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Lect 3

The document discusses wireless sensor networks and covers topics like single-hop vs multi-hop communication, OSI and TCP/IP models, and issues like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service, synchronization, and the hidden and exposed terminal problems. Example diagrams are provided to illustrate the hidden and exposed terminal problems.

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meenasena007
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7 views14 pages

Lect 3

The document discusses wireless sensor networks and covers topics like single-hop vs multi-hop communication, OSI and TCP/IP models, and issues like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service, synchronization, and the hidden and exposed terminal problems. Example diagrams are provided to illustrate the hidden and exposed terminal problems.

Uploaded by

meenasena007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wireless Sensor Networks

Lect #3
Spring 2023- 24

Prof. Suchismita Chinara


Department of Computer Science and Engineering
E-mail: [email protected]

1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 1


Function of WSN:
Sensing (Data Acquisition)

• Sensors capture phenomena in the physical world (process,


system, plant)
• Signal conditioning prepare captured signals for further use
(amplification, attenuation, filtering of unwanted frequencies,
etc.)
• Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) translates analog signal
into digital signal
• Digital signal is processed and output is often given (via
digital-analog converter and signal conditioner) to an actuator
(device able to control the physical world)
1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 2
WSN Communication:
Single-Hop versus Multi-Hop
• Star topology:
– every sensor communicates directly (single-hop) with the base station
– may require large transmit powers and may be infeasible in large
geographic areas
• Mesh topology
– sensors serve as relays (forwarders) for other sensor nodes (multi-
hop)
– may reduce power consumption and allows for larger coverage
– introduces the problem of routing

1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 3


OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) Model

1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 4


TCP / IP Protocol
suite - Model

Wireless Sensor
1/21/2024 5
Networks
Wireless Networks Issues &
Challenges
• BW efficiency
• QoS
• Synchronization
• Hidden terminal & exposed
terminal
• Lack of central coordination
• Mobility of nodes
• Shared channel
1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 6
Hidden Terminal Problem
• In wireless LANs, the hidden
terminal problem is a transmission
problem that arises when two or
more stations who are out of range
of each other transmit
simultaneously to a common
recipient.
• This occurs when a station is visible
from a wireless access point (AP),
but is hidden from other stations
that communicate with the AP.
1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 7
Example: Hidden Terminal
Problem
• There are three stations labelled STA, STB,
and STC, where STA and STC are transmitting
while STB is receiving. The stations are in a
configuration such that the two transmitters
STA and STC are not in the radio range of
each other.

1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 8


Example: Hidden Terminal
Problem
• station STA starts transmitting to
station STB. Since station STC is
out of radio range of STA, it
perceives that the channel is free
and starts transmitting to STB.
The frames received by STC are
garbled and collision occurs. This
situation is known as the hidden
terminal problem.
1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 9
Exposed terminal problem
• In wireless LANs, the exposed terminal
problem is a transmission problem that
arises when a transmitting station is
prevented from sending frames due to
interference with another transmitting
station.
• This is prevalent in decentralised systems
where there aren’t any entity for
controlling transmissions. This occurs
when a station is visible from a wireless
access point (AP), but not from other
stations that communicate with the AP.
1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 10
Example: Exposed terminal problem
• STB and STC are transmitters while STA and STD are receivers at
some slot of time. The stations are in a configuration such that
the two receivers STA and STD are out of radio range of each
other, but the two transmitters STB and STC are in radio range
of each other.

1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 11


Example: Exposed terminal
problem
• A transmission is going on from STB to STA.
STC falsely concludes that the above
transmission will cause interference and so
stops its transmission attempts to STD.
However, the interference would not have
occurred since the transmission from STC to
STD is out of range of STB. This prevention of
transmission is called exposed terminal
problem.

1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 12


Solution for Hidden Terminal &
Exposed Terminal

1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 13


Solution for Hidden Terminal &
Exposed Terminal

1/21/2024 Wireless Sensor Networks 14

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