SWARNANDHRA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING

RESTful API Design with Node js, Express, and

MongoDB
 WEE DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE REMAR
K NO KS
NO.
1 Exercise1:Course Overview
Exercise2:Setting Up the Development
Environment
Exercise3:RESTful API Concepts and
Principles
2 Exercise4:Express App Boilerplate
Exercise5:Integrate Error Handling
Exercise6: Diving into Validations
3 Exercise7:Consume and Test with Postman
Exercise8:CRUD Operation to Create API
4 Exercise9:Creating the Post Model
Exercise10:Store Post and Multer
Exercise11:Addind Post Index and Show Routes
5 Exercise12:Update Post Route
Exercise13:Delete Post Route
Exercise14:JWT and User Model
6 Exercise15:Passport for Authentication
Exercise16:Login Endpoint
Exercise17:Signup Endpoint
7 Exercise18:Authenticate Routes
Exercise19:Following Feature Considerations
Exercise20:User Schema Tweaks
8 Exercise21:Follow Endpoint
Exercise22:Fix Posts Index Route
Exercise23:Consume and Test New Features
9 Exercise24:Add Posts Pagination
Exercise25:Integrate Rate Limiting
Exercise26:Discover Caching and Redis
10 Exercise27:How to Cache Queries?
Exercise28:Serve Valid Data
Exercise29:Explore the Cloud Provider
11 Exercise30:Explore the Database Provider
Exercise31:Prduction Tweaks to Codebase
Exercise32:Final Testing of Public API
12 Exercise33:Wrap-Up
INDEX

RESTful API Design with Node, Express, and MongoDB

WEEK 1
Exercise 1: Course Overview
Exercise 2: Setting up the Development Environment
Exercise 3: RESTful API Concepts and Principles

Exercise 1:
The Course Overview

Prerequisites:
Basic Knowledge of Java script & Node.js
Knowledge of Express & Mongo is not required.
Goals:
Build robust RESTful APIs with Node, Express, and MongoDB
Develop authentication with JWT (JSON Web Token)
Design middleware in Express
Learn advanced features such as caching queries
Deploy your APIs to the cloud

Exercise 2:
Prerequisites for Setting up the development:
Browser (Chrome)
Code Editor (Visual Studio Code)
Node and NPM

MongoDB Community Server

MongoDB Compass
Postman

Exercise -3:
API:
Application Programming Interface (API)
Makes it possible for two pieces of software to communicate
Abstracts the implementation of one piece of software to the other.

API’s on the Web (Web Services):

The old way (without an API)

The new way (with an API)

HTTP methods and URL’s

GET - Get resource (example.com/blog/ or example.com/blog/1)
POST - Create resource (example.com/blog/)
PUT/PATCH - Update resource (example.com/blog/1)
DELETE - Delete resource(example.com/blog)

HTTP Status codes:

1** - Information responses
2** - Successful responses
3**- Redirection messages
4** - Client error responses
5**- Server error responses

Famous Examples:
200 Success
404 Not found
400- Bad request
401 – Unauthorized
500 Internal server error

How does Tech Stack Fit?

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

WEEK 2
Exercise 4: Express App Boilerplate
Exercise 5: Integrate Error Handling
Exercise 6: Diving into Validations

Exercise 4
Code-package.jsm

Package process:
Go to workspace in visual studio
Go to terminal and click npminit we get “package name” and “versions”and “description”and “license”
Go to terminal and click npm install—save express cors body parser

Now click npm install—save dev nodemo it helps to set the path

Now create a folder with index.js and create file controller

1.create another file postjs

Exercise 5: Integrate Error Handling

Integrating error handling into your code is a crucial aspect of writing robust and reliable software.
Error handling helps yourapplication gracefully handle unexpected situations and provide meaningful
feedback to users or log information for debugging purposes. Here are some general steps and concepts
for integrating error handling into your code.
Identify Potential Errors: Start by identifying potential sources of errors in your code.
These can include user input, file operations, network requests, and more.
Understanding where errors can occur is the first step in handling them effectively.

In this shows the errors in the program after we should rectify the error

Testing Error Paths: Don't forget to thoroughly test your error-handling code. Create test cases that
simulate various error scenarios to ensure your code responds correctly.
Exercise 6: Diving into Validations
Diving into validations is an important aspect of programming, especially when working with user
input or data from external sources. Validations help ensure that the data your program receives is
accurate, consistent, andsecure. Here's a comprehensive guide on how to approach validations in
your code:

Ensure that required fields are not empty. Check for null values or empty strings and prompt the
user to provide the necessary information.
Ensure that the data matches the expected data type. For example, if you expect an integer, check
that the input isindeed an integer. Most programming languages provide built-in functions or
methods for type validation.

your data relies on relationships between different entities (e.g., foreign keys in a database), ensure
that these relationships are maintained and that the referenced data exists

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

WEEK 3
Exercise 7: Consume and test with postman
Exercise 8: CRUD Operations to Create API

Exercise 7
Code- postColler.js

Postman process:
Go to your workspace in Postman.
Click on the + symbol to open a new tab.
Enter the API Endpoint where it says, “Enter request URL” and select the method (action type
GET, POST, etc.) for that request as shown below.
Click on the Send button

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

WEEK 4
Exercise 9: Creating the Post Model
Exercise 10: Store Post and Multer
Exercise 11: Adding Post Index and Show Routes

Exercise 9: Creating the Post Model

Creating a post model typically involves defining the structure and attributes of a post, which could be
used in various applications such as social media platforms, blogs, forums, or content management
systems.
Code:

Define the Post Attributes: Determine what information each post should contain. Common attributes
include:
Title: The title or headline of the post.
Content/Body: The main text or content of the post.
Author: The user or entity who created the post.
Timestamp: Date and time when the post was created.
Tags or Categories: Keywords or labels associated with the post for categorization and searching.
Likes/Reactions: The number of likes, reactions, or upvotes the post has received.
Comments: A list of comments or replies associated with the post.
Attachments: Any media files (images, videos, documents) attached to the post
Create a Database Schema: If you're building an application that uses a database, create a schema to
represent the post model. This involves defining tables and fields in the database that correspond to the
post attributes.

Validation Rules: Specify any validation rules for the post attributes. For example, you might require a
title for every post or restrict the length of the content.
Associations: If your application allows users to have profiles or authors to have multiple posts,
establish associations. For instance, a User model can be associated with multiple Post models through
a foreign key.
This code creates a basic representation of a post model in Django. You would typically integrate this
with a Django web application by creating views, templates, and URLs to handle creating, reading,
updating, and deleting posts. Additionally, you should run Django migrations to create database tables
based on your models.

Exercise 10: Store Post and Multer

It seems like you want to store and post files using the multer middleware in a Node.js application.
multer is a popular middleware for handling file uploads in Express.js, a web application framework for
Node.js. Top of Form

Create Your Express Application:

Create an app.js file and set up your Express application:
Create an Uploads Folder:
Create a directory called uploads in your project directory. This is where uploaded files will be stored
Test File Upload:
Use a tool like curl or create an HTML form to test file uploads. Here's an example HTML form:
Create an HTML file and open it in your browser to test the file upload functionality.
With these steps, you've set up a basic Node.js application that uses the multer middleware to handle
file uploads. Files uploaded via the form will be stored in the uploads directory, and you can customize
the handling of uploaded files as needed for your application.

Exercise 11: Adding Post Index and Show Routes

Certainly! In addition to creating routes for posting data and displaying a list of posts, you can add
routes for viewing individual posts (show) and listing all posts (index) in your Node.js application
using Express.js. Here's how to add these routes:

Modify Your Express Application (app.js):

Add routes for the post index and show pages, as well as some additional code for rendering views:

Update the HTML Form (public/form.html):

Modify form in your HTML to include links for viewing individual post

Run Your Updated Application:

Start your Node.js application as before:
Now, when you visit the /posts route, you'll see a list of all posts, and each post link will lead to the
individual post's show page.
With these modifications, your Node.js application now has post index and show routes, allowing you
to view both a list of all posts and individual posts by clicking on the links. Individual posts are
displayed based on their index in the posts array. In a real application, you would use a database to
store and retrieve posts by their unique IDs.

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

Week 5 :
Exercise 12: Update Post Route
Exercise 13: Delete Post Route
Exercise 14: JWT and User Model EXERCISE 12: Update Post Route

In general, updating a post route involves making changes to the code that handles HTTP POST
requests for updating
existing data in your application. Here's a high-level overview of what you might need to do:
Now we open the postman and create a file
Shown in below

Now send the file

 LocatethespecificrouteinyourcodethathandlesPOSTrequests for
updating posts. This route should
typicallyincludeaURLendpointandahandlerfunction.

if necessary, update the URL endpoint and HTTP method

if you're using a REST API. Make sure that the route definition matches the changes you made in the
handler function.
Implement error handling to deal with cases where the update operation fails. This might include
database errors, validation errors, or other issues.
Exercise 13: Delete Post Route
Locate or define the specific route in your code that will handle the DELETE requests for deleting
posts. This route should include a URL endpoint and a handler function.

Inside the handler function, you'll need to implement the logic for deleting the post. This
typically involves:

Identifying the post to be deleted, often based on an identifier (e.g., post ID).
Checking if the post exists and is accessible to the user.
Deleting the post from your database or storage system.

Implement error handling to manage cases where the deletion operation fails. This might include
database errors,
authentication errors, or cases where the post does not exist
After successfully deleting the post, return an appropriate response to the client. This response should
indicate the
success of the operation (e.g., a success status code like 204 No Content) and optionally include any
relevant data or messages..

Ensure that the route definition matches the changes youmadeinthehandlerfunc

EXERCISE 14: JWT and User Model
JWT is a compact, self-contained way to represent information between two parties securely as a JSON
object. It is commonly used for authentication and authorization in web applications. JWTs consist of
three parts: a header, a payload, and a signature

Contains metadata about the token, such as the type of token and the signing algorithm.
Open chrome and search localhost:8000/uploads to upload the file
Contains claims, which are statements about an entity (typically, the user) and additional data. Common
claims include user ID, username, roles, and expiration time.

Ensures the integrity of the token. It is generated using a secret key, and it helps verify that the sender
of the JWT is who it says it is and that the message wasn't changed along the way. After a user logs in,
a JWT is generated and sent back to the client.
The client includes this token in subsequent requests to prove their identity.
The payload of a JWT can contain user roles or permissions, allowing you to determine what actions a
user is allowed to perform.

JWTs allow you to create stateless authentication, as the token itself contains all the information needed
to validate a user. The user model is at the core of your application's authentication
and authorization system. When a user registers or logs in, their information is stored in the user model.
When a user makes a
request to access a protected resource, the application checks
the user's identity and permissions using the user model's data. Open termninal and install npm

It's important to implement security best practices when

working with JWTs and user models to protect against common security threats like token expiration,
token revocation, and secure password storage.
Additionally, consider using
established libraries or frameworks that provide authentication and authorization functionality to
simplify implementation and improve security.

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

WEEK-6
PASSPORT FOR AUTHENTICATION
Passport is a popular authentication middleware used in web applications, particularly those built
using Node.js, to handle user authentication. It simplifies the process of authenticating users by
providing a set of strategies and a middleware framework for common authentication methods.
Passport is widely used because it's flexible, lightweight, and allows developers to choose
authentication strategies that suit their application's needs.
Specify the purpose of authentication:
e.g., employment verification, visa application, etc.
valid passport for your review and authentication:
The details of passport are as follows:
Passport Number: [Your Passport Number]
Date of Issue: [Date of Issue]
Date of Expiry: [Date of Expiry]
Issuing Authority: [Issuing Authority]
Nationality: [Your Nationality]

Here's a breakdown of how Passport works for authentication:

Installation: To get started with Passport, you typically install it as a Node.js package using npm
or yarn:

CODE: npm install passport

Authentication Strategies: Passport uses the concept of "strategies" to handle different
authentication methods. A strategy is a module that knows how to verify user credentials and
authenticate them. Passport supports various strategies, including:
Local Strategy: Authenticates users with a username and password stored in your application's
database.
OAuth Strategies: Authenticate users using OAuth providers like Google, Facebook, or GitHub.
JWT (JSON Web Tokens) Strategy: Authenticate users based on a token provided in the request.
You can choose the strategy that best fits your application's requirements.
Configuration: After installing Passport, you configure it in your application. You set up Passport
with your chosen authentication strategy or multiple strategies if needed.
Middleware: Passport is middleware that you integrate into your application's request handling
process. It sits between incoming HTTP requests and your route handlers. Passport works by
adding methods and properties to the request object, allowing you to handle authentication within
your route handlers.
Authentication Flow: The authentication flow typically involves the following steps:
a. A user attempts to access a protected resource (e.g., logging in or accessing a restricted page).
b. Passport's middleware is called, and it checks if the user is authenticated.
c. If the user is not authenticated, Passport redirects them to the appropriate authentication route
or displays a login form.
d. Once the user submits their credentials (e.g., username and password), Passport's strategy is
invoked to validate and authenticate the user.
e. If the credentials are valid, Passport serializes the user's data into a session and adds it to the
request object.
f. Subsequent requests from the authenticated user contain the session data, and Passport
deserializes it, making it available in your route handlers.
Customization: Passport is highly customizable. You can define custom logic for how users are
authenticated, handle user sessions, and control the behavior of each strategy. This flexibility
allows you to tailor authentication to your application's specific needs.
Error Handling: Passport handles errors gracefully. It provides mechanisms for handling
authentication failures, such as displaying error messages to users or redirecting them to
appropriate pages.
Logging Out: Passport also supports logging out users and terminating their sessions.
Overall, Passport simplifies the process of adding authentication to your Node.js application by
providing a well-structured and customizable framework. It abstracts many of the complexities
involved in authentication, making it easier to secure your application's routes and protect user
data. However, it's essential to understand the specific strategy you're using and configure it
correctly to ensure the security of your authentication process.
Passport authentication code varies depending on the specific authentication strategy you want to
implement. Below, I'll provide a basic example of setting up Passport with a local strategy for
username and password authentication in a Node.js application. This example assumes you have
already set up a Node.js project with Express.js for web application development.
1.Install Required Packages:
First, make sure you have the necessary packages installed:
CODE: npm install express express-session passport passport-local
2.Set Up Express and Passport:
Create a file (e.g., ‘app.js’) and set up your Express application along with Passport:

CODE:JAVASCRIPT
const express = require('express');
const session = require('express-session');
const passport = require('passport');
constLocalStrategy = require('passport-local').Strategy;
const app = express();
// Configure Express sessions
app.use(session({
secret: 'your-secret-key',
resave: false,
saveUninitialized: false,
}));
// Initialize Passport
app.use(passport.initialize());
app.use(passport.session());
// Mock user database (replace with your database integration)
const users = [
{ id: 1, username: 'user', password: 'password' },
];
// Passport local strategy configuration
passport.use(new LocalStrategy(
(username, password, done) => {
const user = users.find(u =>u.username === username);
if (!user) {
return done(null, false, { message: 'Incorrect username.' });
}
if (user.password !== password) {
return done(null, false, { message: 'Incorrect password.' });
}
return done(null, user);
}
));
// Serialize and deserialize user
passport.serializeUser((user, done) => {
done(null, user.id);
});
passport.deserializeUser((id, done) => {
const user = users.find(u => u.id === id);
done(null, user);
});
// Your routes and application logic go here
app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server is running on port 3000');
});
3.Create Routes for Authentication:
Define routes for login, logout, and protected resources in your application. Passport will handle
the authentication process for the login route using the configured LocalStrategy.

CODE:JAVASCRIPT
// Example login route
app.post('/login',
passport.authenticate('local', {
successRedirect: '/dashboard',
failureRedirect: '/login',
failureFlash: true,
})
);
// Example logout route
app.get('/logout', (req, res) => {
req.logout();
res.redirect('/');
});
// Example protected route
app.get('/dashboard', isAuthenticated, (req, res) => {
res.send('Welcome to your dashboard, ' + req.user.username);
});
// Middleware to check if a user is authenticated
function isAuthenticated(req, res, next) {
if (req.isAuthenticated()) {
return next(); }
res.redirect('/login');}
4.HTML Templates:
Create HTML templates for your login page (login.ejs) and other relevant pages.
5.Start the Server:
Run your Node.js application:
CODE: node app.js
This code sets up a basic Express.js application with Passport using a local strategy for
authentication. You will need to replace the mock user database (‘users’) with your actual user
database and adapt the code to your application's requirements. Additionally, you should use
secure practices such as password hashing and validation for a production application.
LOGIN ENDPOINT
Creating a login endpoint for authentication in a Node.js application typically involves setting up
a route that handles user login requests, validates user credentials, and establishes user sessions.
Below is an example of how to create a basic login endpoint using Express.js and Passport.js with
a local authentication strategy:
1.Install Required Packages:
Before you start, make sure you have the necessary packages installed:
CODE: npm install express express-session passport passport-local
2.Set Up Your Express Application:
Create a file (e.g., app.js) and set up your Express application, including the necessary
middleware and Passport configuration:
CODE JAVASCRIPT:
const express = require('express');
const session = require('express-session');
const passport = require('passport');
constLocalStrategy = require('passport-local').Strategy;
const app = express();
// Configure Express sessions
app.use(session({
secret: 'your-secret-key',
resave: false,
saveUninitialized: false,
}));
// Initialize Passport
app.use(passport.initialize());
app.use(passport.session());

// Mock user database (replace with your database integration)

const users = [
{ id: 1, username: 'user', password: 'password' },
];
// Passport local strategy configuration
passport.use(new LocalStrategy(
(username, password, done) => {
const user = users.find(u =>u.username === username);
if (!user) {
return done(null, false, { message: 'Incorrect username.' });
}
if (user.password !== password) {
return done(null, false, { message: 'Incorrect password.' });
}
return done(null, user);
}
));
// Serialize and deserialize user (same as in the previous example)
// ...
// Your routes and application logic go here
app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server is running on port 3000');
});

3.Create the Login Route:

Define a route for handling login requests. When a user submits their credentials (username and
password), Passport's local strategy will attempt to authenticate them:

CODE JAVASCRIPT:
app.post('/login',
passport.authenticate('local', {
successRedirect: '/dashboard',
failureRedirect: '/login',
failureFlash: true, // Enable flash messages for authentication failures
})
);
4.Create the Login Form:
In your HTML templates, create a login form (e.g., ‘login.ejs’) where users can enter their
credentials:
CODE HTML:
<form action="/login" method="post">
<div>
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required>
</div>
<div>
<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" name="password" required>
</div>
<div>
<button type="submit">Log In</button>
</div></form>
5.Handle Authentication Failure:
When authentication fails, Passport will redirect users back to the login page (/login) with a flash
message. You can customize the error message based on your application's needs:

CODE JAVASCRIPT:
app.get('/login', (req, res) => {
consterrorMessage = req.flash('error')[0]; // Get the first flash message (if any)
res.render('login', { errorMessage });
});
6.Start the Server:
Run your Node.js application:
CODE: node app.js
Now, when users access the ‘/login’ route and submit their credentials, Passport will authenticate
them. If the authentication is successful, they will be redirected to the ‘/dashboard’ route (you
should create this route and define what it displays). If authentication fails, they will be redirected
back to the login page with an error message.
Please note that this is a basic example for demonstration purposes. In a production application,
you should use secure practices like password hashing, validate user input, and integrate with a
proper user database rather than a mock one.
SIGNUP ENDPOINT
Creating a signup endpoint in a Node.js application involves setting up a route that handles user
registration requests. Below is an example of how to create a basic signup endpoint using
Express.js. In this example, we'll handle user registration by storing user data in a mock database.
You can replace the mock database with your actual database integration.
1.Install Required Packages:
If you haven't already, install the necessary packages:
CODE: npm install express body-parser
2.Set Up Your Express Application:
Create a file (e.g., ‘app.js’) and set up your Express application, including the necessary
middleware:
CODE JAVASCRIPT:
const express = require('express');
constbodyParser = require('body-parser');
const app = express();
// Parse JSON and URL-encoded bodies

app.use(bodyParser.json());
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true }));
// Mock user database (replace with your database integration)
const users = [];
// Your routes and application logic go here
app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server is running on port 3000');
});

3.Create the Signup Route:

Define a route for handling user registration requests. In this example, we'll create a simple
HTML form for user registration:
 CODE JAVASCRIPT:
app.get('/signup', (req, res) => {

res.sendFile(__dirname + '/signup.html');
});
app.post('/signup', (req, res) => {
const{ username, password, email } = req.body;
// Validate input (e.g., check for required fields, validate email format)
// Mock database: Store user data
users.push({ username, password, email });
// Redirect to a success page or login page
res.redirect('/login');
});
4.Create the Signup Form (signup.html):
Create an HTML form for user registration. This form should include fields for the user's desired
username, password, and email address.
CODE:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Signup</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Signup</h1>
<form action="/signup" method="post">
<div>
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required>
</div>
<div>
<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" name="password" required>
</div>
<div>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>
</div>
<div>
<button type="submit">Sign Up</button>
</div>
</form></body></html>
5.Handling User Input Validation:
In a production application, you should include robust input validation and possibly password
hashing before storing user data in a database. You may also want to check if a username or email
address is already taken to prevent duplicates.
6.Start the Server:
Run your Node.js application:
CODE: node ap.js
Now, when users access the ‘/signup’ route and submit the registration form, their data
(username, password, email) is captured and stored in the ‘users’ array (or your actual database).
You can customize the registration process, input validation, and database integration as needed
for your application.

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

WEEK 7
Exercise 18 : Authenticate Routes
Exercise 19 : Following Feature Consideration
Exercise 20 : User Schema Tweaks Exercise 18:
To create a program that authenticates routes in a web application, you typically need a web
framework, a user authentication system, and middleware for route authentication. Below, I'll
provide a simple Python program using the Flask web framework to demonstrate route
authentication.

Next, you'll need to implement a user authentication

system.Thiscouldinvolveadatabasetostoreuserinformationandamet
hod for users to log in and obtain authentication tokens.For
simplicity, we'll use a basic username/password-
basedauthentication.
WesetupFlaskanddefine anin-memoryuserdatabase.
checksiftheprovidedusernameandpasswordmatchauser inthedatabase.
is_authenticated
Weuseadecoratortocreatea
middlewarefunction,authenticate_route.Thisfunctionchecksiftherequesten
Thereisa'login' routewhereuserscanentertheircredentials.
before_request
Thereisalsoa'protected' routethatisonlyaccessibletoauthenticatedusers.

You can run this program, and when you try to access
the'/protected'routewithoutbeingauthenticated,itwillredirectyou to the
'/login' route. After successful login, you canaccesstheprotectedroute.

Remember that this is a basic example. In a real-worldapplication, you should

use a more secure
authenticationmethod(e.g.,OAuth,JWT)andamorerobustuserdatabase(e.g., a
database like PostgreSQL or MongoDB) for bettersecurityandscalability.
Exercise 19 : Following Feature Consideration
When implementing route authentication in a web application, there are several important feature
considerations to ensure security, usability, and scalability. Here are some key features to
consider:

implement a user registration process to allow users to create accounts with unique usernames
and secure passwords.
Consider using email confirmation for added security.
Store user passwords securely by hashing and salting them. Never store plaintext passwords in
your database.
Exercise 20 : User
Implement userSchema Tweaks
sessions to keep users logged in betweenrequests. Consider
using
You can secure
add newand HTTP-only
fields to your usercookies
schema totocapture
storesessiontokens.
additional information about users. For
Allowuserstoresettheirpasswordsiftheyforgetthem.Thistypicallyinvolvessendin
example, you might add fields for a user's profile picture, phone number, or address.
garesetlinktotheiremailaddress.
if certain fields are no longer needed or relevant, you can remove them from the schema to
simplify it. This is often done to reduce clutter and improve performance.
you find that the data type of a field is not suitable for the information you want to store, you can
change it. For example, you might change a text field to an email field or a date field to a
datetime field.
To ensure data integrity, you can add validation rules to fields. For instance, you can enforce that
email addresses must be in a valid format or that passwords must meet certain complexity
requirements.
You can specify default values for fields. This is useful for fields that often have the same value
for most users, as it saves time during data entry.

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

WEEK 8
Follow endpoint :
In RESTful API design, the "Follow" endpoint isn't a standard or predefined concept. However,
you can create your own endpoint to implement a "Follow" feature, typically used in social
networking or
following content updates. Here's a simplified example of how you could design such an endpoint:
Resource URL: Decide on a URL structure for following a user or content. For example:
To follow a user: /users/{follower_id}/follow/{followed_id} To follow content:
/content/{content_id}/follow
HTTP Method: Use the HTTP POST method to create a new follow relationship.
Authentication: Ensure that the user making the request is authenticated and authorized to perform
the action.
Request Body: You can provide additional data in the request body if needed, like specifying the
type of content being followed.
Response: Return an appropriate HTTP status code (e.g., 201 Created) if the follow action is
successful. You can also return a JSON response confirming the follow action.
Error Handling: Handle cases where the user is already following the target or if there are other
errors gracefully, returning the appropriate status codes (e.g., 400 Bad Request or 404 Not Found).
Remember that RESTful APIs aim to be intuitive and stateless, using standard HTTP methods.
Your design should be consistent with the overall structure of your API and align with your
application's
requirements.
Certainly! Here's an example of how you could implement a "Follow" endpoint in a RESTful API
using Python and the Flask framework. This example assumes you want to implement user
following:
CODE:
from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
app = Flask( name )
# Sample data for users and their followers users = {
1: {"id": 1, "username": "user1", "followers": []},
2: {"id": 2, "username": "user2", "followers": []},
}

# Endpoint to follow a user

@app.route("/users/<int:follower_id>/follow/<int:followed_id>", methods=["POST"]) def
follow_user(follower_id, followed_id):
if follower_id not in users or followed_id not in users: return jsonify({"error": "User not found"}),
404

if followed_id in users[follower_id]["followers"]:
return jsonify({"message": "User is already following this user."}), 200
users[follower_id]["followers"].append(followed_id)
return jsonify({"message": "User is now following this user."}), 201

if name == " main ":

app.run(debug=True)
This code defines a simple Flask app with a "Follow" endpoint. When a POST request is made to
/users/{follower_id}/follow/{followed_id}, it checks if the users exist, and if the follower is not
already following the user, it updates the follower's followers list.
Fix posts index route in Restful API design
The index route typically retrieves a list of posts. Here's how you can design it:
Resource URL: Decide on a URL structure for the index route of posts. Conventionally, it can be
simply
/posts.

HTTP Method: Use the HTTP GET method to retrieve a list of posts. This aligns with the RESTful
convention for reading resources.
Authentication: Determine the authentication requirements for this route. You may allow public
access to view posts or require authentication, depending on your application's needs.
Pagination: Consider implementing pagination to limit the number of posts returned in a single
request. You can use query parameters like /posts?page=1&limit=10 to control the number of posts
per page.
Filtering and Sorting: Allow users to filter and sort posts if necessary. You can use query
parameters like
/posts?tag=technology&sort=date_desc to filter by tags and sort by date in descending order.
Response: Return an appropriate HTTP status code (e.g., 200 OK) along with a JSON response
containing the list of posts. Each post in the list should have a unique identifier and relevant
information.
Here's a Python Flask code snippet illustrating the implementation of the "Posts" index route:
Code:
from flask import Flask, jsonify, request
app = Flask( name )# Sample data for posts posts = [
{"id": 1, "title": "Post 1", "content": "Content 1"},
{"id": 2, "title": "Post 2", "content": "Content 2"}, # Add more posts here
# Endpoint for retrieving a list of posts @app.route("/posts", methods=["GET"]) def get_posts():
page = int(request.args.get("page", 1)) limit = int(request.args.get("limit", 10))
start_index = (page - 1) * limit end_index = start_index + limit
paginated_posts = posts[start_index:end_index]
return jsonify(paginated_posts)if name == " main ":
app.run(debug=True)
This code defines an index route for "Posts" that supports pagination with query parameters.
Adjust it according to your specific requirements and use a database to store and retrieve posts in a
production environment.
To consume and test new features
you'll typically follow these steps:Identify New Features: First, identify the new features or
endpoints you want to consume and test in your API. Ensure you have a clear understanding of the
API documentation or the specifications for these features.
Set Up Your Environment: Make sure you have the necessary environment and tools in place. This
includes having the API URL, any required authentication tokens or credentials, and a testing
environment (e.g., Postman, curl, or a programming language with HTTP libraries).
Testing Tools: Depending on your preference and requirements, you can use various tools to
consume and test APIs:
Postman: A popular GUI tool for testing APIs. It allows you to create and send requests easily,
inspect responses, and automate testing.
cURL: A command-line tool to send HTTP requests. Useful for quick testing and automation.
Programming Language Libraries: Use libraries like requests in Python, axios in JavaScript, or
equivalent libraries in other languages to make HTTP requests and handle responses
programmatically.
Test Scenarios: Define the test scenarios you want to cover. These may include:
Valid requests: Test with correct data and authentication.
Invalid requests: Test with missing or incorrect data to ensure proper error handling. Edge cases:
Test with extreme values or boundary conditions.
Performance and load testing: Assess how the API handles a high volume of requests.
Consume API Endpoints: Use the testing tools to send requests to the new API endpoints. Ensure
you provide valid input data and authentication credentials if required.
Inspect Responses: Carefully inspect the responses for correctness and completeness. Verify that
the API returns the expected data and status codes.
Error Handling: Test how the API handles errors. Verify that it provides informative error messages
and appropriate HTTP status codes.
Automation: Consider automating your tests, especially for regression testing. Tools like Postman
or test frameworks in your preferred programming language can help automate your test cases.
Documentation Review: Continuously refer to the API documentation or specifications to ensure
that you are using the endpoints correctly and testing all intended functionality.
Feedback and Reporting: If you encounter issues or have suggestions for improvement, report
them to the API development team. Clear and detailed bug reports can help in resolving issues
faster.
Security: Pay attention to security considerations, especially if you're testing features that involve
authentication, authorization, or sensitive data.
Scalability: If your API is expected to handle a large number of requests, perform load testing to
assess its scalability and performance.
Version Control: If the API undergoes changes or updates, ensure that you test against the correct
API version.
Documentation Updates: If you discover discrepancies or issues in the API documentation during
testing, inform the API maintainers so they can update it for clarity and accuracy.
Remember that thorough testing is essential to ensure that new features are reliable and meet the
specified requirements. It's also a good practice to automate as much of your testing as possible to
catch regressions quickly as the API evolves.

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

WEEK 9
Add Posts Pagination
Adding pagination to a RESTful API that uses MongoDB as its database involves several steps.
Here’s a high-level overview of the process:
Define Your API Endpoint: Decide which endpoint of your API will support pagination. Typically,this
is done for endpoints that return a list of resources, such as ‘/api/posts’.
Client-Side Parameters: Allow clients to specify pagination parameters in their requests. Common
parameters include ‘page’ (for the page number) and ‘limit’ (for the number of items per page).
Server-Side Implementation:
Parse the pagination parameters from the request, such as ‘page’ and
‘limit’ .
Calculate the ‘skip’ value as ‘(page – 1) * limit’. This will determine how many documents to skip in
the mongoDBquery .
Use the ‘limit’ and ‘skip’ values in your MongoDB query to fetch the appropriate subset of
documents.
Example in Node.js using Mongoose (a MongoDB library) :
javascript:
const page = parseInt(req.query.page) || 1; const limit = parseInt(req.query.limit) || 10; const skip =
(page - 1) * limit;
const posts = await Post.find()
.skip(skip)
.limit(limit);

Return Paginated Results: Return the paginated results to the client along with metadata like the total
number of items and the current page.
Example response:
json
{
"data": [ /* array of paginated items */ ], "page": page,
"limit": limit, "totalItems": totalItems
}
Error Handling: Handle cases where the client provides invalid or out-of-range pagination parameters.
Testing: Thoroughly test your pagination functionality to ensure it works as expected.
By implementing these steps,you can add pagination support to your RESTful API using MongoDB
as the database backend. Clients can request different pages of results, and your API will return the
appropriate subset of data from the MongoDB collection.

const express = require('express');

constMongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient; const app = express();

app.get('/api/posts', async (req, res) => { const page = parseInt(req.query.page) || 1; const limit =
parseInt(req.query.limit) || 10; const skip = (page - 1) * limit;

try {
const client = await MongoClient.connect('mongodb://localhost:27017'); constdb = client.db('your-
database-name');
const collection = db.collection('your-collection-name');

const posts = await collection

.find()
.skip(skip)
.limit(limit)
.toArray()

res.json(posts);
client.close();
} catch (error) { console.error(error);
res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' });
}
});
app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server is running on port 3000');
});
In this example, the ‘/api/posts’ endpoint accepts ‘page’ and ‘limit’ query parameters to control
pagination. It calculates the ‘skip’ value based on the current page and the number of items per page,
and then uses it in the MongoDB query to retrieve the appropriate page of results .

Remember to replace ‘ your-database-name’ and ‘your-collection-name’ with your actual MongoDB

database and collection names.
This is a basic implementation . Depending on your specific requirements and the framework you’re
using, you may need to add error handling, validation, and other features.

Integrate Rate Limiting

Rate limiting is an important security measure to prevent abuse of your RESTful API. You can
implement rate limiting in your API to restrict the number of requests a client can make within a
certain time frame. Here’s how you can integrate rate limiting into your API:
Choose a Rate Limiting Strategy:
Decide on the rate limit,which is the maximum number of requests allowed per minute or per hour for
each client.

Determine how you want to track requests and reset limits (e.g., using an in- memory store or a
database).
Middleware: Implement rate limiting as middleware that runs before your API route handlers .

Track Client Requests:

Maintain a record of each client’s requests along with timestamps.
Check if a client has exceeded their allowed rate limit within the specified time frame .
Response Handling :
If a client exceeds the rate limit , return an appropriate error response (e.g, HTTP 429 Too Many
Requests).
Here’s a simplified Node.js example using Express to demonstrate rate limiting :

const express = require('express');

constrateLimit = require('express-rate-limit'); const app = express();
// Create a rate limiter middleware const limiter = rateLimit({ windowMs: 60 * 1000, // 1 minute
max: 100, // Max 100 requests per minute per client message: 'Too many requests. Please try again
later.',
});
// Apply the rate limiter to your API endpoint
app.use('/api/posts', limiter);
// Your API route app.get('/api/posts', (req, res) => {
// Your MongoDB query and response handling code here
});

app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server is running on port 3000');
});

In this example, the ‘express-rate-limit’ middleware is used to implement rate limiting for the
‘/api/posts’ endpoint. It allows up to 100 requests per minute per client and responds with a "Too
Many Requests" message when the limit is exceeded.
You can customize the rate limit settings to fit your specific requirements.
Remember to install the ‘express-rate-limit’ package using npm or yarn (‘npm install express-rate-
limit’) before using it in your application.
This is a basic implementation, and you can further enhance it by integrating a more robust rate-
limiting mechanism and possibly storing rate-limiting data in a distributed cache or database for
scalability and persistence.

Discover Caching and Redis

Caching, particularly with Redis, can significantly improve the performance and scalability of a
RESTful API that interacts with MongoDB. Caching involves storing frequently accessed data in
memory so that it can be retrieved quickly without the need to hit the database every time. Here's how
you can use Redis for caching in your API:

Install and Set Up Redis :

Start by installing Redis on your server or using a hosted Redis service.
Ensure that your API sever can connect to Redis.
Choose What to Cache :
Determine which API responses or data should be cached . Common candidates include read-heavy
queries or frequently accessed data.

Integrate Redis into Your API :

Use a Redis client library in your API code (e.g, ‘ioredis’ for Node.js) to interact with Redis.
Cache Data :
When a client makes a request to your API,check if the data is already cached in Redis .
If the data is in the cache,return it to the client .
If the data is not in the cache,fetch it from MongoDB,store it in Redis, and then return it to the client.

Here’s a simplified Node.js example of integrating Redis caching into your API :
Javascript:
const express = require('express'); constredis = require('ioredis');
constMongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient; const app = express()
// Connect to Redis
constredisClient = new redis();
// Your MongoDB connection setup
constmongoUrl = 'mongodb://localhost:27017'; constdbName = 'your-database-name';
app.get('/api/posts/:postId', async (req, res) => { constpostId = req.params.postId;
constcacheKey = `post:${postId}`;
// Check if the data is in Redis cache
constcachedData = await redisClient.get(cacheKey);

if (cachedData) {
// Data is in the cache, return it res.json(JSON.parse(cachedData));
} else {
// Data is not in the cache, fetch it from MongoDB try {
const client = await MongoClient.connect(mongoUrl); constdb = client.db(dbName);
const collection = db.collection('posts');
const post = await collection.findOne({ _id: postId }); if (post) {
// Store the data in Redis cache
redisClient.setex(cacheKey, 3600, JSON.stringify(post)); // Cache for 1 hour

// Return the data to the client res.json(post);

} else {
res.status(404).json({ error: 'Post not found' });
}

client.close();
} catch (error) { console.error(error);
res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' });
}
}
});

app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server is running on port 3000');
});

In this example, the

‘ /api/posts/:postId’ endpoint fetches a specific post by ID. It first checks if the data is in the Redis
cache
(‘redisClient.get’). If it's in the cache, it returns the cached data; otherwise, it fetches the data from
MongoDB, stores it in the cache for an hour
(‘redisClient.setex’), and then returns it to the client.

Redis caching can be customized further based on your API's needs, including cache expiration
policies, cache eviction strategies, and handling cache updates when data changes in MongoDB.

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

WEEK 10
HOW TO CACHE QUERIES
Caching queries is a common optimization technique used in software development to improve the
performance and responsiveness of applications, especially when dealing with data retrieval from
databases or external APIs.
Caching allows you to store the results of expensive queries in memory or a dedicated caching system so
that subsequent requests for the same data can be served more quickly without the need to recompute or
fetch the data again.
Here's a general outline of how to cache queries in a software application:
Identify Which Queries to Cache:
Determine which queries or data fetch operations in your application are
resource-intensive and suitable for caching. Not all queries need to be cached; focus on those that are
frequently executed and have a noticeable impact on performance.
Choose a Caching Mechanism:
Select an appropriate caching mechanism based on your application's requirements.
Common options include:
In-Memory Caching:Store cached data in memory, such as using dictionaries, lists, or in-memory caching
libraries like Redis, Memcached, or local in-memory caches.
Distributed Caching:Use a distributed caching system like Redis or Memcached for scenarios where you
need to share cached data across multiple instances or nodes of your application.
Persistent Caching:Store cached data in a database or on disk if you need to preserve data between
application restarts.
Implement Cache Keys:

Create unique cache keys for each query or piece of data you want to cache. These keys should be based
on the query parameters or a unique identifier for the data
being cached.
Cache Data Retrieval:
Wrap your data retrieval logic with code that checks the cache for the requested
data before making the actual query to the data source (e.g., a database or API). If the data is found in the
cache, return it; otherwise, perform the query, store the result in
the cache, and then return it.
Set Cache Expiry and Invalidation:
Define an appropriate cache expiration policy based on the nature of your data.
Cached data should have a TTL (time-to-live) after which it becomes stale and needs to be refreshed. You
can also implement cache invalidation strategies to remove or update cached data when it becomes
outdated.
Handle Cache Misses:
When a cache miss occurs (i.e., the data is not found in the cache), make sure to handle it gracefully. Fetch
the data from the original source, populate the cache with the new data, and then return it to the requester.
Cache Eviction Strategies:
Depending on your caching mechanism, you might need to implement eviction strategies (e.g., LRU -
Least Recently Used) to make room for new data when the cache reaches its size limit.
Monitoring and Maintenance:
Implement monitoring and logging to keep track of cache hits, misses, and the overall cache health.
Regularly check and fine-tune your caching strategy based on the performance metrics and changing
application requirements.
Testing and Benchmarking:
Thoroughly test your application with and without caching to measure the
performance improvements. Benchmark your application to ensure that caching is indeed providing the
desired performance boost.

Remember that caching is a trade-off between performance and data

freshness.
Over-caching or not managing cache expiration properly can lead
to serving
Scale as Needed:
As your application grows, be prepared to scale your caching infrastructure to handle increased load.
Distributed caching solutions like Redis can help with scalability.
Examples of popular caching libraries and tools in different programming languages include:

SERVE VALID DATA

Java: Ehcache, Guava Cache, Redisson for Redis caching.
Certainly!Node.js: Node-cache,
To serve valid Redis,
data, you need to provideor Memcached
accurate and reliablelibraries.
information based on the context
or purposeRuby:
for whichRedis,
the dataActiveSupport::Cache.
is needed. The validity of data is essential to ensure that it can be used
effectively and responsibly. Here are some general guidelines to serve valid data:
Accuracy: Ensure that the data is correct and free from errors. Double-check the information for accuracy
before sharing it.
Relevance: Provide data that is relevant to the specific task, question, or context. Irrelevant data can lead to
confusion and inefficiency.
Completeness: Share all necessary information to give a comprehensive view of the topic. Incomplete data
may lead to misunderstandings or incorrect conclusions.
Timeliness: Ensure that the data is up-to-date. Outdated data may not be relevant or accurate, especially in
rapidly changing fields.
Reliability: Data should be sourced from credible and trustworthy sources. Verify the credibility of the
sources to maintain data reliability.
Transparency: Clearly communicate the source of the data, the methods used to collect it, and any
potential limitations or biases in the data.
Privacy and Ethics: Respect privacy rights and ethical considerations when sharing or handling data,
especially if it involves personal or sensitive information.
Formatting: Present data in a clear and organized manner, using appropriate formats such as tables, charts,
or graphs to enhance understanding.
Data Validation: Implement data validation processes to ensure that the data is accurate and meets
predefined criteria or standards.
Data Security: Protect data from unauthorized access, tampering, or theft by implementing appropriate
security measures.
Data Governance: Establish data governance policies and practices to maintain data quality, integrity, and
consistency over time.
Data Quality Assurance: Regularly review and audit data to identify and correct any errors or
inconsistencies.
Data Documentation: Document the data thoroughly, including metadata, data dictionaries, and
explanations of how the data was collected and processed.
User Feedback: Encourage users to provide feedback on the data to identify and address any issues or
improvements.
Serving valid data is crucial for decision-making, research, and various applications. It helps ensure that
the information you provide is reliable, trustworthy, and fit for its intended purpose.

PYTHON CODE:
from flask import Flask, jsonify
app = Flask( name )

# Sample
datavalid_da
ta = {
"name": "John
Doe","age": 30,
"email": "[email protected]"
}

@app.route('/get_valid_data',
methods=['GET'])def get_valid_data():
return jsonify(valid_data)

if name == ' main

Save the code in a Python file (e.g., serve_valid_data.py) and run it. You can access the valid data by
making a GET request to http://localhost:5000/get_valid_data in your web browser or using a tool like curl

EXPLORE THE CLOUD PROVIDER

1. We import the Flask library to create a web server.
Cloud providers are companies that offer various cloud computing services and resources to businesses
and individuals over the internet. These services include computing power,
storage, databases, networking, analytics, machine learning, and more. Cloud providers have data centers
located around the world, enabling users to access these resources from virtually anywhere with an
internet connection. Here are some of the major cloud providers as of my last knowledge update in
September 2021:
Amazon Web Services (AWS):
AWS is one of the largest and most widely used cloud providers globally, offering a wide range of
services, including EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud), S3 (Simple Storage Service), RDS (Relational Database
Service), and many more.
Microsoft Azure:
Microsoft's cloud platform, Azure, is known for its integration with Microsoft's software
products like Windows Server and Office 365. It provides services for computing, analytics, databases,
and more.
Google Cloud Platform (GCP):
GCP offers cloud services, including Google Compute Engine, Google Cloud Storage, and BigQuery.
Google is known for its expertise in data analytics and machine learning.
IBM Cloud:
IBM provides cloud services with a focus on hybrid and multi-cloud solutions. They offer services for AI,
blockchain, and IoT in addition to traditional cloud services.
Oracle Cloud:
Oracle Cloud specializes in database management, enterprise software, and cloud
infrastructure. They offer services like Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) and Autonomous Database.
Alibaba Cloud:
Alibaba Cloud is a leading cloud provider in Asia and offers a wide array of cloud services, including
Elastic Compute Service (ECS), Object Storage Service (OSS), and more.
Salesforce (Heroku):
Salesforce is known for its customer relationship management (CRM) software, but it also offers a cloud
platform called Heroku for developing and deploying applications.
DigitalOcean:
DigitalOcean is popular among developers for its simplicity and developer-friendly approach. They
provide cloud infrastructure services, including virtual private servers (Droplets) and managed databases.
Rackspace Technology:
Rackspace offers cloud management services and specializes in managing and optimizing cloud
environments for businesses.
Tencent Cloud:
Tencent Cloud is a prominent cloud provider in China, offering cloud computing, AI, and internet-related
services.
PYTHON CODE:
import boto3
# Replace these with your own AWS credentials aws_access_key_id = 'YOUR_ACCESS_KEY_ID'
aws_secret_access_key = 'YOUR_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY' aws_region = 'us-east-1' # Replace
with your desired region
def list_ec2_instances(): try:
# Create an EC2 client ec2 = boto3.client('ec2',
aws_access_key_id=aws_access_key_id, aws_secret_access_key=aws_secret_access_key,
region_name=aws_region)
# List EC2 instances
response = ec2.describe_instances()
# Iterate over reservations and instances for reservation in response['Reservations']:
for instance in reservation['Instances']: print(f"Instance ID: {instance['InstanceId']}") print(f"Instance
Type: {instance['InstanceType']}") print(f"State: {instance['State']['Name']}")
print(f"Private IP Address: {instance['PrivateIpAddress']}") print(f"Public IP Address:
{instance.get('PublicIpAddress', 'N/A')}") print("-" * 50)
except Exception as e:
print(f"Anerroroccurred:{str(e)}")

ifname== "main":list_ec2_instances()

Before running this code:

1.Make sure you have Python installed.

2. Install the boto3 library if you haven't already: pip install boto3.
Result: Thus the program was successfully executed
3. Replace 'YOUR_ACCESS_KEY_ID' and
'YOUR_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY' with yourAWSIAM credentials.

This program will print information about your EC2 instances, including
their IDs,
Week 11:
types,states,privateandpublicIPaddresses.Youcanexpandandcustomizethisc
Exercise 30: Explore the Database Provider
Exercise 31: Production Tweaks to codebase
Exercise 32: Final Testing of public API

Exercise 30: Explore the Database Provider

A database provider, in the context of software development and data

Role of a Database Provider :
 Abstraction : Database providers abstract the underlying database
management system (DBMS) complexities. This allows developers to work with
databases without needing to know the specifics of the DBMS being used (e.g.,
MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB).

 Connection Management : Providers handle the connection to the database,

including establishing, maintaining, and closing connections.

 Data Operations : They provide APIs and methods for CRUD (Create, Read,
Update, Delete) operations on the database. Developers can use these methods to interact
with the database without writing raw SQL queries.
Exercise 32: Final Testing of public API
 Endpoint Testing : Test each endpoint of your API to ensure they return the
Final
expected testingVerify
responses. of a public
that theAPI is a critical
API functions step totoensure
according that the API is working
its documentation.
as expected, issecure, and meets the requirements of its consumers. Proper
testing helps prevent issues andensures a positive experience for developers
who will use your API. Here is a comprehensiveguideto
conductingfinaltestingof apublicAPI:
Security Testing :
 Authentication and Authorization : Test authentication mechanisms (e.g., API
keys, OAuth) and ensure that only authorized users can access

 Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) : If your API is intended to be

accessed from web browsers, verify that CORS headers are correctly configured to
prevent unauthorized access.
 1. Documentation and Onboarding :
Ensure that your API documentation includes clear instructions on how to get
started, obtain API keys, and use the API effectively.
Monitoring and Support Post-Release :
Continuously monitor your API in the production environment and be prepared to provide
support and address issues promptly after release.

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

Week-12: Wrap-Up

A RESTful API (Representational State Transfer) and a NoSQL

database can
1. NoSQL worktogether
Databases : to create a flexible and scalable
NoSQL databases are a category of databases that are designed to handle
unstructured or semi-structured data, which makes them a good fit for handling
various data types and structures.
2. RESTful API :
A RESTful API is an architectural style for designing networked applications. It
uses a set of constraints and principles to provide a standardized way of interacting
with resources over HTTP.
3. Resource-Based Architecture :
RESTful APIs are based on resources, which can represent data entities or objects.
Each resource is identified by a unique URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

4. HTTP Methods :
RESTful APIs use standard HTTP methods to perform CRUD (Create, Read,
Update, Delete) operations on resources. These methods include GET, POST, PUT,
PATCH, and DELETE.
5. Data Modeling :
NoSQL databases like MongoDB, Cassandra, or Couchbase are schema- less or
schema-flexible, allowing you to store and retrieve data without adhering to a fixed
schema.
6. Mapping Resources to Data :
In a RESTful API, resources often map to collections or documents in a NoSQL
database. For example, a collection of "users" in a NoSQL database might
correspond to a "/users" resource in the API.
7. JSON or XML :
RESTful APIs typically use JSON or XML for data exchange. NoSQL databases
often store data in a format that is easily convertible to JSON.

8. Querying :
NoSQL databases provide different query languages and mechanisms for retrieving
data. APIs can expose endpoints that allow clients to send queries or filter data
based on their requirements.
9. Scaling :
 NoSQL databases are designed to scale horizontally, which means you can easily
add more servers to handle increased load. RESTful APIs can be deployed on load
balancers to distribute incoming requests across multiple instances.

10. Security :
Security measures like authentication and authorization should be implemented in
both the API and the NoSQL database to protect data.
11. Caching :
You can implement caching mechanisms in both the API layer and the database
layer to improve performance and reduce the load on the system.

12. Error Handling :

Proper error handling and status codes (e.g., 404 for not found, 500 for server
errors) should be implemented in the API to provide meaningful feedback to
clients.

Result: Thus the program was successfully executed

In summary, a RESTful API can serve as an interface to interact with a NoSQL database,
allowing developers to create flexible and scalable systems that handle various types of data