis for descriptive and bivariate statistics, numeral outcome
predictions and predictions for identifying groups. The software also provides data
transformation, graphing and direct marketing features.

Uses of SPSS :-
Let us see four of the major industries where SPSS is primarily used.

1. Market Research: Businesses want actionable insights using which they can make tough
and effective business decisions. There are tonnes of data generated by businesses, and
scanning them manually is not the right way to analyze them

2. Education: Educational institutions have to bear the pressure of enrolling students and

retaining them each year. Not to mention the fact that they need to attract new students every

year. This is where SPSS comes in, it helps a lot in maintaining all these records of students

including there personal information.

3. Healthcare: We need to solve a lot of issues to provide great healthcare. In healthcare

institutions, outdated practices in patient delivery and misaligned incentives for caregivers are
some of the biggest issues. This is where analytics can be a life-saver, literally at that.

Applying SPSS’ statistical analysis for healthcare delivery has a number of use cases.

4. Retail: The retail industry relies heavily on analytics for everything from initial stock
planning to forecasting future trends. Customers have a lot of leverage when it comes to retail
products, thanks to the advent of social media, forums, and review sites. Customers are taking
their decisions based on the brand’s reviews online. So it is imperative that retail businesses
give the best that can be offered. Thankfully, statistical analysis is a savior for the retail
industry.

How to Install SPSS

Installing SPSS Statistics (Windows)
1.Open IBM SPSS Statistics file.

Once your SPSS Statistics file has been downloaded find and after the installation has been
prepared, a new window will appear.
Click Next.

2.Click I accept the terms in the license agreement.

The Software License Agreement will appear.

Click I accept the terms in the license agreement in order to install SPSS Statistics on your
device.
Click Next.

3. Choose your destination folder (optional).

Leave the default destination folder as is or choose a new destination folder path to install
SPSS Statistics (optional).
Click Next.

4. Click Install to begin the installation.

5. The Installation process can take a few minutes.

6. Installation is complete.

Make sure the Start IBM SPSS Statistics box is checked.

Click Finish.

How to do Data Entries in SPSS ?

To enter data into SPSS using the Data Editor:
1. Open SPSS and select the file menu, Choose New > Data. This will open the data editor.

2. The Data Editor displays a row for each case (that is, each participant or observation) and a
column for each variable.

3. Before we start entering data, we need to define the variables that will be used in the
analysis. To do this, click the Variable View tab at the bottom of the Data Editor.

Five. Variables View displays a list of all variables in the data set. To define a new variable,
click the Insert button and enter the variable name and type in the dialog box that appears.
For example, to define a new variable named "Age", enter "Age" for the name and select
"Numeric" for the type. Optionally, you can also specify the width and number of decimal
places for the variable.

4. Once you have defined all the variables you need, you can return to the Data View tab
and start entering data. To enter data for a specific case and variable, click the cell where
the case and variable intersect and enter the data.
5. Repeat this process for each case and variable you enter. You can use the arrow keys or
mouse to move between cells and enter data for multiple cases.
It is a good idea to check your data for errors and missing values before proceeding with the
analysis. To do this, use SPSS's Recode and Calculator functions, or explore the data using
the Data View and Variable View tabs.
 How to calculate percentage using
SPSS?
1.To begin the calculation, click on Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Frequencies.

2.This will bring up the Frequencies dialog box. You need to get the variable for which you
wish to calculate the percentile(s) into the box on the right. You can drag and drop, or use the
arrow button, as shown below.
3.Once you’ve got your variable into the right column, hit the Statistics button. The
Frequencies: Statistics dialog will pop up. As you can see this allows you to choose from a
variety of measures.

To add a percentile of your choice, select the Percentile(s) option, type the percentile value
into the textbox (where we’ve got 87), and then click the Add button. You can repeat this
process if you want SPSS to calculate additional percentiles.

You’ll see above that we’ve also selected Quartiles (which will generate the 25th, 50th and
75th percentiles), and the Mean and Median. Once you’ve made your selection, click the
Continue button, and then click OK in the Frequencies dialog to prompt SPSS to do the
calculations.
The Result

The result will appear in the SPSS output view.

CONCLUSION
As you can see, it’s pretty self-explanatory. The percentile values appear in the Statistics
table. The value for the 25th percentile is 1.00. and the value of the 87th percentile is 4.00.
You’ll notice that SPSS has also calculated values for the Mean and Median, as we requested .
 How to conduct t-test in SPSS ?
(Independent-samples t-test)
1. Click on Analyze\Compare means\Independent Samples T test.

2. Move the dependent continuous variable into the Test Variable box.

Move the independent categorical variable into the Grouping Variable section.
3. Click on Define groups and type in the numbers used in the data set to code each
group.

4. Click on Continue and then OK.

The Result

The result will appear in the SPSS output view.

CONCLUSION
The t-value is .313 which is not significant at 0.01 with df equal 41. It reflects that
means course of how how fair is the price as compared to similar stores according to
customer.

Since p < .001 is less than our chosen significance level α = 0.05, we can reject the
null hypothesis, and conclude that how fair is the price as compared to similar stores
according to customer is significantly different.
 How to perform one way ANOVA using
SPSS ?
1. Click on Analyze\Compare Means\One-way ANOVA.

2.Move your dependent continuous variable into the Dependent List box.

Move your independent categorical variable into the box Factor.

3.Click the Options button and click on Descriptive.

4.Click on the button Post Hoc and click on Tukey.

5.Click on Continue and OK.

The Result
The result will appear in the SPSS output
view.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that mean how fair is the stores price as compared to similar stores according
to customers is significantly different for at least one of the group(F3,47 =2.078 , p < 0.001).
Note that the ANOVA alone does not tell us specifically which means were different from
one another. To determine that, we would need to follow up with multiple
comparisons (or post-hoc) tests.
 How to perform chi square using
SPSS ?
1. Click on Analyze\Descriptive Statistics\Crosstabs

2.Move one of your categorical variables into the box marked Row(s).

Move the other categorical variable into the box marked Column(s).
3.Click on the Statistics button and tick Chi-square.

4.Click on Continue and OK.

The Result
The result will appear in the SPSS output view.

CONCLUSION

Chi-square were used to examine between categorial variables (income and age groups ).
There is insignificant association at 5% significant level between income and age groups

Since the p-value is less than our chosen significance level α = 0.05, we can reject the null
hypothesis, and conclude that there is an association between income and age groups

Based on the results, we can state the following:

 There was a significant association between income and age groups (Χ2(1) = 13.693,
df =6, p =0.33).