Microphones
Microphones:- is electro acoustic transducer that convert
acoustic energy into electrical energy
-If microphones operated in air is microphones
-If microphones operated in water is hydrophone
The main function of microphones:-
That it can be used for measurement (they serve as
measuring instruments)
و اخرenergy , بين نوعينtransducer (النه ممكن ان يستخدم ك
) عن طريق تحويل الصوت الي تيار كهربائى
Classification of microphones:-
1)Due to application:-
1.1) pressure operated microphones
There are direct pressure in diaphram on one side
FαP
1.2) pressure gradient microphones:-
F α freq Diaphram
Axis
sound االثنان معرضان للfront & back faces كل من
فى الphase difference لذلك يوجدsound pressure اوwaves
وsound
gradient الذى يتمثل فى
• So there are phase difference in pressure between front
and back (gradient)
• Force on diaphram is proportional with freq(F α ƒ)
• Force is proportional with length between source on
diaphram
2- due to application of sound:-
2.1) sound powered Nic:-
In this type, the….energy wave supplies electrical energy.
2.2)sound-controlled Microphone: -
sound controls the current passes on microphones or
control the flow of electric energy.
In sound controlled microphone the acoustic waves
control the flow of electrical energy from the battery.
Microphone sound types:
1- Carbon Mic
2- Condenser Mic
3- Pizo electric Mic
4- moving-coil electrodynamic mic
5- velocity ribbon Mic
1- Carbon Mic
if it +used for telephone radio communication purposes.
Due to:
- it have high output
- it have low cost
- it have high efficiency
2- Condenser Mic
principle of operation:-
و هو امشدود و يوجدdiaphragm يضغط الصوت على ال
) فينقل الضغطcarbon granules( عالق على حبيبات الكربونplunger
فيحدث تغير فgranules على حبيبات الكربون و بالتالي يغير من
المقاومه الكليه لها و عند حدوث تغير ف المقاومه يتغير التيار
Equivalent circuit:-
RC =
RO+hy
Where RC : granules carbon resistance
RO : zero displacement resistance
h: resistance constant
y: displacement from resistance position
تأتى موجهdiaphram علىsound wave عندما تسقط ال-
(sin or cos )
acouslic ( لها نفس شكلdisplacement y ) و بالتالى
wave
Y = yo constant
Where yo =
𝑃 𝑆𝑜
𝑆
from this eq. P : Pressure
So : the area of diaphram
RC = RO + hy S : stiffness
RC = RO + hyo Cos wt
from equivalent cct :
i= = =
𝐸𝑜 𝐸𝑜 𝐸𝑜
𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑜 +ℎ𝑦𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑜
𝑅𝑜 ( 1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 )
𝑅𝑜
i=
𝐸𝑜 1
( ℎ𝑦𝑜 )
𝑅𝑜 1+ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑜
if hyo ≪ Ro so
ℎ𝑦𝑜
≪1
𝑅𝑜
𝐸𝑜 ℎ𝑦𝑜 ℎ𝑦𝑜 2 cos 𝑤𝑡
∴i= (1 − ( ) cos 𝑤𝑡 + ( ) +. . )
𝑅𝑜 𝑅𝑜 𝑅𝑜 2
Remark :
𝟏
if x ≪ 𝟏
𝟏+𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒘𝒕
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
So ( 1- cos wt + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒘𝒕 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒘𝒕 + ⋯ )
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑!
𝒉𝒚𝒐
Where x =
𝑹𝒐
So i=
𝐸𝑜
−
𝑅𝑜
𝐸𝑜 ℎ𝑦 𝐸𝑜 ℎ𝑦𝑜 2
𝑅𝑜
( 𝑅 𝑜 ) cos 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑅𝑜
(
𝑅𝑜
) cos 2𝑤𝑡 + ⋯)
𝑜
Steady direct current io harmonics (ic)
∴ i= io + ic ic~
− 𝐸𝑜 ℎ𝑦𝑜
cos 𝑤𝑡
𝑅𝑜 2
و اهمل الباقى1st harmonic باخد
e.m.f generated internally in the mic (ec)
ec = ic Ro =
− 𝐸𝑜 ℎ𝑦𝑜
cos 𝑤𝑡 . 𝑅𝑜
𝑅𝑜 2
ec =
− 𝐸𝑜 ℎ𝑦𝑜
cos 𝑤𝑡 = − 𝐸𝑐 cos 𝑤𝑡
𝑅𝑜
EC 𝑬𝒐 𝒉𝒚𝒐 𝑬𝒐 𝒉 . 𝑷𝑺𝒐
Ec = =
𝑹𝒐 𝑹𝒐 𝑺
Imp
Amplitude voltage of mic
The value of Ec is indicate (measure) sensitivity of
mic
Mc =
𝐸𝑐 𝐸𝑜 ℎ . 𝑃𝑆𝑜
=
𝑃 𝑃 𝑅𝑜 𝑆
V/ Net / m2
𝐸𝑜 ℎ𝑆𝑜
Mc =
𝑅𝑜 𝑆
N/m2 unit of pressure
Open circuit voltage respond of mic
𝑬𝒐 𝒉𝑺𝒐 dB لو عايزها
n= 20 log Mc = 20 log
𝑹𝒐 𝑺
2 . condenser microphone : ( capacitor )
- Used as primary standard for calibration
process
- Acoustic research
Principle of operation
هناcondenser ) (مكثف
Capacitor consist of two plates
1st plate ( diaphram ) متحرك
2nd plate ( rigide ) ثابت
وdiaphram علىAcaustic pressure عندما يقع
displacement ( yl ) حيحصل ازاحهwave هى
Where C =
∈𝑜 𝐴
𝑑
yl لذلك يوجدpressure متغيرة نتيجه
C : capacitor value
Eo : permittivity of free space = 8.85*10-
A : area = 𝜋 a2
d: space bet. Two plates
the capacitance of any instant :
C = CO + C1 Sin wt
Co : initial value in absence of any pressure
C1 : due to sound wave (acoustic pressure)
Note : disadvantage of condenser :
1 – require large battery
2 – it has very high internal
impedance so need preamplifier
Equivalent Cincuit :
( how condenser mic considered as
equivalent to geneiator ?? )
Apply KVL
Eo – i RL =∫ *c this prove
𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑐
Eo C – i RL C = ∫ 𝑖 𝑑𝑡
Sub with C = Co + C1 Sin wt
∴ Eo( Co+C1 Sin wt )–i RL(Co+C1 Sin wt)–∫ 𝑖𝑑𝑡 = 0
differeniate
( Co+C1 Sin wt) RL + i RL (c1w cos wt)+ i -
𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑥
Eoc1w cos wt=0
( Co+C1 Sin wt) RL + (1+RLC1w cos wt) i -
𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑥
Eoc1w cos wt =0
𝐸𝑜 𝐶1 sin(𝑤𝑡+∅1 )
i=
𝐶𝑜
√(1⁄𝑤𝑐𝑜 )2 +𝑅𝐿 2
EC
Olp voltage of microphone
𝐸𝑜 𝐶1 𝑅𝐿 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡+∅1 )
eL= i RL= .
𝐶𝑜
√(1⁄𝑤𝑐𝑜 )2 +𝑅𝐿 2
Due to pressure distance bet. 2 plates
(d) will charge which cause yl ( average
displacement )
yl= ylo sin wt علشان الضغط اخذ شكل الموجه
l 𝑃𝑎2
where y o = P:pressure=𝐹⁄𝐴 (N/m2)
8𝑇
T:tension in diaphragm
Used rules in problems
Output valtage of microphone
eL = iRL = . (V)
𝐸𝑜 𝐶1 𝑅𝐿 sin(𝑊𝑇+∅1 )
𝐶𝑜
√(1⁄𝑤𝑜 𝑐 )2 +𝑅𝐿
∈𝑜 𝜋𝑎2
• Co =
𝑑
𝐶𝑜 𝑃𝑎2
• C1 =
8𝑑𝑡
• ∅ = tan −1 1
𝑤𝑐𝑅𝐿
𝐸𝑜 𝑎2 𝑃
• 𝐸𝐶 = (Amplitude voltage of
8𝑑𝑡
mic)
• 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑐 (open circuit voltage)
𝐸
𝑃
𝑉
⁄𝑁⁄
𝑚2
𝑃𝑎2
• 𝑦 =
/
(Displacement)
8𝑇
