International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (I.Re.C.A.P.), Vol. 13, N.

2
ISSN 2039 – 5086 April 2023

1 Tbps Data Rate Transmission Using the Super Channel

in the Flexi Grid Network

M. Adarsha1, S. Malathi1, Santosh Kumar2, R. G. Sangeetha3

Abstract – The best cost-effective method of lowering the cost per transmitted bit is an increase in
transmission symbol rate as well as the order of quadrature amplitude modulation. Specifically,
upcoming transponders aim to accommodate data rates up to 1 Tb/s using super-channels due to
the bandwidth limitations of electrical components. Throughput can also be increased by a flexible-
grid architecture by closing spectral gaps in the available optical spectrum. The distance and
transmission module is introduced in the work; it chooses the appropriate modulation depending on
the distance. Specifically, a 1 Tbps super-channel with four subcarriers, each one modulated with
PM-32QAM at a Baud rate of 33 G-Bd per carrier, has been used. By using the Nyquist filter, the
subcarrier spacing for PM-32QAM has been set to 37.5 GHz, which enables 32 × 1.0 Tbps super-
channels overall over C-band and could lead to a 32.0 Tb/s C-band capacity. For PM-32 QAM,
which is observed, the required optical signal-to-noise ratio at the forward error correction
threshold is 5.4 dB. Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplified (EDFA) Single Mode Fiber has been used to
achieve a transmission range of 750 km for PM-32 QAM modulated super-channels. Copyright ©
2023 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Keywords: Wavelength Division Multiplexing, Flexi-grid Network, Elastic Optical Network,

Super-Channel

Nomenclature LPS Low Pass Filter

LiNbO3 Lithium Niobite
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter NF Nyquist Filter
AWG Arbitrary Waveform Generator OH Over-Head
BER Bit Error Rate OSNR Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
BPDs Balanced Photo-Diodes OTN Optical Transport Network
BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying PBS Polarization Beam Splitter
BVT Bandwidth Variable Transponder PM Polarized Modulation
C Conventional PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion
CD Chromatic Dispersion QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
COS Coherent Optical Communication Systems QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
DM Distance Module Rx Receiver
DP Dual-Polarizations RO Roll-Off
DSP Digital Signal Processing SC Single-Core
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing SDN Software-Defined Networking
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier SE Spectral Efficiency
EO Electro-Optic SMF Single-Mode Fiber
EON Elastic Optical Network SSS Spectral Selective Switch
EO/OE Electrical to Optical / Optical to Electrical SBVT Sliceable Bandwidth Variable Transponder
FEC Forward Error Correction T Telecommunication Standardisation Sector
Fl-ON Flexi-grid Optical Network Tx Transmitter
G Grid Vπ half-wave Voltage
Gbps Gigabits per second WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
G-baud Giga baud WSSs Wavelength-Selective Switches
GHz Giga Hertz
IoT Internet of Things
IQ Inphase and Quadrature I. Introduction
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
The C band has the lowest losses throughout the
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union
spectrum, so data can be transmitted over extremely long
LO Local Oscillator

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distances using this band. The C band includes for EON, a data plane link is switched in the Flexi grid
wavelengths between 1525 and 1565 nm [1]. A DWDM based on allocated and changeable size-frequency bands
technique [2] enables the transmission of multiple optical within the optical spectrum. Such a problem can be
signal carriers of different wavelengths on a single optical overcome by using a super-channel method of multi-
fiber. The ITU-T sets the wavelength allocation and carrier WDM transmission [11]. The transponder should
standardization. DWDM central frequencies are specified have the capability of dynamically adapting to variable
in the ITU-T G.694.1 guideline. DWDM wavelengths are bandwidth. It can be accomplished by adjusting the
first placed in a grid with an optical frequency spacing of number of sub-carriers, symbol rate, or modulation format
exactly 100 GHz, or approximately 0.8 nm [3]. used depending on a dynamic reach-capacity trade-off
The reference frequency for this will be 193.10 THz. [12]. In order to establish a Fl-ON, deployment of a BVT
Over the past ten years, numerous significant [13], Super-channel, and the latest Flexi-Spectral
developments have increased the capacity to keep up with Selective Switch [14] [15] is required. Major
the steadily growing traffic [4]. For instance, core characteristics of EON are discussed in this section:
networks can transmit about 80 channels by compressing 1. Higher data speeds are supported:
the channels and spacing them 50 GHz apart. In order to In order to handle greater data speeds, it employs
build a fixed grid network, 50 GHz channel spacing is advanced polarized modulation formats (PM-16QAM,
used to transmit different bitrates of 100 Gbps [5]. PM-QPSK, and PM-BPSK), super-channel
Capacity scaling is possible in a communication system technology, and sophisticated ADC, coherence
by exploring modulation, so QPSK [6] is used for long- detection, and photonic integration technology [16].
distance communication. In this work, different 2. Channel spacing should be on the order of 12.5 GHz:
modulators are also examined to increase the capacity. It has smaller and tighter channel spacing and grid-less
The EO modulators lead to a high baud rate. EO channels for optimal spectrum usage.
modulators can be broadly divided into Lithium Niobite 3. According to the optical reach, spectrally efficient
(LiNbO3) modulators, plasmonic modulators, polymer modulation techniques are assigned, such as PM-16-
modulators, InP modulators, and all-silicon modulators QAM for short distances (700 km), PM-QPSK for
based on the materials [7]. The LiNbO3 modulator is used medium distances (3000 km), and PM-BPSK for long
in this work because it has a large bandwidth, a low half- distances (5000 km) [15] [16].
wave voltage (Vπ), low optical loss, and good linear EO 4. Sliceable Bandwidth Variable Transponder is a BVT
properties [8]. It also has an optical insertion loss lower of the next-generation network and it is the most
than 0.1 dB and an electrode length of less than 0.5 cm [9]. important feature of EON. In traditional BVT, the
The DP technique is adopted to increase the data rate whole transmitter capacity (source and destination
per second. The telecom industry is currently considering pair) is allotted a single connection request. SBVT, on
a classic transmission data rate of over 100 Gbps, and 400 the other hand, is a versatile multi-flow transponder
Gbps is getting a lot of attention. The ITU fixed grid at 50 that can route data to several locations at the same time
GHz channel spacing cannot accommodate the high without increasing the cost or complexity [15].
spectral width of advanced modulation formats.
Therefore, three factors should be taken into account
II.1. Super Channel
for a scalable transport solution: increasing the fiber optic
channel's transmission capacity, lowering the cost of A new standardized grid is required for terrestrial
transport per Gbps, and having the flexibility to adapt to networks in order to provide the highest spectral efficiency
changing traffic and network constraints. By considering for the growing diversity of spectrum requirements. In
the above factors, the Flexi-Grid network is chosen for order to address this issue, the ITU-T has developed a finer
development and for achieving a high data rate. grid called a flexible frequency grid, or flex-grid, that
The remainder of this article is organized as follows: associates a flexible frequency slot with an optical link.
the Flexi grid network and its key parameters are The super-channel [17] is commissioned in a single
introduced in Section II. It also gives details regarding the cycle of operation. The main concept of the super-channel
Super Channel. The design of the Flexi grid network with and the difference between the super-channel and the
SBVT is presented in Section III. The simulation of EON normal channel are depicted in Figs. 1. In the DWDM
is described, and its parameters are mentioned in Section channel, a guard band exists at the bottom and top of the
IV. In Section V, various simulation results obtained from channel. For optical switching, multiplexing, and de-
Flexi-Grid networks are presented and discussed. A multiplexing of optical channels, a guard band is
comparison of the proposed work with existing literature necessary.
based on the Flexi-Grid network is presented. Finally, the It consumes a huge amount of spectrum and reduces the
conclusions of the study are presented in Section VI. capacity of fiber transport. In order to avoid this kind of
problem, the optical industry has moved to a technology
called super-channel. This technique is way different from
II. Flexi Grid Network the traditional DWDM channel. In a single cycle of
Flexi-Grid optical networks are interchangeably operation, 12 × 100 Gbps of data are transmitted, and an
referred to as EON [10]. In order to provide the first brick overall capacity of 1.2 Tbps is achieved.

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In conclusion, the proposed design's evaluation has

revealed that it has strengthened C-band capabilities.

III. Design of FL-ON with the Assistance

of SBVT
(a) An important component of an EON is the SBVT. Its
versatility in terms of changing parameters and attributes,
such as modulation format, data rate, number of
subcarriers, and bandwidth occupancy, enables it to
generate elastic optical pathways. In reality, networks are
moving towards the spectrum-sliced optical path network
design, which dynamically allocates changeable groups of
basic fixed-size slots (e.g., 12.5 GHz) based on the data
(b) rate request and the optical path condition [23]. Unlike a
Figs. 1. (a) Conventional channel and (b) super-channel [15]
traditional fixed spectrum grid, SLICE provides for more
effective optical spectrum use with finer grid granularity,
As shown in Fig. 1(b), the super-channel requires a as needed by the client.
462.5 GHz optical spectrum to transmit 1.2 Tbps, whereas
DWDM needs a 600 GHz channel spacing. Here, a guard III.1. SBV-Transmitter
band is not required between each sub-channel but only at
the bottom and top edges. As a result, 12 separate 50 GHz The main improvement in EON over the conventional
channels are treated as a single entity. Therefore, a single technique is its ability to handle requests for very high-
462.5 GHz channel is considered and it operates in a single capacity connections [32], [33]. A BVT can be divided
cycle. into numerous virtual transceivers in order to create a
The main key aspect of EON is the SBVT [18], a next- sliceable transceiver. With this flexibility, each virtual
generation network BVT. Traditional BVT allocates all transceiver can use a different modulation format. It can
the transmission capacities to a single connection request. support requests with high bit rates. Inverse multiplexing,
However, SBVT is a versatile, multi-flow transponder that which demultiplexes high capacity demands into smaller
can send data simultaneously to several locations without ones, such as 400 Gbps to 100 or 200 Gbps, can be used.
raising the price or complexity [15]. It can also The same network carries the bit rates (100 Gbps and
dynamically tune itself within the optical range and optical above), so the spectrum is appropriately allocated based
bandwidth by appropriately adjusting variables like on the bit rate and modulation method (assigned according
modulation format, optical spectrum shaping, Forward to transmission distance). Fig. 2 shows a typical coherent
Error Correction (FEC), and gross bit rate. The optical system of an SBV-transmitter scheme based on
telecommunications industry has utilized a variety of QAM formats. By using a continuous carrier and a laser
digital modulation formats. The chosen modulation format with a small linewidth, PMD is accomplished. A tunable
is influenced by the transmission medium, the distance laser can be used [24]. A PBS is used to divide the carrier
being covered, the demand for bandwidth efficiency, and into two orthogonal polarization modes.
the type of transmission impairment [19], [20].
Eliminating guard bands can increase spectral
efficiency, but practical systems cannot use this technique
because of the frequency instability of lasers [21].
Compared to this, the quasi-Nyquist WDM system can
achieve high spectral efficiency with only a modest
requirement for laser-frequency stability. A 100-Gbps DP-
QPSK transmission, for instance, has a bandwidth of 33.3
GHz assigned to it. For 100-Gbps interactions, the
predicted spectral efficiency gains reach 50.0% [21].
Numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of
quasi-Nyquist WDM in point-to-point [22] transmission
systems. Two problems limit its use for networking,
particularly the constrained setting granularity of WSS
bandwidth and the significant spectrum narrowing with
each WSS traversal. The restricted bandwidth granularity
of the WSS passbands can be reduced by using the
wavelength-assignment approach [21]. In this article, the
design of EON is examined, and a super-channel is used
to transmit 1 Tbps of data. Fig. 2. Transmitter DSP unit of SBVT

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III.2. DSP Unit in Transmitter performance of a high-baud-rate, high-order QAM signal.

The bandwidth restriction caused by EO/OE components
The transmitter-side Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
is reduced by using digital pre-emphasis [26].
[25] unit, which selects the appropriate modulation format
Two multi-level signals are produced for each
depending upon the DM, is depicted in Fig. 3. A
polarization mode using an AWG, followed by Tx side
programmable module called the DM assigns the
DSP, amplified to the appropriate levels, and coupled to
modulation based on the optical reach. In this simulation,
an IQ modulator. In order to maintain the signal's
PM-32-QAM is taken into consideration due to the
bandwidth within the Nyquist [27] range, the digital pulse-
analysis of the system capacity. Different modulation
shaping filter, or NF is used after the PBC. With the help
methods can be assigned to data streams in distance
of the N-filter, channel spacing is adjusted according to
modules. In that case, one or more data streams may
the baud rate chosen for the different modulations. After
follow the same direction and path but drop off at various
the NF optical signals are multiplexed together and then
points along the way. The data stream first enters the data
amplified by an EDFA, such signals are transmitted
processing unit in the modulation and transmission
through an optical channel.
section. This is the section where encoding, pulse shaping,
and data stream filtering are done, as denoted in Fig. 3.
Depending on the modulation picked, a super-channel III.3. SBVT- Receiver
may be used to transport such a data stream.
One of the challenges for high-order QAM formats is In order to overcome the attenuation of the modulated
the nonlinearity of modulation. "It is typically introduced signals in the channel, EDFA [28] is used. Then the out-
by the modulators' finite extinction ratio and a nonlinear of-band noise is removed by using an optical filter. The
phase shift that depends on the material" [7]. Pre- incoming light is split by a PBS on the Rx side, which is
distortion is used to solve the issue by adjusting the level blended with a LO. After that, by using a 90-degree
hybrid, optical signals are finally detected by four BPDs.
of the incoming signal to make it appropriate for the
transfer function of the devices. The line width of the laser LPS is used to filter out the electrical signal after the
OE conversion to reduce ISI. By following the analogue-
chosen for this work is 25 kHz in order to overcome
to-digital conversion, DSP algorithms process the sampled
frequency offset issues on the receiver side. The
transmitter bandwidth restriction degrades the electrical impulses for recovery and compensation.

Fig. 3. Design schematic of the SBV-Transmitter with Nyquist Filter

Fig. 4. Design schematic of the SBV-Receiver with DSP unit

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An ADC has taken electrical output samples from the 38 37,5

Baud - rate in GBd/Channel

coherent receiver, which has four integrated channels and
37
operates at 80 G-samples/s. The four electrical outputs
36

Spacing in GHz
correspond to the quadrature and in-phase components of
both X and Y polarizations. Then the offline receiver DSP 35
has been used to process the digital samples. This can be 34 33
noticed in Fig. 4. Another benefit of this system is that 33
low-loss compensation can be performed by using a series 32
of DSP algorithms rather than individual optical
31
components. For pre- and post-compensation at higher
baud rates and in QAM formats, many sophisticated 30
algorithms have been utilised for both the Tx and Rx sides. Baud - rate in GBd Channel Spacing in
According to Fig. 4, a typical DSP operation process for GHz
high-baud-rate COS systems [29] is shown.
PM-32QAM with 250 Gbps Data rate

III.4. DSP Unit in Receiver Fig. 5. Baud Rate and Channel Spacing for PM-32-QAM
Linear and nonlinear impairments, such as CD and fiber
nonlinearity, can be targeted by static equalization. In Using multi-carrier signals is one method for creating
high-speed systems, nonlinear compensation is frequently higher-rate channels. Multi-carrier signals are used to
performed using maximum a posteriori estimation [30]. achieve a 1 Tbps data rate, where the symbol rate is
For high-order QAM formats, waveform distortion maintained constant at signals at 250 Gbps.
should be eliminated and PMD should be balanced. In For instance, four 250 Gbps 32-QAM-modulated
order to overcome high-order QAM impairments, the symbol rates per subcarrier operating at 33 GHz could be
Cascade Multi-Modulus Algorithm along with the combined to create a 1 Tbps channel. The subcarrier of the
Decision-Directed Least-Squares algorithm is used [31]. super-channel based on PM-32QAM had a symbol rate of
The unlocked frequencies between the LO and 33 G-Baud, Fig. 5, despite the bard rate and single channel
transmitter are the cause of the frequency offset, which is spacing values. The bandwidth of each subcarrier has been
responsible for the constellation's rotation. Whereas the constrained to 37.5 GHz by applying Roll-Off (RO) 0.1
laser linewidth is primarily responsible for the phase Nyquist filtering and also considering all Over-Head
noise. Such issues are addressed in carrier phase recovery (OH). The total bandwidth used for one super-channel,
and frequency offset estimation [26]. which consists of four sub-carriers, is 150 GHz, by
considering subcarrier spacing.

IV. Simulation of EON

V. Result Analysis
The Flexi grid optical network's reference module is
simulated by using the OptiSystem V.18 simulation Each super-channel has received four 37.5 GHz Flexi-
platform. Table I shows the simulation parameters of the grid slots, which could allow for a total of 32 sub-carrier
considered systems. A frequency grid is a collection of × 1 Tbps super-channels over the C-band. Each super-
frequencies that are used to signify the notional centre channel has consumed 150 GHz of optical bandwidth and
frequencies that are allowed. In this design, the fiber loss has achieved an SE of 6.67 b/s/Hz, which is expressed in
is assumed to be 0.2 dB/km. However, the dispersion is Fig. 6. The gross line rate of the super-channels has been
0.2 ps/nm/km. 1.32 Tb/s, which comprised 5% of the overhead of the
Optical Transport Network (OTN) framing, 3% of the
TABLE I pilot and training symbols, and 24% of the Forward Error
FLEXI GRID NETWORK SIMULATION PARAMETERS Correction (FEC) OH. In the C-band, 128 sub-carriers are
Parameters Values PM-32-QAM used to create 32 super-channels, each with a 1 Tbps data
Bit rate 250 Gbps
Baud rate 33 G-baud
rate. Figure 7 displays the PM-32-QAM constellation
Fiber attenuation coefficient 0.2 dB/km points (X and Y polarization) after a 750 km transmission
Fibre dispersion coefficient 17 ps/nm/km by using a 193.49 THz carrier frequency.
Fiber differential group delay 0.2 ps/km After each transmission, the ideal transmission power
Laser power 14 dBm
Laser central wavelength 1550 nm
and the test subcarrier's BER performance have been
Laser linewidth 25 kHz calculated. For each transmission, the BER and the
Laser initial phase 0° received OSNR about launching power per channel are
Fiber launch power 0 dBm observed. The BER performance of PM-32 QAM's 128
EDFA gain 8 dBm
EDFA noise BW 4 THz
channels has been found to be below the FEC threshold,
EDFA noise figure 6 dB which is 3.8×10-2. Over the C-band, the PM-32QAM
Photodetector responsivity 1 A/W modulated subcarriers had BERs that ranged from 1.4×10-
2
Photodetector dark current 10 nA to 2.5×10-2.

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BER VS Frequency
Spectral Efficiency in 1
6,67
bit/s/Hz

BER
Superchannel datarate 0,1
1
in Tb/s

0 2 4 6 8 0,01
190,5 192,5 194,5 196,5
PM-32-QAM Baud rate and Spectral
Frequency in (THz)
Efficiency

Fig. 6. Spectral efficiency achieved by 32-QAM

Fig. 8. BER performance of PM-32QAM

TABLE II
A C OMPARISON OF THE PROPOSED WORK WITH EXISTING
LITERATURE BASED O N THE FLEXI GRID NETWORK
Modulation Optical C-band
Reference
reach (km) capacity (Tb/s)
PM-32QAM 350 24 [15]
PM-16QAM 900 28.8 [21]
PM-32QAM 750 32 Proposed work

PM-32QAM
C-band capacity in Tbps/OSNR

35 32
Fig. 7. PM-32-QAM Constellation points
30
Each super-channel has been tested separately, and its 25
BER has been plotted for various frequency ranges in the
in dB

20
C-band, which is shown in Fig. 8. It is observed that the
received OSNR increases linearly in the noise-limiting 15
region with launch power values between -8 and -3 dBm. 10
5,4
The best transmission power has been chosen, resulting 5
in the lowest BER for a channel at 193.4 THz. For each
transmission configuration, it has been found out that the 0
ideal launch power has been -3 dBm / -1 dBm. For each C- band capacity OSNR Margin in
transmission modulation at this power, the received in Tbps dB
OSNR value has been 24.5 dB. After a 750-km link
transmission, the received OSNR fluctuation over C-band Fig. 9. Capacity of C-Band using PM-32-QAM
has ranged from 24.4 dB to 26.6 dB. In the high-frequency
portion of the C-band, a lower OSNR has been discovered However, the focus of this study is on determining PM-
due to the amplified spontaneous emission noise of 32-QAM's maximum range and spectral efficiency. As
EDFAs. observed in Table II, the first PM-32-QAM has achieved
The datacom and telecom industries are currently 24 Tbps of C-band capacity with a 350 km reach.
considering a standard transmission data rate of more than Mainly, it uses SC-SMF and every 40 km, EDFA is
100 Gbps, and 400 Gbps has gained a lot of attention. used to reach such a distance. Similarly, PM-16-QAM
However, in the proposed work, the focus has been on uses a dual-carrier, and it operates at 32 GBaud/400 Gbps.
transmission of 1 Tbps. Table II is used to compare the A ring network with 18 nodes is used to evaluate PM-16-
proposed research with previously published works that QAM modulation, where each link comprises 100 km of
use the Flexi grid network. Similar methods of the super- SC and SMF. Every 100 km of EDFA is used to strengthen
channel are compared to make an effective comparison. the optical signal. With this setup, it has reached 900 km
Higher modulation techniques provide the most and has achieved a C-band capacity of 28.8 Tbps. The
efficient use of resources and spectrum. It should be proposed work, PM-32-QAM, uses four subcarriers, and
noticed that the optical reach diminishes as the order of the each subcarrier uses a symbol rate of 33 GBaud. Each
modulation technique increases. It is concluded that any subcarrier's bandwidth has been limited to 37.5 GHz by
modulation technique is not appropriate for all-optical considering RO, NF, and all OH into account. When
reach. The spectral efficiency for each modulation method subcarrier spacing is taken into account, one super-
varies according to the associated optical reach. channel with four sub-carriers uses a total bandwidth of

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 M. Adarsha et al.

150 GHz. On the receiver end, it uses advanced DSP to for better programmability, agility, and automation.
overcome channel impairments. Therefore, strictly Operators may efficiently manage and optimize
speaking, it has achieved a SE of 6.67 b/s/Hz. 32 super- network resources, quickly offer services, and adjust to
channels with a 1 Tbps data rate were created in the C- shifting traffic demands with the help of SDN integration.
band using 128 sub-carriers.
This indicates that system capacity is reached at 32
Tbps by using higher order QAM (PM-32-QAM) with N- References
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the wavelength domain is the major emphasis of Fl-ONs. Commun. Surv. Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1776–1800, 2015.
Future work will instead focus on adding multi- doi: 10.1109/COMST.2015.2431731
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[16] O. Gerstel, M. Jinno, A. Lord, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Elastic optical
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[17] M. Adarsha and S. Malathi, “Effective utilization of channel [33] Aguirre, D., Velandia, J., Parra, O., Routing in Elastic Optical
spacing in Elastic Optical Network for 400 Gb/s transmissions,” in Networks Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning, (2022)
Futuristic Communication and Network Technologies. VICFCNT International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), 15
2020. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 792., Springer (1), pp. 47-52.
Singapore, 2022, pp. 619–626. doi:https://doi.org/10.15866/iremos.v15i1.21569
doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-4625-6
[18] M. Imran, P. M. Anandarajah, A. Kaszubowska-Anandarajah, N.
Sambo, and L. Poti, “A Survey of Optical Carrier Generation Authors’ information
Techniques for Terabit Capacity Elastic Optical Networks,” IEEE
Commun. Surv. Tutorials, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 211–263, 2018. 1Electronics and Communication Engineering, M. S. Ramaiah University
doi: 10.1109/COMST.2017.2775039 of Applied Sciences, Bangalore - 560054, Karnataka, India.
[19] Rongqing Hui, Introduction to Fiber-Optic Communications.
Katey Birtcher, 2020. 2School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-805345-4.00010-X University, Shandong - 252000, China.
[20] R. A. Pagare, A. Mishra, and S. Kumar, “Impairment strained
analytical modeling evaluation and cross-talk analysis of 3School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology,
symmetric and coexistent channels for extended class-1 NG-PON2 Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
access network,” Opt. Quantum Electron., vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 0–
21, 2022. Mr. M. Adarsha obtained his diploma in
doi: 10.1007/s11082-022-04128-2 Electronics and Communication (2009) from
[21] R. Shiraki, Y. Mori, H. Hasegawa, and K. Sato, “Design and N.R.A.M. Aided Polytechnic Nitte. He graduated
evaluation of quasi-Nyquist WDM networks utilizing widely in 2012 with a B.E. in Electronics and
deployed wavelength-selective switches,” Opt. Express, vol. 27, Communication Engineering and in 2014 with an
no. 13, p. 18549, 2019. M.Tech. in Digital Electronics. He is currently
doi: 10.1364/oe.27.018549 pursuing his Ph.D. in Optical Communication in
[22] R. A. Pagare, S. Kumar, and A. Mishra, “Design and analysis of the Department of Electronics and
hybrid optical distribution network for worst-case scenario of E2- Communication Engineering, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied
class symmetric coexistence 80 Gbps TWDM NG-PON2 Sciences (MSRUAS), Bangalore, India. He worked as a temporary
architecture for FTTX access networks,” Optik (Stuttg)., vol. 228, assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication
p. 166168, 2021. at the National Institute of Technology, Karnataka. He completed several
doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.166168 online courses related to optical networks, namely An Introduction to
[23] M. S. Moreolo, J. M. Fabrega, L. Nadal, F. J. Vilchez, and G. Optical Networks and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Junyent, “Bandwidth variable transponders based on OFDM (DWDM) Networks. He also earned a diploma in fibre optic
technology for elastic optical networks,” Int. Conf. Transparent communication technology. He got the best paper award at the
Opt. Networks, pp. 4–7, 2013. International Conference on Futuristic Communication and Network
doi: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602972 Technologies (2020). He has participated in the Design Competition on
[24] K. Nagashima et al., “Transmitter-receiver optical sub assembly "Optical Communication & Photonic Design" using Optiwave Photonic
using ultra-compact tunable DBR/ring laser,” in Optical Fiber Design & Simulation Tools, organised by the IEEE Photonics Students
Communication Conference (OFC) 2021, OSA, 2021, pp. 2021– Chapter, and secured the First Prize (2021).
2023. E-mail: [email protected]
doi: 10.1364/ofc.2021.f2a.2
[25] D. Kakati and S. C. Arya, “A full-duplex optical fiber/wireless Dr. S. Malathi is a Professor and Head of the
coherent communication system with digital signal processing at Department of Electronics and Communication
the receiver,” Optik (Stuttg)., vol. 171, no. May, pp. 190–199, 2018. Engineering, M. S. Ramaiah University of
doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.05.140 Applied Sciences (MSRUAS), Bangalore, India.
[26] M. S. Faruk and S. J. Savory, “Digital Signal Processing for She obtained her B.E. in Electronics and
Coherent Transceivers Employing Multilevel Formats,” J. Light. Communication Engineering (1996), M.E. in
Technol., vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1125–1141, 2017. Microwave and Optical Engineering (1999), and
doi: 10.1109/JLT.2017.2662319 Ph.D. (2012) from the Indian Institute of Science
[27] M. Xiang, S. Fu, M. Tang, H. Tang, P. Shum, and D. Liu, “Nyquist (IISc) in Bangalore. She is a thesis advisor for undergraduate,
WDM superchannel using offset-16QAM and receiver-side digital postgraduate (MS), and Ph.D. students. She was the Chairperson of the
spectral shaping,” Opt. Express, vol. 22, no. 14, p. 17448, 2014. IISc — IEEE student branch in 2008, an Executive Committee member,
doi: 10.1364/oe.22.017448 of the IEEE Photonics Society (2013–2018), and its Chair-Elect (2020)
[28] J. A. Bebawi, I. Kandas, M. A. El-Osairy, and M. H. Aly, “A for the Bangalore section. Awarded a student scholarship by SPIE, the
comprehensive study on EDFA characteristics: Temperature International Society for Optics and Photonics, US (2008), she also
impact,” Appl. Sci., vol. 8, no. 9, 2018. received the Professor Selvarajan grant for international travel from the
doi: 10.3390/app8091640 Indian Institute of Science in the same year. She has published and co-
[29] S. Tsukamoto and K. Katoh, “Coherent Detection of Optical authored several papers in international journals as well as at conferences
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying Signals With Carrier Phase on subjects relating to optical networks and optic resonators for bio-
Estimation,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 12–21, 2006. sensing applications. Dr. Malathi is a member of SPIE, a senior member
[30] J. X. Cai et al., “Transmission of 96×100G pre-filtered PDM-RZ- of IEEE Photonics, and a life member of IETE.
QPSK channels with 300% spectral efficiency over 10,608km and E-mail: [email protected]
400% spectral efficiency over 4,368km,” in National Fiber Optic
Engineers Conference, IEEE, 2010. Dr. Santosh Kumar received a Ph.D. degree
doi: 10.1364/ofc.2010.pdpb10 from the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian
[31] J. Zhang, J. Yu, and H. C. Chien, “High Symbol Rate Signal School of Mines) in Dhanbad, India, in 2014. He
Generation and Detection with Linear and Nonlinear Signal is currently an associate professor at the School
Processing,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 408–415, 2018. of Physics, Science, and Information
doi: 10.1109/JLT.2018.2797097 Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng,
[32] Aguirre, D., Barón Velandia, J., Salcedo Parra, O., Routing in China. He has published more than 230 high-
Elastic Optical Networks Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning quality research articles in national and
for Multi-Agent Systems, (2022) International Review on international SCI journals and conferences. He has presented numerous
Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), 15 (5), pp. 332-339. articles at conferences held in China, India, Belgium, and the USA. He
doi:https://doi.org/10.15866/iremos.v15i5.22768 has recently published two scholarly books: 2D Materials for Surface

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 M. Adarsha et al.

Plasmon Resonance-Based Sensors (CRC Press, 2021) and Optical

Fibre-Based Plasmonic Biosensors: Trends, Techniques, and
Applications (CRC Press, 2022). He has also authored a textbook, Fibre
Optic Communication: Optical Waveguides, Devices, and Applications
(University Press, 2017). He has reviewed over 1300 SCI journals
published by IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, OPTICA, SPIE, Wiley, ACS, and
Nature up to this point. Dr. Kumar is a Fellow of SPIE and a Senior
Member of IEEE and OPTICA. He is an OPTICA traveling lecturer. He
has received the "2022 Best Performing Associate Editor" Award from
the IEEE Sensors Journal. He is also the chair of the Optica Optical
Biosensors Technical Group. He has given numerous invited speeches
and serves as the session chair for IEEE conferences. He has served as
an associate editor for IEEE Sensors Journal, IEEE Access, IEEE
Transactions on Nanobioscience, Frontiers of Physics, and Biomedical
Optics Express.
E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. R. G. Sangeetha is a professor at the School

of Electronics Engineering (SENSE) at the
Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamil
Nadu, India. She obtained her B.E. in Electronics
and Communication Engineering (1999),
M.Tech. in Computer and Communication
(2005), and Ph.D. (2012) from the Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT) Delhi. She received several
honours, including the Best Young Researcher (Female) of the Year
2017 Award from the South Indian Association of Scientists,
Developers, and Faculties (ASDF Award, SIAA 2017) and an invention
award from Intellectual Ventures, Bangalore, India, in 2012 for the
design of a Reverse Data Vortex Optical Interconnection switch. For the
student branch of the IEEE Photonics Society in 2021, she was awarded
a start-up grant of USD 2500. Since January 2020, she has been the editor
of the IEEE MAS LINK Newsletter. Since August 2021, she has been
the Chief Editor of the IEEE Prakash Bharati Newsletter. For "A method
and assembly for bidirectional data flow through an optical vortex
network," she was awarded US Patent 9031407B2.
E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2023 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved Int. Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 13, N. 2

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