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    Acids and Bases Preserntation Chem10pc

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    The document discusses properties of acids and bases, acid-base reactions, and titration calculations. It defines Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases. It also covers neutralization reactions, solution stoichiometry, and pH.

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    Acids and Bases Preserntation Chem10pc

    Uploaded by

    Yun
    22 views36 pages
    The document discusses properties of acids and bases, acid-base reactions, and titration calculations. It defines Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases. It also covers neutralization reactions, solution stoichiometry, and pH.

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    Acids and bases preserntation chem10pc

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    The document discusses properties of acids and bases, acid-base reactions, and titration calculations. It defines Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases. It also covers neutralization reactions, solution stoichiometry, and pH.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views36 pages

    Acids and Bases Preserntation Chem10pc

    Uploaded by

    Yun
    The document discusses properties of acids and bases, acid-base reactions, and titration calculations. It defines Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases. It also covers neutralization reactions, solution stoichiometry, and pH.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 36

    Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

    Chapter 4

    Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
    Properties of Acids

    Have a sour taste. Vinegar owes its taste to acetic acid. Citrus
    fruits contain citric acid.

    Cause color changes in plant dyes.


    React with certain metals to produce
    hydrogen gas.
    2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

    React with carbonates and bicarbonates


    to produce carbon dioxide gas.

    2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

    Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity.


    2
    Properties of Bases
    Have a bitter taste.

    Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.

    Cause color changes in plant dyes.

    Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity.

    Examples:

    3
    Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water.

    Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water.

    4
    Hydronium ion, hydrated proton, H3O+

    5
    A Brønsted acid is a proton donor
    A Brønsted base is a proton acceptor

    base acid acid base

    A Brønsted acid must contain at least one ionizable


    proton!
    6
    Monoprotic acids
    HCl H+ + Cl- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

    HNO3 H+ + NO3- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

    CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

    Diprotic acids
    H2SO4 H+ + HSO4- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

    HSO4- H+ + SO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

    Triprotic acids
    H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
    H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
    HPO42- H+ + PO43- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
    7
    8
    Example 4.3

    Classify each of the following species in aqueous solution as a


    Brønsted acid or base:

    (a) HBr

    (b)

    (c)
    Example 4.3

    Strategy
    What are the characteristics of a Brønsted acid?

    Does it contain at least an H atom?

    With the exception of ammonia, most Brønsted bases that you


    will encounter at this stage are anions.
    Example 4.3
    Solution
    (a) We know that HCl is an acid. Because Br and Cl are both
    halogens (Group 7A), we expect HBr, like HCl, to ionize in
    water as follows:

    Therefore HBr is a Brønsted acid.

    (b) In solution the nitrite ion can accept a proton from water to
    form nitrous acid:

    This property makes a Brønsted base.


    Example 4.3

    (c) The bicarbonate ion is a Brønsted acid because it ionizes in


    solution as follows:

    It is also a Brønsted base because it can accept a proton to


    form carbonic acid:

    Comment The species is said to be amphoteric


    because it possesses both acidic and basic properties. The
    double arrows show that this is a reversible reaction.
    Neutralization Reaction

    acid + base salt + water

    HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O


    H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O
    H+ + OH- H2O

    13
    Neutralization Reaction Involving a Weak
    Electrolyte

    weak acid + base salt + water

    HCN (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCN (aq) + H2O


    HCN + Na+ + OH- Na+ + CN- + H2O
    HCN + OH- CN- + H2O

    14
    Example 4.4

    Write molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for each of the
    following acid-base reactions:

    (a) hydrobromic acid(aq) + barium hydroxide(aq)

    (b) sulfuric acid(aq) + potassium hydroxide(aq)


    Example 4.4
    Strategy
    The first step is to identify the acids and bases as strong or
    weak.

    We see that HBr is a strong acid and H2SO4 is a strong acid for
    the first step ionization and a weak acid for the second step
    ionization.

    Both Ba(OH)2 and KOH are strong bases.


    Example 4.4
    Solution
    (a) Molecular equation:
    2HBr(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) BaBr2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
    Ionic equation:

    2H+(aq) + 2Br−(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH−(aq)


    Ba2+(aq) + 2Br−(aq) + 2H2O(l)
    Net ionic equation:
    2H+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) 2H2O(l)
    or
    H+(aq) + OH−(aq) H2O(l)
    Both Ba2+ and Br− are spectator ions.
    Example 4.4
    (b) Molecular equation:

    H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

    Ionic equation:

    Net ionic equation:

    Note that because is a weak acid and does not ionize


    appreciably in water, the only spectator ion is K+.
    Neutralization Reaction Producing a Gas

    acid + base salt + water + CO2

    2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + H2O +CO2

    2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO32- 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2


    2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2

    19
    Solution Stoichiometry

    The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute


    present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.

    moles of solute
    M = molarity =
    liters of solution

    20
    Preparing a Solution of Known Concentration

    21
    Titrations
    In a titration, a solution of accurately known concentration is
    added gradually added to another solution of unknown
    concentration until the chemical reaction between the two
    solutions is complete.

    Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete

    Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the


    equivalence point

    Slowly add base


    to unknown acid
    UNTIL
    the indicator
    changes color
    22
    Titrations can be used in the analysis of

    Acid-base reactions

    H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

    Redox reactions

    5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O


    23
    Example 4.11

    In a titration experiment, a student finds that 23.48 mL of a


    NaOH solution are needed to neutralize 0.5468 g of KHP. What
    is the concentration (in molarity) of the NaOH solution?
    Example 4.11
    Strategy We want to determine the molarity of the NaOH
    solution. What is the definition of molarity?

    need to
    find

    want to given
    calculate

    The volume of NaOH solution is given in the problem.


    Therefore, we need to find the number of moles of NaOH to
    solve for molarity. From the preceding equation for the reaction
    between KHP and NaOH shown in the text we see that 1 mole
    of KHP neutralizes 1 mole of NaOH. How many moles of KHP
    are contained in 0.5468 g of KHP?
    Example 4.11
    Solution First we calculate the number of moles of KHP
    consumed in the titration:

    Because 1 mol KHP ≏ 1 mol NaOH, there must be 2.678 × 10−3


    mole of NaOH in 23.48 mL of NaOH solution. Finally, we
    calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 1 L of the solution or
    the molarity as follows:
    Example 4.12

    How many milliliters (mL) of a 0.610 M NaOH solution are


    needed to neutralize 20.0 mL of a 0.245 M H2SO4 solution?
    Example 4.12
    Strategy We want to calculate the volume of the NaOH
    solution. From the definition of molarity [see Equation (4.1)],
    we write
    need to
    find

    want to given
    calculate
    From the equation for the neutralization reaction just shown, we
    see that 1 mole of H2SO4 neutralizes 2 moles of NaOH.

    How many moles of H2SO4 are contained in 20.0 mL of a 0.245


    M H2SO4 solution?

    How many moles of NaOH would this quantity of H2SO4


    neutralize?
    Example 4.12
    Solution
    First we calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 in a 20.0 mL
    solution:

    From the stoichiometry we see that 1 mol H2SO4 ≏ 2 mol NaOH.


    Therefore, the number of moles of NaOH reacted must be
    2 × 4.90 × 10−3 mole, or 9.80 × 10−3 mole.
    Example 4.12

    From the definition of molarity [see Equation (4.1)], we have

    or
    Example

    Acids and Bases


    Chapter 15

    31
    Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
    Example 15.1

    Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the reaction between


    ammonia and hydrofluoric acid in aqueous solution

    NH3(aq) + HF(aq) ƒ NH+4 (aq) + F-(aq)

    32
    Example Acid-Base Properties of Water

    H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

    autoionization of water

    + -
    H O + H O [H O H] + H O
    H H H

    conjugate
    base
    acid
    H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
    acid conjugate
    33
    base
    Example pH – A Measure of Acidity

    pH = -log [H+]

    Solution Is At 250C
    neutral [H+] = [OH-] [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 pH = 7
    acidic [H+] > [OH-] [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 pH < 7
    basic [H+] < [OH-] [H+] < 1.0 x 10-7 pH > 7

    pH [H+]

    34
    Example Other important relationships
    pOH = -log [OH-]

    [H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14

    -log [H+] – log [OH-] = 14.00

    pH + pOH = 14.00

    pH Meter 35
    Example 15.3

    The concentration of H+ ions in a bottle of table wine was


    3.2 x 10-4 M right after the cork was removed. Only half of the
    wine was consumed. The other half, after it had been
    standing open to the air for a month, was found to have a
    hydrogen ion concentration equal to 1.0 x 10-3 M. Calculate the
    pH of the wine on these two occasions.

    36

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