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    Enzymes

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    Christian Lerrick
    This document discusses catalysts and enzymes. It explains that enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts and are involved in all metabolic reactions. It describes how enzymes catalyze reactions and how their activity is affected by temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentrations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Enzymes

    Uploaded by

    Christian Lerrick
    3 views12 pages
    This document discusses catalysts and enzymes. It explains that enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts and are involved in all metabolic reactions. It describes how enzymes catalyze reactions and how their activity is affected by temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentrations.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document discusses catalysts and enzymes. It explains that enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts and are involved in all metabolic reactions. It describes how enzymes catalyze reactions and how their activity is affected by temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentrations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views12 pages

    Enzymes

    Uploaded by

    Christian Lerrick
    This document discusses catalysts and enzymes. It explains that enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts and are involved in all metabolic reactions. It describes how enzymes catalyze reactions and how their activity is affected by temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentrations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    What is a catalyst?

    What are enzymes and why are they important?


    How do enzymes catalyse reactions?
    What are the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity?
    What is a catalyst?
    A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction
    and is not changed by the reaction.
    Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts and are
    involved in all metabolic reactions.
    Enzymes-Biological Catalysts
    Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts. They are made in all living
    cells.
    It speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy required for
    the reaction to start.
    Enzyme-catalysed reactions can be classified into:

    (a) Reactions that synthesise substances (anabolic reactions)


    Example – glucose ----------> glycogen

    (b) Reactions that break down substances (catabolic reactions)


    Examples-
    Enzymes Classification
    Type of hydrolase Examples

    1. Carbohydrases • Salivary amylase – digest starch


    -digest carbohydrates • Maltase – digest maltose into (glucose and
    glucose)
    • Sucrase – disgest sucrose into (glucose and
    fructose)
    • Lactase – disgest lactose into (glucose and
    galactose)

    2. Proteases • Pepsin (stomach) --------- amino acids


    -digest proteins • Trypsin (small intestine) ------ amino acids

    3. Lipases • Lipase (small intestine) -----fatty acids ang glycerol


    -digest fats/lipids
    Characteristics of Enzymes
    1. Highly efficient – can be reused again and again/small amount
    needed
    2. Highly specific- each enzyme interacts with only one particular type
    of substrate to form unique enzyme-substrate complex. The
    specificity of each enzyme is due to its active site
    3. The “lock and key” hypothesis postulates that the active site on an
    enzyme molecule behaves like a “lock”, into which the substrate
    molecule or “key” fits exactly.
    4. A newer model, called the “induced fit” model, has been derived
    from the “lock and key” hypothesis. This model undergoes minute
    adjustments in its shape to fit more tightly around substrate molecule.
    5. Enzyme-catalysed reactions are temperature-sensitive.
    • Optimum temperature –enzyme is most active
    • Most human enzymes perform best at temperatures between 370 C
    and 400C
    • Enzymes are denatured if the temperature exceeds the optimum
    temperature.
    6. Enzymes are also affected by changes in pH.
    • Enzymes have optimum pH at which they work best.
    • The optimum pH is not the same for each enzyme. (Enzymes in
    stomach function best in acidic solutions, enzymes in the intestines
    require slightly alkaline conditions.
    7. Enzymatic reactions are affected by substrate and enzyme
    concentrations.
    • As the substrate concentration increases, so does the rate of reaction.
    • Increasing the enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate.
    8. Temperature, pH, and enzyme and
    substrate concentrations become limiting
    factors when they are above or below the
    optimum.

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