Math 280: Final Study Guide, Fall 2019


1.2: 3-6, 15-16, 17-24, 25-28, 29-34 

1) Find all (x0 , y0 ) such that the initial value problem with y(x0 ) = y0 has a unique
solution y(x) on a region with x near x0 . Do not solve.
dy
(a) y dx + y 2 = tan(x)
dy 2
(b) (x2 − 1) dx = (y − 2) 3 .


2.1: 1-4, 19-20, 21-27, 29-30, 38-40 


2) The direction field to y 0 = y 2 − 2x is plotted above. Sketch the solutions to the initial
value problems.

(a) y 0 = y 2 − 2x, y(0) = −2.

(b) y 0 = y 2 − 2x, y(0) = 0.
(c) y 0 = y 2 − 2x, y(0) = 1.

3) Sketch the general solutions to the Autonomous ODE’s by finding the critical points
and identifying where the solutions are increasing/decreasing. Do not solve.
dy
(a) dx
= 5y 2 − y 3
dy y 2 −y−2
(b) dx
= y 2 +1

4) Sketch the solutions to the initial value problems. Do not solve. (Hint: It may help to
sketch the general solution first.)
 dy
(a) dx
= y 2 − 6y + 5, y(0) = 4.
dy
(b) dx
= (y − 2)2 , y(1) = 0.


2.2: 1-11, 15-18, 21-22, 23-26, 29-30, 31-33, 36, 43 

dy
5) (a) Find an explicit solution to the IVP. x dx − y 2 = 1, y(1) = −1.
dy
(b) Find an implicit solution to the IVP. (xy + x) dx = y ln(x), y(e) = 1.

6) Find an explicit solution to the initial value problem. Then determine the maximum
interval on which the solution is defined.

(a) y 0 = y 2 , y(2) = 1.
(b) xy 0 = −2y, y(2) = 1.

7) Solve the initial value problem in terms of a definite integral.

(a) xy 0 = e2x , y(1) = 3.

2
dy ex
(b) dx
= y2
, y(2) = 3.


2.3: 1-24, 25-36, 43-48 

8) Find the general solutions.
dy
(a) dx
− 2xy = x.
dy
(b) x dx + (x − 2)y = x3 .
dy
(c) (x2 + 1) dx + xy = x.



2.2, 2.3: Be able to recognize if an equation is linear or separable. 

9) Find explicit solutions to the initial value problems.

dy
(a) ex dx + 2xy 2 = 0, y(0) = 1.
dy
(b) cos(x) dx + sin(x)y = 1, y(0) = 2.


2.5: 1-8, 11-12, 15-19, 21-22 

10) Solve the IVP’s using the substitution y = xu.
dy
�
2
(a) dx = 1 − xy + xy , y(1) = 3.
dy 2x2 +y 2
(b) dx
= xy
, y(1) = 2.

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3.1: 1-8, 11-12, 13-18, 21-25, 27-28, 29-30, 35-38 

11) A frozen potato of temperature 25◦ F is placed in an oven of temperature 325◦ F .

(a) Using Newton’s Law of Cooling/Heating, solve for the temperature T (t).
(b) Suppose you check that the temperature of the potato is 125◦ after 20 minutes.
What is k for this potato? (Write an exact answer.)
(c) Sketch a graph of the temperature T (t).

12) A tank contains 100 gallons of water and 20 pounds of salt. Water containing .1-lb/gal
of salt enters the tank at a rate of 3 gal/min, while water drains from the tank at the
same rate.

(a) Solve for the amount of salt in the tank, x(t).

(b) Sketch a graph of x(t).

13) A tank contains 100 gallons of water and 20 pounds of salt. Water containing .1-lb/gal
of salt enters the tank at a rate of 3 gal/min, while water drains from the tank at a
rate of 1 gal/min. Solve for the amount of salt in the tank, x(t).

14) A series RL-circuit has L = 2 H and R = 10 Ω

(a) Find the current i(t) through the circuit if I(0) = 1 A and the input voltage is
E(t) = 100t V .
(b) Sketch the graph of i(t).

15) A package of mass m = 100 kg is dropped from an airplane. Suppose it is attached

to a parachute, subject to air resistance, such that the downward velocity satisfies
m dv
dt
= mg − kv, where k is a positive constant and g = 9.8m/s2 .

(a) Suppose you designed the parachute such that the velocity would approach 10 m/s
if t → ∞. What is k?
(b) Solve for v(t), assuming v(0) = 55 m/s.
(c) Sketch the solution that satisfies parts a) and b).


4.1: 1-6, 9-10, 15-19, 21, 23-28 

16) Determine whether the given set of functions is linearly dependent on (−∞, ∞).

(a) {e2x cos(x), e2x sin(x)}

(b) {x3 , x2 , x}.
(c) {1, sin2 (x), cos(2x)}

Page 3
 17) Verify that the given set of functions forms a fundamental solution set on the given
interval.

(a) x2 y 00 − 5xy 0 + 9y = 0, {x3 , x3 ln(x)}, on (0, ∞).

(b) (x − 2)y 00 − xy 0 + 2y = 0, {ex , x2 − 2x + 2}, on (−∞, 2).


4.2: 1-4, 6, 9-12, 16 

18) Verify that y1 (x) solves the ODE. Then find the general solution by reduction of order.

(a)
(b) xy 00 − y 0 + (1 − x)y = 0, y1 = ex .


4.3: 1-11, 15-24, 29-31, 35-36, 49-58 

19) Find the general solution to the higher order constant coefficient ODE’s.

(a) y 000 + 4y 00 + 5y 0 = 0.
(b) y 000 + 3y 00 + 3y 0 + y = 0. (Hint: (m + 1)3 .)
(c) y 0000 + 2y 00 + y = 0. (Hint: (m2 + 1)2 .)

20) Find a constant-coefficient homogeneous ODE with the given general solution.

(a) y = c1 e−3x cos(x) + c2 e−3x sin(x).

(b) y = c1 e2x + c2 xe2x + c3 x2 e2x .
(c) y = c1 + c2 x + c3 cos(5x) + c4 sin(5x).


4.4: 1-14, 19, 21, 27-34; 4.5: 35-50, 55-58 

21) Solve the initial value problems by undetermined coefficients.

(a) y 00 − 2y 0 = 4x + 3e−x , y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 2.

(b) y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 2ex − e2x , y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1.

22) Solve the initial value problems.

(a) y 00 + ω 2 y = sin(γx) (γ =
6 ω), y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0.
(b) y 00 + ω 2 y = sin(ωx), y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0.

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4.6: 1-6, 9, 11-12, 15, 23-26, 27-28; 4.7: 19-24 

23) Find a particular solution by variation of parameters. Show that you get the same
answer that you would by undetermined coefficients. y 00 − y 0 − 2y = e3x .

24) (a) Find a particular solution to y 00 + y = sec3 (x).

(b) Find the general solution to y 00 + y = sec3 (x).
(c) Solve the initial value problem y 00 + y = sec3 (x), y(π) = 0, y 0 (π) = 1.

25) {x, x3 } is a fundamental solution set to x2 y 00 −3xy 0 +3y = 0. Use variation of parameters
to find the general solution to x2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + 3y = x5 .

26) {x, x ln(x)} is a fundamental solution set to x2 y 00 − xy 0 + y = 0. Use variation of

parameters to find a particular solution to x2 y 00 − xy 0 + y = x ln(x).

27) Find a particular solution, using definite integrals. y 00 − y = 1

x4 +1
.


4.4, 4.6: Know when to use undetermined coefficients and when to use variation of parameters. 

28) Find the general solutions.
e−x
(a) y 00 + 2y 0 + y = x3
(b) y 00 + 2y 0 + 2y = xe−2x


4.9: 1-7, 21-22 

29) Solve the systems by substitution/elimination.

(a)
dx
dt
= 3x − 2y + t x(0) = 1
dy
dt
= 2x − y + 3 y(0) = 0
(b)
dx
dt
= x−y x(0) = 1
dy
dt
= x + y + 2e2t y(0) = 2


5.1: 1-6, 8, 21-24, 25-31, 33-37, 41-42, 49-53, 56-57 

30) An object of mass m = 5 kg is attached to an unforced spring (F (t) = 0), with spring
constant k = 25 N/m and a damping force of 10 times the velocity. The object starts
at 1 meter below equilibrium, and has an initial velocity 1 m/s towards equilibrium
(upwards).

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 (a) Solve for the position x(t).
(b) Give a sketch of the solution.
(c) Is the spring overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped?

31) A ball of mass m = 1 kg is attached to an unforced spring (F (t) = 0), with spring
constant k = 9 N/m and a damping force of of 6 times the velocity. The object starts
at equilibrium, with initial velocity 3 m/s upwards.

(a) Solve for the position of the ball.

(b) Is the spring overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped?
1
(c) Show that the maximum displacement of the ball from equilibrium is ≈ 2.7
meters.
(d) Sketch the solution.

32) An object of mass m = 3 kg is attached to a forced spring, with spring constant

k = 6 N/m and a damping force of 9 times the velocity. The object starts at equilibrium
with no initial velocity.

(a) Solve the position of the spring if the forcing function is F (t) = 30 cos(t) N .
(b) Identify the transient and steady state solutions.


7.1: 1-16, 19-36, 37-38 

33) Find the Laplace transforms directly from the definition.

(a) f (t) = te2t .

 t
e 0≤t<3
(b) f (t) =
0 t ≥ 3.

t 0≤t<2
(c) f (t) =
2 t ≥ 2.

7.2: 1-30, 35-44, 45-46 


34) Find L−1 {F (s)}.

6s+4
(a) F (s) = s3 (s+2)
.
8s2
(b) F (s) = s4 −16
.
8s−24
(c) F (s) = (s2 +1)(s2 +9)
.

35) Solve the initial value problems using Laplace transforms.

(a) y 00 − 9y = 18, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0.

(b) y 00 + y = 5e2t , y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 3.

Page 6
 (c) y 00 + 2y 0 = 5 cos(t), y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0.


7.3: 1-8, 11-18, 21-30, 37-48, 49-54, 55-57, 59, 61-62, 63-65 


36) Solve the initial value problems by Laplace transforms.

(a) y 0 + 2y = 5e−t cos(2t), y(0) = −1.

00 0
(b) y − y − 2y = 4t, y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 3.
(c) y 00 − y = 2e−t , y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 3.
(d) y 00 + 4y = 25te−t , y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0.

37) Write in terms of unit step functions. Then find the Laplace transform.
⎧
⎨1 0 ≤ t < 2
(a) f (t) = 2 2 ≤ t < 3
4 t ≥ 3.
⎩
⎧
⎨0 0 ≤ t < 3
(b) f (t) = 1 3 ≤ t < 5
0 t ≥ 5.
⎩

t 0≤t<3
(c) f (t) =
0 t≥3

7.4: 1-8, 45, 49-50, 51-52 

38) Find L{f }

(a) f (t) = t2 sin(2t).

(b) f (t) = tet cos(t).

39) Solve by Laplace transforms.

Rt
(a) y + 0 y(τ )dτ = 5 cos(2t).
Rt
(b) y 0 + 0 y(τ )dτ = t + 2, y(0) = 4.


7.5: 1-12 

40) Solve the initial value problems.

(a) y 00 + 2y 0 + 5y = 3δ(t) y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0.

(b) y 00 − y = 2δ(t − 3), y(0) = 3, y 0 (0) = −1.

8.1: 1-6, 7-10, 11-16, 17-20, 21-23 


Page 7
 41) Verify that the vectors are a fundamental solution set of the system.
 0     −t   −t

x 1 2 x ~ 1 (t) = e ~ 2 (t) = (2t + 1)e
(a) = . X ,X .
y −2 −3 y −e−t −2te−t
 0       
x 1 −2 x ~ 1 (t) = 2 cos(3x) ~ 2 (t) = 2 sin(3x)
(b) = . X ,X .
y 5 −1 y cos(3x) + 3 sin(3x) sin(3x) − 3 cos(3x)

8.2: 1-6, 13, 21-24, 31, 35-40, 48 

dx
42) dt
= x − y.
dy
dt
= 4x + 5y.

(a) Write the system in matrix form.

(b) Find a vector solution by eigenvalues/eigenvectors.
(c) Using the vector solution, write the solutions x(t) and y(t).

43) Do the same as the previous question, for the initial value problem
dx
dt
= 8x + 6y, x(0) = −1.
dy
dt
= −3x − y, y(0) = 2.

41) Do the same as the previous question, for the initial value problem
dx
dt
= x − 2y, x(0) = 1.
dy
dt
= 5x − y, y(0) = 2.

Page 8
Transforms and equations.

f (t) F (s)
δ(t) 1
1
1 s
n!
tn sn+1
ω
sin(ωt) s2 +ω 2
s
cos(ωt) s2 +ω 2
1
eat s−a
n!
tn eat (s−a)n+1
ω
eat sin(ωt) (s−a)2 +ω 2
s−a
eat cos(ωt) (s−a)2 +ω 2
eat f (t) F (s − a)
δ(t − a) e−a
1 −as
u(t − a) s
e
f (t − a)u(t − a) F (s)e−as
f (t)u(t − a) L{f (t + a)}e−as
dn
dtn
f (t) sn F (s) − sn−1 f (0) − ... − sf (n−2) (0) − f (n−1) (0)

•
dT
= k(T − Tm ).
dt
•
di
L + Ri = E(t).
dt
•
dv
m = mg − kv.
dt
•
d2 x dx
m 2
+β + kx = F (t)
dt dt

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