EXPERIMENT NO.

1
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT - To determine the end reactions in a simply supported
beam using parallel force apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED-
1. HANGERS
2. WEIGHTS
3. BEAM
4. WEIGHT MEASURING DEVICE
5. ROPES
6. SCALE

THEORY –

BEAM –
The beam is defined as the structural member which is used to bear different loads. It
resists the vertical loads, shear forces and bending moments.

TYPES OF BEAMS -
The different types of beams are:

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:

A beam which is supported or resting on the supports at its both the ends, is called simply
supported beam.
 In the figure, both the ends of the beam is supported by supports, one support is at
end A and the other support is at end B. this beam is known as simply supported beam.

LOADS –
Load may be defined as force tending to effect and produce deformation, stresses or
deformation in the beam.
TYPES OF LOADS –

1. CONCENTRATED OR POINT LOAD: Act at a point.

2. UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD: Load spread along the length of the Beam.
3. UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD: Load spread along the length of the Beam, Rate
of varying loading point to point.

For this experiment concentrated or point load used. Here shear force and bending
moment are needed to be found out.
SIGN CONVERSION FOR SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT –

1. The moment of all the forces, i.e., load and reaction to the left of section X-X is
Clockwise
2. The moment of all the forces, i.e., load and reaction to the right of section X-X are
Anti-Clockwise.
3. For clockwise moment we take positive value and for anticlockwise we take
negative value and vice versa.
CALCULATION –
CONCLUSION –
On the above experiment we have successfully studied about the beam apparatus and the
result of the end reaction in Kg.
 EXPERIMENT NO.2

AIM:- To study the Rockwell Hardness testing machine and perform the Rockwell hardness
test.

APPARATUS:- Rockwell Hardness testing machine, specimen of mild steel or other

material.

THEORY:– Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratching

and cutting, hardness after gives clear indication of strength. In all hardness tests, a define
force is mechanically applied on the piece, varies in size and shape for different tests. Common
indentors are made of hardened steel or diamond.
Rockwell hardness tester presents direct reading of hardness number on a dial provided with
the m/c. principally this testing is similar to Brinell hardness testing. It differs only in diameter
and material of the indentor and the applied force. Although there are many scales having
different combinations of load and size of indentor but commonly ‘C’ scale is used and
hardness is presented as HRC. Here the indentor has a diamond cone at the tip and applied
force is of 150 kgf. Soft materials are often tested in ‘B’ scale with a 1.6mm dia. Steel indentor
at 60kgf.
SPECIFICATION OF HARDNESS TESTING M/C AND INDENTORS:-
A hardness test can be conducted can be conducted on Brinell testing m/c, Rockwell hardness
m/c or vicker testing m/c. the specimen may be a cylinder, cube, thick or thin metallic sheet. A
Brinell-cum-Rocwell hardness testing m/c along with the specimen is shown in figure.
Various scales in Rockwell hardness test are given below:-
Scale Type of indentor Initial Major Pointer Kind of material
(Dimension) load (kgf) load Position on
(kgf) dial
A Cone, 120o 10 50 0 Much harder such as
carburized steel, cemented
carbides
B Ball, 1.58mm 10 90 30 Soft steels, copper, aluminum,
brass, grey cast iron.
C Cone, 120o 10 140 0 Hard steels, Ti, W, Va, etc
PROCEDURE:-
1. Insert ball of dia. ‘D’ in ball holder of the m/c.
2. Make the specimen surface clean by removing dust, dirt, oil and grease etc.
3. Make contact between the specimen surface and the ball by rotating the jack adjusting
wheel.
4. Push the required button for loading.
5. Pull the load release lever wait for minimum 15 second. The load will automatically apply
gradually.
6. Remove the specimen from support table and locate the indentation so made.
7. Repeat the entire operation, 3-times.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION : –

Following observation are recorded are from a test on steel specimen using a hardened steel
ball as indentor.
· Test piece material = MILD STEEL
• HRA = 100-(t/0.002)
• HRB = 130-(t/0.002)
• HRC = 100-(t/0.002)
TABULATION:- (MATERIAL NAME= MILD STEEL, SCALE NAME=C)
SL INDENTOR INITIAL MAJOR HARDNESS AVERAGE
NO TYPE LOAD LOAD READING HARDNESS
(IN KGF) (IN KGF) (IN HRC) READING (IN
HRC)
1 CONE,120° 10 100 85
2 CONE,120° 10 100 88 88
3 CONE,120° 10 100 91

PRECAUTIONS:-
· The specimen should be clean properly
· Take reading more carefully.

CONCLUSION:- Hence we have successfully determined the hardness

value using Rockwell Hardness Testing machine.
 EXPERIMENT NO.3

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:- To find Joule’s equivalent by using Joule’s paddle

wheel experiment.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
1) Weights
2) Pulley attached to the rope hinged
3) Paddle fixed
4) Insulated chamber
5) Thermometer
6) Water
THEORY:-
This experiment shows most directly the connection between
mechanical action and heat involved the stirring of water by a paddle.
Joule conducted a series of experiments which shows the relationship
between heat and work in a thermodynamic cycle for a system. He used
a paddle to stir an insulated vessel filled with fluid. He also formulated
joule’s law which deals with transfer of energy.
When the weight goes downwards, the rope attached to the
pulley is stretched, then the weight goes downwards, the rope attached
to pulley is stretched and the paddle wheel rotates and the potential
energy is converted into kinetic energy and then to vibrational energy.
The vibrational energy rises the temperature of the fluid. The rise
in temperature effects the heat of the system, which is stored inside as
enclosed by an insulated chamber, so the temperature and heat cannot
be decreased due to thermal equilibrium unless and until an insulated
chamber is removed.
By conducting a series of experiment Joule found that when the
falling weights lost 4.186 KJ of mechanical energy, the temperature of
1KG of water, increased by 1°C.
Let m be the mass of water,
(t2-t1) is the rise in temperature of water,
h is the height through which each masses fall,
n is the number of times the masses fall
M is the mass of weight taken,
So, we know from 1st law of Thermodynamics, ongoing a cyclic
process,
(ΣW)cycle ∝ (ΣQ)cycle

=> (ΣW) = J × (ΣQ)

=> J = W/Q --------------------(1)

(Where J is the Joule’s equivalent)

We know, W=Mgh × n (Potential energy=Work done)

And Q=m × C × (t2-t1) (Where C=Specific heat)

Now putting in equation-(1),

J= (Mgh × n) / m × C × (t2-t1)
(formula of determining Joule’s equivalent)

CONCLUSION:-
Hence Joule’s Paddle wheel experiment is done and Joule’s equivalent
is found.
 EXPERIMENT NO.4
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-
Determination of torsional rigidity of the shaft by using torsion testing machine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

SL.NO NAME OF THE SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

APPARATUS
01 Torsion testing machine 01
02 Mild steel specimen D=16 mm 01
L=150 mm
03 Steel rule Least count=0.5mm 01
04 Vernier calliper Least 01
count=0.02mm

THEORY:-
• A torsion test is a quite instrumental in determining the value of modulus of
rigidity (ratio of sear stress to shear strain) of a metallic specimen.

• The modulus of rigidity can be found out through observations, made during
the experiment by using the torsion equation.

• Torque is defined as the product of twisting force to the distance between the
point of application of the force and the axis of the shaft.

• The torsion equation is- T/J=Cθ/L.

So ,C=TL/ Jθ

Where,

T=Torque applied.

J=Polar moment of inertia = π/32 × D4

D= Diameter of specimen.

C=Modulus of rigidity.

=Angle of twist.

L=Gauge length of the specimen in mm.

PROCEDURE:-
• Select the driving dogs to suit the size of the specimen and clamp it in
the machine by adjusting the length of the specimen by means of a
sliding spindle.

• Measure the diameter of the specimen at about three places and take
the average values.

• Choose the appropriate range by capacity change lever.

• Set the maximum load pointer to zero.

• Set the protractor to zero for convenience.

• Carry out straining by rotating the hand lever in either direction.

• Load the machine in suitable increments, observing and recording

strain gauge.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

SL.NO TORQUE TORQUE ANGLE (θ) ANGLE (θ) Mean

APPLIED in APPLIED in (in degree) (in radian) Modulus Modulus
(Kg-cm) (N-mm) of of
Rigidity(in Rigidity(i
N/mm2) n N/mm2)
1 30 2943 20 0.3490 196.596
2 31 3041.1 25 0.4363 162.613 151.23
3 33 3237.3 30 0.5235 144.170
4 31 3041.1 40 0.6981 101.560
CALCULATION:-

Polar moment of inertia (J) =(/32) x D4=6433.981 mm4

Angle of twist(in radians) =  x (/180) = …………… rad

Torque(in N-mm)= Torque(in kgf-cm) x 9.81 x 10 =..............N-mm

Modulus of rigidity(C)=TL/ Jθ =.............N/mm2

CONCLUSION:-

From the above experiment we have successfully determine the modulus of

rigidity of mild steel specimen by using torsion testing machine .
 EXPERIMENT NO.5

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

Determination of toughness of material by using impact testing machine. (Izod
test).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl.no Name of the Specification Quantity

apparatus
01 Impact testing machine 01
02 A mild steel specimen (75x10x10)mm 01
For Izod

THEORY:-

• An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb

energy during plastic deformation.

• This important factor is determined by impact test. Toughness takes into account
both the strength and ductility of the material.

• Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied load

while in service.

• Strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly

applied load.

• Of all types of impact test, the notched bar tests are more extensively used.
Therefore the impact test measure the energy necessary to fracture a standard
notch bar by applying an impact load.

• The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading.

PROCEDURE:-
• Select the test mode i.e Izod or Charpy, depending up on the test to be
conducted and fix the pendulum holding pipe at the respective angle i.e for
Izod at 84 degree and secure it tight with the bolts provided.

• The striker for Izod and Charpy test are different and depending up on the test
to be conducted fix the correct striker on the pendulum hammer end.

• Fix the specimen on the anvil in the position corresponding to the test mode
i.e Izod or Charpy.
 • Bring the pointer on the dial to its proper position i.e 16kgm for Izod and
30kgm for Charpy.

• Release the pendulum by operating the lever for the pendulum to strikes the
specimen fitted on the anvil.

• Note the readings indicated by the pointer on the dial, which is the Izod or
Charpy value as the case may be.

• The diagrams of Izod and Charpy strikers and their positioning on the anvil is
enclosed for easy identification and fitment.

OBSERVATION:-
• Energy absorbed by Izod test= 32 JOULE

CONCLUSION:-
From the above experiment we determine the toughness of material by using impact
testing machine.