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17 views25 pages

Lec 4

Uploaded by

07dc855dbbb4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATABASE SYSTEMS

Dr. Noha Nagy

Lecture 4 SQL: DDL


SQL
2

 Structured Query language SQL is pronounced as “S-Q-L” or


sometimes as “See-Quel” which is the standard language for
dealing with Relational Databases.
 It is effectively used to create, insert, search, update, delete,
modify database records.
DDL: Data Definition Language
3

 It is used to create and modify the structure of database objects in


database. Includes statements like:
▪ CREATE: Creates a new table or any other database object
▪ ALTER: Modifies an existing database object, such as a table
▪ DROP: Removes an entire table or any other object in database
CREATE Statement
4

 Creating a new database:


 CREATE DATABASE databasename;

 Example:

create database customers;

 Major CREATE statements:


 CREATE TABLE–defines a new table and its columns

 CREATE VIEW–defines a logical table from one or more


tables or views (Not part of the course)
Steps in Table Creation
5

1. Identify data types for attributes


2. Identify columns that can and cannot be null
3. Identify columns that must be unique (candidate keys)
4. Identify primary key–foreign key mates
5. Determine default values
6. Identify constraints on columns (domain specifications)
7. Create the table
Data Types for Attributes
6

 Common Data Types for table attributes are:


 1- Numeric: integer number (INTEGER, INT, AND SMALLINT), and
floating number (FLOAT, REAL, and DOUBLE).
 2- Character: data types are either fixed length (CHAR (n), where n is
the number of character) or variable length (VARCHAR(n)).
 3- Boolean: TRUE or FALSE.
 4- Timestamp
Create Table Syntax
7

CREATE TABLE <Table Name> (


<column1 datatype constraint_1 constraint_2 >,
<column2 datatype>,
…..
constraint_3,
Constraint_4);
Create Table: Constraints
8

• NOT NULL: A Constraint that ensures that a column cannot have NULL value.
• DEFAULT: A Constraint that provides a default value for a column when none is
specified.
• UNIQUE : A Constraint that ensures that all values in a column are different.
• PRIMARY Key: A Constraint that uniquely identify each row/record in a database
table (NOT NULL + UNIQUE)
• FOREIGN KEY (FK): A Constraint that ensures referential integrity. A foreign key
from 1 table to another is used link a tuple in the 1st table to a unique tuple in the
2nd table.
• CHECK: A constraint that ensures that all values in a column satisfy a certain
condition.
Create Table: Example
9
10

SQL AUTO
INCREMENT Field

Note:
Identity(seed,increment)
Using Check
11

Create Table:
Check
Constraint

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_check.asp
Using Default Value
12

Create Table:
Default
Constraint

‘Cairo’
Foreign Key Constraint
13

Order ID is the
primary key
Foreign Key Example
14

Foreign Key
Constraint:
Example
15

Foreign Key
Constraint

You can also add how the Foreign key updates will be
handled:

REFERENCES Persons(ID)
ON DELETE CASCADE
ON UPDATE CASCADE
ON DELETE SET NULL);
SQL ALTER TABLE: Add Column
16
Changing Tables
17
17
Student ID Student Name Faculty Department Age
Numeric(5) Varchar(100) Varchar(30) Varchar(30) Integer

 ALTER TABLE changes column specifications:


 ALTER TABLE Student ADD (Type Varchar(2))
Student ID Student Name Faculty Department Age Type
Numeric(5) Varchar(100) Varchar(30) Varchar(30) Integer Varchar(2)

 ALTER TABLE Student DROP Age;


OR
 ALTER TABLE Student DROP COLUMN Age;

Student ID Student Name Faculty Department Type


Numeric(5) Varchar(100) Varchar(30) Varchar(30) Varchar(2)
ALTER TABLE: Constraints
18

Adding and dropping Constraints

ALTER TABLE<table name>


ADD CONSTRAINT < CONSTRAINT Syntax>

ALTER TABLE<table name>


ADD CONSTRAINT < CONSTRAINT Name > < CONSTRAINT Syntax>

ALTER TABLE<table name>


Drop CONSTRAINT < CONSTRAINT Name >
ALTER TABLE: Constraints Example
19

ALTER TABLE Customers


ADD PRIMARY KEY (SSN, Telephone);
Or
ALTER TABLE Registered
ADD CONSTRAINT PK1 PRIMARY KEY (SSN, Telephone );

-- constraint name is unique across database


Alter Table : Examples
20

ALTER TABLE STUDENT


ADD CONSTRAINT UQ_Std_Name unique (Name);

ALTER TABLE STUDENT


DROP CONSTRAINT UQ_Std_Name;

ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT


ADD CONSTRAINT CK_DEPTCODE CHECK (DEPTCODE IN (‘IS’,’CS’,’IT’,
‘DS’))

Source: Dr. Ayman Kilany’s Database Course Slides


Alter Table : Examples
21

ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT


DROP CONSTRAINT CK_DEPTCODE;

ALTER TABLE Student


ALTER COLUMN City SET DEFAULT 'Cairo’;

ALTER TABLE Persons


ALTER COLUMN City DROP DEFAULT;

Source: Dr. Ayman Kilany’s Database Course Slides


SQL DROP : For deleting Tables
22

 DROP TABLE statement allows you to


remove tables from your schema:

DROP TABLE TableName


SQL DROP : For deleting databases
23

 DROP Database statement allows you


to delete all the database:
 DROP database <database name>;

Example: DROP database mydatabase;


Questions
24

1. Create a table for employee with the following columns:


 Employee_id (int)
 Employee_name (varchar(50))
 Employee_address (varchar(250))
 Employee_age (int)

2. Drop the table

Neamat El Tazi
Answer
25

CREATE TABLE employees (


Employee_id INT NOT NULL,
Employee_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
Employee_address VARCHAR(250) NOT NULL,
Employee_age INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (Employee_id));

DROP Table employees;

Neamat El Tazi

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