UNIT 1

BIOGRAPHY OF SIR CHARLES BABBAGE

 In today’s worlds with internet and mobile phones, we don’t want to image world without
internet and mobile phones
 With the help of technology now everything is very easy, but before 19th century
nobody can imagine future will be digitalized.
 People what they see that only will be believe, nobody thought some machine will work
on human command.
 So for today’s technology we give all appreciation to Sir Charles Babbage, who is also
known as father of computer.
 He was a mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer.
 He made digital programmable computer and made history
 Charles Babbage was born in 26 December 1791, London England.
 His father name was Benjamin Babbage and mothers name was Betsy or Elizabeth
 He was banker and 4 siblings but only Charles and mary anne was alive
 Charles was studying in home with private tutor. He was very interested in Maths
 He was admitted in Holmwood Academy and he was very interested in solving maths
problems,
 After academy 2 more private tutor was tutoring babbage.
 In 1810 babbage joint Trinity College Cambridge joined for further studies.
 He himself tries to solve contemporary math’s. Unfortunately, university study is not
that much helpful for him and was disappointed
 In 1812, babbage and his friends formed analytical society and he was transferred to
Peter House Cambridge and without giving exam he got degree
 After graduation he gave interview for many post but he was not successful.
 In 1815 he was given chance to speak in Royal Institute in Astronomy Science that
time he met Georgine and had 8 childrens but only 3 childrens were alive
 In 1819 babbage with arshil he went to paris for society of arshil were French
mathematicians and physicist meeting Was held
 That time babbage was given application as professor in university of Edinburg
 But again he didn’t get the post then in 1825 , babbage with arshil worked on
electrodynamics of arago’s rotation
  In 1820 babbage started Royal Astronomical Society, main aim to solve or make easy
astronomical predictions
 In 1824 he made a engine to calculate and predict arithmetic and astronomical
events and called it as Difference Engine and for this invention he got gold medal
 After this he made analytical engine and helped the machine for calculations and
machine was very big and it has very expensive and this machine was spons by british
government
 Machine was very heavy and very big like a house and machine was working with
vapour or baap
 This machine was made with the help of panch card. Based on this machine old
computer was made
 Based on Charles invention many scientist has carried his work and that is why he is
known as father of computer
 Finally 18 october 1871 he died

COMPUTER: A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of

instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according
to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use.

A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks according to a set
of instructions called a program. It can store, retrieve, and process data, making it a versatile
tool for a wide range of applications. Computers come in various sizes and forms, from small
embedded systems in everyday devices to large mainframe computers used in enterprise
settings.

CONCEPT OF A COMPUTER
1. Electronic Device: Computers are electronic devices that process data using electronic
circuits and components.
2. Data Processing: They can input, process, store, and output data, performing various
tasks based on instructions provided by software.
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the core component of a computer,
responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.
 4. Memory: Computers have memory, such as RAM, which temporarily stores data and
instructions for quick access by the CPU.
5. Storage: They also have storage devices like hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state
drives (SSDs) to store data persistently, even when the power is off.
6. Input Devices: These include keyboards, mice, touchscreens, etc., allowing users to input
data and commands into the computer.
7. Output Devices: Such as monitors, printers, and speakers, which present processed data
to the user in human-readable form.
8. Operating System: Software that manages computer hardware resources and provides a
user interface for interacting with the computer.
9. Software: Programs and applications that provide specific functionalities, enabling users
to perform tasks like browsing the web, editing documents, or playing games.
10. Networking: Many computers can also connect to networks, allowing them to
communicate and share data with other computers and devices.
GENERATIONS AND THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS:
1. First Generation (1940s-1950s):

 Characterized by vacuum tube technology.

 Large, bulky machines with limited processing power.
 Examples include the ENIAC and UNIVAC I.
2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s):

 Transition to transistors from vacuum tubes, leading to smaller and more reliable
computers.
 Assembly language used for programming.
 Introduction of mainframe computers like the IBM 700 series.
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s):
  Adoption of integrated circuits (ICs), which further reduced the size and cost of
computers.
 Development of high-level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN.
 Minicomputers emerged, such as DEC PDP series and IBM System/360.
4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):

 Introduction of microprocessors, which combined CPU functions onto a single chip.

 Personal computers (PCs) became popular with machines like the Apple II and IBM PC.
 Rise of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and operating systems like MS-DOS and early
versions of Windows.
5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present):

 Advancements in microprocessor technology, leading to faster and more powerful

computers.
 Networking technologies enabled widespread connectivity and the internet revolution.
 Development of portable devices like laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
 Emergence of cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things
(IoT).
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER:
1. Speed: Computers can perform tasks much faster than humans, executing millions of
instructions per second.
2. Accuracy: Computers perform tasks with a high degree of accuracy, minimizing errors
when following instructions.
3. Storage: They can store vast amounts of data in various forms, ranging from text and
images to videos and software applications.
4. Automation: Computers can automate repetitive tasks, reducing the need for manual
intervention and improving efficiency.
5. Versatility: They are versatile machines capable of performing a wide range of tasks,
from simple calculations to complex simulations and data analysis.
6. Connectivity: Computers can connect to networks, enabling communication and data
exchange between devices and users across the globe.
7. Scalability: Many computers are scalable, allowing users to expand or upgrade hardware
components to meet changing requirements.
8. Reliability: While not immune to malfunctions, computers are generally reliable
machines, especially when properly maintained and configured.
9. Multitasking: Computers can execute multiple tasks simultaneously, thanks to their
ability to switch between processes rapidly.
10. Portability: With advancements in technology, computers have become increasingly
portable, from laptops and tablets to smartphones and wearable devices.

Hardware Characteristics:
1. Processing Power: Computers vary in processing power, ranging from basic devices for
simple tasks to high-performance machines capable of complex computations.
2. Storage Capacity: Different computers offer varying amounts of storage space,
including volatile memory (RAM) for temporary data storage and non-volatile storage
(HDDs, SSDs) for long-term data retention.
3. Input and Output Devices: Computers utilize input devices like keyboards, mice,
touchscreens, and microphones to receive data and commands. Output devices such as
monitors, printers, and speakers present processed data to users.
4. Connectivity: Modern computers often include ports and wireless capabilities for
connecting to networks, peripherals, and external devices like USB drives and printers.
5. Form Factor: Computers come in various form factors, including desktops, laptops,
tablets, smartphones, servers, and embedded systems, each designed for specific use
cases and environments.
6. Scalability: Many computers are designed with scalability in mind, allowing users to
upgrade components such as RAM, storage, and graphics cards to enhance performance
as needed.
Software Characteristics:
1. Operating System: Computers rely on an operating system (OS) to manage hardware
resources and provide a user interface for interacting with the system. Common examples
include Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android.
2. Applications and Programs: Software applications and programs provide specific
functionalities, enabling users to perform tasks such as word processing, web browsing,
multimedia editing, gaming, and more.
3. Programming Languages: Computers understand instructions written in programming
languages, which developers use to create software applications and systems. Examples
include Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript.
4. Compatibility and Interoperability: Software compatibility ensures that programs can
run on different hardware configurations and operating systems, while interoperability
enables different software applications to communicate and work together seamlessly.
5. Security Features: Computers employ various security measures, including antivirus
software, firewalls, encryption, and user authentication mechanisms, to protect against
malware, unauthorized access, and data breaches.
6. Customization and Configuration: Users can customize software settings and
configurations to suit their preferences and requirements, enhancing usability and
productivity.
CRITERIA FOR USING COMPUTER
1. **Task Complexity**: Computers are suitable for tasks that involve complex
calculations, data processing, or information retrieval, where manual methods are inefficient
or impractical.

2. **Data Volume**: When dealing with large volumes of data that require storage,
analysis, or manipulation, computers excel due to their ability to handle such data efficiently.

3. **Speed and Efficiency**: Computers are preferable for tasks that require fast and
accurate processing, especially those that involve repetitive or time-sensitive operations.

4. **Accessibility**: Computers offer accessibility features that cater to users with different
abilities, making them suitable for a diverse range of users.
 5. **Cost-effectiveness**: In many cases, using a computer can be more cost-effective than
manual methods, especially when considering long-term efficiency gains and productivity
improvements.

6. **Global Connectivity**: Computers facilitate communication and collaboration across

geographical boundaries through email, messaging, video conferencing, and other online
tools.

7. **Information Management**: Computers are invaluable for organizing, storing, and

retrieving information efficiently, making them essential in fields like database management
and digital archives.

8. **Multitasking**: Computers can handle multiple tasks simultaneously, allowing users to

work on several projects or processes concurrently, enhancing productivity.

9. **Security and Privacy**: When appropriate security measures are in place, computers
offer secure methods for storing and transmitting sensitive information, safeguarding against
unauthorized access and data breaches.

10. **Innovation and Advancement**: Computers drive innovation and enable the
development of new technologies, making them essential tools for research, experimentation,
and creative endeavors.
ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER
The organization and functions of a computer are structured to efficiently process data and
perform various tasks. Here's an overview:

1. **Input**: Computers receive data and instructions from input devices such as keyboards,
mice, touchscreens, scanners, and microphones.

2. **Processing**: The central processing unit (CPU) interprets and executes instructions stored
in the computer's memory (RAM). This involves arithmetic and logic operations, data
manipulation, and control flow decisions.
3. **Memory**: Computers use different types of memory to store data temporarily or
permanently. RAM (Random Access Memory) provides fast access for currently executing
programs and data. Storage devices like hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs)
offer non-volatile storage for long-term data retention.

4. **Output**: Processed data is presented to users through output devices such as monitors,
printers, speakers, and projectors.

5. **Control Unit (CU)**: This component of the CPU manages the execution of instructions,
coordinating data movement between various hardware components.

6. **Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)**: The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations,
including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and comparison.

7. **Registers**: Registers are small, high-speed storage units within the CPU used to store
data temporarily during processing. They hold operands, intermediate results, and memory
addresses.

8. **Bus System**: Buses are communication pathways that allow data to be transferred
between the CPU, memory, input/output devices, and other components. They include data
buses, address buses, and control buses.

9. **Operating System (OS)**: The OS manages computer hardware resources and provides a
user interface for interacting with the system. It coordinates tasks, schedules processes, manages
memory, and facilitates communication between software and hardware components.

10. **Software**: Programs and applications provide specific functionalities, enabling users to
perform tasks such as word processing, web browsing, gaming, multimedia editing, and data
analysis.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

Advantages:
1. Efficiency: Computers can perform tasks much faster than humans, leading to increased
productivity and efficiency in various fields.
 2. Accuracy: They execute instructions with a high degree of precision and consistency,
minimizing errors and improving the quality of work.
3. Automation: Computers can automate repetitive tasks, freeing up human resources for
more creative and complex endeavors.
4. Storage: They offer vast storage capacity, allowing users to store and access large
volumes of data easily.
5. Communication: Computers facilitate communication and collaboration through email,
messaging, video conferencing, and social media platforms.
6. Information Access: The internet provides instant access to a wealth of information and
resources, enabling research, learning, and exploration.
7. Entertainment: Computers offer a wide range of entertainment options, including
gaming, streaming media, social networking, and multimedia content creation.
8. Innovation: Computers drive innovation and enable the development of new
technologies, leading to advancements in various fields such as science, medicine,
engineering, and business.
Disadvantages:
1. Cost: Computers and related technologies can be expensive to purchase, maintain, and
upgrade, especially for individuals and organizations with limited financial resources.
2. Complexity: Computers can be complex machines, requiring specialized knowledge and
skills to operate, troubleshoot, and repair effectively.
3. Dependency: Increased reliance on computers can lead to dependency issues, where
users may struggle to function without access to technology or face disruptions due to
system failures or cyberattacks.
4. Health Risks: Prolonged use of computers can lead to health problems such as eye strain,
repetitive strain injuries, and sedentary lifestyle-related issues.
5. Security Concerns: Computers are vulnerable to security threats such as viruses,
malware, hacking, phishing, and data breaches, posing risks to personal privacy and
sensitive information.
6. Social Isolation: Excessive use of computers and online communication can lead to
reduced face-to-face interaction and social isolation, impacting mental health and
interpersonal relationships.
7. Environmental Impact: The production, disposal, and energy consumption of
computers and electronic devices contribute to environmental pollution and resource
depletion.
 8. Job Displacement: Automation and digitalization may lead to job displacement in
certain industries, as tasks are increasingly performed by computers and artificial
intelligence, affecting employment opportunities for humans.

MAIN AREAS OF COMPUTER AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Computers have applications across various domains, each with its specific focus and utilization.
Here are the main areas of computing and their applications:
1. Business and Finance:
 Accounting: Computers are used for bookkeeping, financial analysis, payroll
processing, and tax preparation.
 Banking: Online banking, electronic fund transfers, ATM operations, and fraud
detection are facilitated by computer systems.
 Stock Market: Trading platforms, algorithmic trading, and financial modeling
rely heavily on computer technology.
2. Education:
 E-learning: Computers support online learning platforms, educational websites,
virtual classrooms, and interactive multimedia tutorials.
 Research: Computers aid in data analysis, simulation, information retrieval, and
collaboration among researchers and academics.
 Administration: School management systems, student record databases, and
online registration systems streamline administrative tasks.
3. Healthcare:
 Electronic Health Records (EHR): Computers store patient information,
medical histories, and treatment plans for easy access and management.
 Diagnostic Imaging: MRI, CT scans, X-rays, and ultrasound machines generate
digital images for diagnosis and treatment planning.
 Telemedicine: Computers enable remote consultations, telemonitoring, and
online health services for patients in remote or underserved areas.
4. Science and Engineering:
 Simulation and Modeling: Computers simulate physical phenomena, conduct
experiments, and model complex systems in various scientific disciplines.
 CAD/CAM: Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided
Manufacturing (CAM) software assist engineers in designing and prototyping
products.
  Data Analysis: Computers process and analyze large datasets in fields such as
astronomy, physics, biology, and environmental science.
5. Entertainment and Media:
 Gaming: Computers power video game consoles, PCs, and mobile devices,
offering immersive gaming experiences and virtual worlds.
 Streaming: Computers deliver streaming media content, including movies,
music, TV shows, and live events, over the internet.
 Digital Content Creation: Graphic design, video editing, animation, and music
production rely on powerful computer software and hardware.
6. Communication:
 Internet: Computers facilitate email communication, social networking, instant
messaging, video conferencing, and online collaboration.
 Mobile Communication: Smartphones and tablets enable voice calls, text
messaging, mobile internet browsing, and app-based communication.
 Networking: Computers form the backbone of computer networks, including
LANs, WANs, and the internet, enabling global connectivity and data exchange.
7. Government and Public Services:
 E-Government: Computers support online services such as tax filing, permit
applications, voter registration, and public information portals.
 Law Enforcement: Computers aid in crime analysis, forensic investigation,
database management, and surveillance systems.
 Emergency Services: Computer-aided dispatch systems, GIS mapping, and
resource allocation tools assist emergency responders in crisis situations
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICE IN COMPUTER
Input Devices: Input refers to the data or signals that are received by a computer from external
sources. It includes any information, commands, or interactions provided to the computer by
users or other devices.
1. Keyboard: A standard input device used for typing text, entering commands, and
providing input to the computer.
2. Mouse: A pointing device that allows users to interact with graphical user interfaces
(GUIs) by moving a cursor on the screen and clicking on objects.

3. Touchscreen: A display screen that can detect the presence and location of touch input,
allowing users to interact directly with the interface using their fingers or a stylus.

4. Trackpad: A touch-sensitive surface found on laptops and some desktop keyboards, used
as an alternative to a mouse for cursor control and navigation.
5. Scanner: An input device that converts physical documents, images, or objects into
digital images or data that can be stored or manipulated by the computer.

6. Microphone: An input device used to capture audio input, such as voice commands,
speech, or sound recordings, for processing by the computer.

7. Webcam: An input device that captures video input, allowing users to conduct video
calls, record videos, or capture images for various purposes.
 8. Joystick, Gamepad, or Controller: Input devices used for gaming and multimedia
applications, providing analog or digital input for controlling characters, vehicles, or
other elements in games and simulations.

Output Devices: Output refers to the data, information, or signals that are produced by a
computer and sent to external sources for display, storage, or further processing. It represents the
results of computations, actions, or operations performed by the computer.
1. Monitor or Display: A visual output device that presents information, images, and
graphics generated by the computer in a visual format for the user to view.

2. Printer: An output device that produces hard copies of digital documents, images, or
data on paper or other media using inkjet, laser, or dot matrix printing technologies.
3. Speakers or Headphones: Audio output devices used to play sound, music, or other
audio content generated by the computer's software applications or multimedia files.

4. Projector: An output device that projects images, videos, or presentations onto a larger
screen or surface for group viewing or presentations.

5. Plotter: An output device used for producing large-scale graphical output, such as
architectural blueprints, engineering drawings, or maps, with high precision and detail.
6. Haptic Devices: Output devices that provide tactile feedback to users, such as vibrating
motors or force feedback mechanisms, enhancing the interactive experience in gaming,
virtual reality (VR), and simulation applications.

7. LED/LCD Indicator Lights: Small visual output devices that indicate the status,
activity, or condition of the computer or its components through illuminated indicators or
icons.