UNIT – V MATRIX, DETERMINANT OF MATRIX AND ITS APPLICTIONS

Matrices Definition
Matrices are the ordered rectangular array of numbers, which are used to express linear equations. A
matrix has rows and columns. we can also perform the mathematical operations on matrices such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication of matrix. Suppose the number of rows is m and columns is n, then
the matrix is represented as m × n matrix.

The various types of matrices are row matrix, column matrix, null matrix, square matrix, diagonal matrix,
upper triangular matrix, lower triangular matrix, symmetric matrix, and Orthogonal matrix

1) Row Matrix

A row matrix has only one row but any number of columns. A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only
one row. For example,

is a row matrix of order 1 × 4. In general, A = [aij]1 × n is a row matrix of order 1 × n.

2) Column Matrix

A column matrix has only one column but any number of rows. A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it
has only one column. For example,

is a column matrix of order 4 × 1. In general, B = [bij]m × 1 is a column matrix of order m × 1.

3) Square Matrix

A square matrix has the number of columns equal to the number of rows. A matrix in which the number of
rows is equal to the number of columns is said to be a square matrix. Thus an m × n matrix is said to be a
square matrix if m = n and is known as a square matrix of order ‘n’. For example,

1
 is a square matrix of order 3. In general, A = [aij] m × m is a square matrix of order m.

4) Rectangular Matrix

A matrix is said to be a rectangular matrix if the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns. For
example,

is a matrix of the order 4 × 3

5) Diagonal matrix

A square matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are zero, that
is a matrix B =[bij]m×m is said to be a diagonal matrix if bij = 0, when i ≠ j. For example,

are diagonal matrices of order 1, 2, 3, respectively.

6) Scalar Matrix

A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all the elements in its principal diagonal are equal to some
non-zero constant. A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal, that is, a
square matrix B = [bij]n × n is said to be a scalar matrix if

 bij = 0, when i ≠ j
 bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.
For example,

are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

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 7) Zero or Null Matrix

A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
For Example,

are all zero matrices of the order 1, 2 and 3 respectively. We denote zero matrix by O.

8) Unit or Identity Matrix

If a square matrix has all elements 0 and each diagonal elements are non-zero, it is called identity matrix and
denoted by I.
Equal Matrices: Two matrices are said to be equal if they are of the same order and if their corresponding
elements are equal to the square matrix A = [aij]n × n is an identity matrix if

 aij = 1 if i = j
 aij = 0 if i ≠ j
We denote the identity matrix of order n by In. When the order is clear from the context, we simply write it as
I. For example,

are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Observe that a scalar matrix is an identity matrix when
k = 1. But every identity matrix is clearly a scalar matrix.

9) Upper Triangular Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal are zero is known as the upper triangular
matrix. For example,

10) Lower Triangular Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zero is known as the upper triangular
matrix. For example,

3
11. Symmetric Matrices :

A = a ij Where a ij=a ji is called Symmetric Matrices

Eg.

Is symmetric because a 12 = a 21 = 1, a 32 = a 23 = 7,

12. Orthogonal Matrices

A AT = I = AT A

A matrices of A and its transmission of AT it is product as Identity matrices Is equal to AT and

matrices of A product is called orthogonal matrices.

Properties of Matrix

PROPERTY 1.: i) The sum of the Eigen values of a matrix is the sum of the elements of the principal
(main) diagonal

ii) Product of the Eigen values is equal to the determinant of the matrix

PROPERTY 1I. : A square matrix A and its transpose AT have the same Eigen values

1
PROPERTY II1.: If λ is an Eigen value of a matrix A, then , ( λ ≠ 0 ¿ is the Eigen value of A−1
λ

1
PROPERTY IV :If λ is an Eigen value of an orthogonal matrix, then is also an Eigen value
λ

PROPERTY V : If λ 1 , λ2 , λ3 … … λ n are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then Am has the Eigen
values λ m1 . λ m2 . λ m3 …….. λ mn .

PROPERTY 1: Problems

4
 [ ]
−1 1 1
1. Find the sum and product of the Eigen values of the matrix 1 −1 1
1 1 −1

Solution : Sum of the Eigen values = Sum of the diagonal elements = (-1) + (-1) + (-1) = -3

[ ]
−1 1 1
Product of the Eigen values = 1 −1 1
1 1 −1

Determinant of the matrix = -1(1 – 1) -1(-1 -1) + 1( 1 +1)

= -1(0) -1(-1-1) +1(2)

= 0 + 2 +2 = 4

[ ]
−2 2 −3
2. Find the sum and product of the Eigen values of the matrix 2 1 −6
−1 −2 0
Ans : Sum of the Eigen values = -1
Product of the Eigen values = 45

[ ]
6 −2 2
3. Two of Eigen values of −2 3 −1 are 2 and 8. Find the third Eigen value
2 −1 3
Solution : We know that, sum of the Eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 6 + 3 +3 = 12
λ λ + λ
Given 1+ 2 3 = 12
2 + 8 + λ 3 = 12
λ 3 = 12 – 10 = 2

PROPERTY II: Problems

[ ]
3 10 5
4. If 2, 2, 3 are the Eigen values of A = −2 −3 −4 Find the Eigen values of AT
3 5 7
Solution : Property: A square matrix A and its transpose AT have the same Eigen values.
Hence, Eigen values of AT are 2, 2, 3

PROPERTY III: Problems

[ ]
2 1 0
5. Find the Eigen values of A = 0 2 1 without using the characteristic equation idea.
0 0 2

5
 [ ]
2 1 0
Solution : Given A = 0 2 1 clearly given matrix A is an upper triangular matrix. Then by
0 0 2
property, the characteristic roots of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of the
matrix.
Hence the Eigen values are 2,. 2, 2

PROPERTY IV: Problems

[ ]
3 −1 1
6. Two of the Eigen values of A = −1 5 −1 are 3 and 6. Find the Eigen values of A−1
1 −1 3

Solution : Sum of the Eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 3 + 5 + 3 = 11
Let k be the third Eigen value
3 + 6 + k = 11
9 + k = 11
k=2

1 1 1
Rule : If the Eigen values of A are λ 1 , λ2 , λ3 , then the Eigen values of A−1 are . .
λ 1 , λ2 , λ 3 ,

1 1 1
Therefore Eigen values of A−1 are , ,
2 3 6

PROPERTY V: Problem

[ ]
1 2 3
7. Find the Eigen values of A3 given A = 0 2 −7
0 0 3

[ ]
1 2 3
Solution : Given matrix A = 0 2 −7
0 0 3
Given A is upper triangular matrix
Hence the Eigen values are 1, 2, 3
i.e . The Eigen values of the given matrix is A are 1, 2, 3
By the property The Eigen values of the matrix A3 are 13 ,23 , 33.
i.e.. 1, 8, 27

Matrix Operations

A matrix operation includes arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction and multiplication. These
operations help us to combine two or more matrices. Also, some operations like transpose and inverse of
the matrix change the matrix itself.

Matrix Addition

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The matrix addition can be performed on the matrices having the same order. The addition can be
performed simply by adding the corresponding elements of the matrices. If A = [a ij] and B = [b ij] are
both m x n matrices, then their sum, A + B = [a ij] + [b ij]. The order of the resulting matrix is the same as
the order of the matrices being added.

Such that A + B =

Matrix Subtraction
The matrix subtraction can also be performed on the matrices having the same order. The subtraction is
performed by subtracting the corresponding elements of the matrices. If A = [a ij] and B = [b ij] are
both m x n matrices, then their sum, A – B = [a ij] – [b ij]

A= [ 64 98] , B= [ 21 30]
Then A – B = [ 6−2
4−1
9−3
8−0
= ] [ ]
4 6
3 8

Matrix Multiplication
Matrix multiplication is different from subtraction and addition; corresponding elements of the same row
and column are not multiplied. In order to perform matrix multiplication, the primary condition is that the
number of columns in the first matrix should be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix. Let us
understand the matrix multiplication by taking two matrices, A and B, which are multiplied to produce a
new matrix, C

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 A=
[ a11 a12 a 13
a21 a22 a23 ] [ b 11 b12
and B = b b b b
21 22 ¿ 31 32
¿
]
Here the number of columns of matrix A is equal to the number of rows of matrix B, so it satisfies the
condition of multiplication. Now, for finding the elements of matrix C –

1. Matrix A element in row 1, column 1 will be multiplied with matrix B element in row 1, column 1 = a 11
× .b 11
2. Matrix A element in row 1, column 2 will be multiplied with matrix B element in row 2, column 1 = a 12
× .b 21
3. Matrix A element in row 1, column 3 will be multiplied with matrix B element in row 3, column 1 = a 13
× b 31
4. Adding both products calculated above will give the matrix C element at row 1, column 1 = c 11 = a 11 × .
b 11 + a 12× .b 21+ a 13 × b 31

Applying similar operations on row 1 of matrix A and column 2 of matrix B will give the element
in the first row and second column of matrix C (c 12).

Order of the Obtained Matrix

The order of the matrix obtained by multiplying the two compatible matrices will be equal to the order of
the obtained matrix. The number of the rows of matrix 1 and the number of columns of matrix 2 is the
order of the matrix.

[]
54
A= [
1210 6
8 97 ] and B = 4 3
21

Then A x B = [ 128xx5+10
5+ 9 x 4+7 x 28 x 4+ 9 x 3+7 x 1 ]
x 4 +6 x 212 x 4+10 x 3+ 6 x 1

= [ 112906684]
Order of matrix of the A is 2 x 3 and B is 3 z 2. If A matrix column and b matrix row similar one then
we can multiply it then result is A matrix row and B matrix column i.e.A x B is 2 x 2

Inverse of Matrix

What is an inverse matrix?

Suppose A is a non-singular square matrix of order n×n, and there is a matrix B of the same order, such
that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse matrix of A, and I is the identity matrix.
Inverse matrix formula for 2×2 matri

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A= [ ac bd]
|A| = ad – bc

adj A = [−cd−ba ]
Therefore A−1 =
adj A
¿ A∨¿ ¿
=
1
[ ]
d−b
ad−bc −c a

Inverse matrix formula for 3×3 or n×n matrix

Step 1: Find the determinant of the given matrix, say A.
Step 2: Find the cofactor matrix Cij = (-1)i+j det (Mij), where Mij is the (i,j)th minor matrix after removing
the ith row and the jth column.
Step 3: Find the transpose of the cofactor matrix to get the adj A.
Step 4: A-1 = adj A/det(A)

1. Find the inverse of the matrix A = [ 21 32]

Solution :

Given A = [ 21 32]
Let us find the determinant of A.

|A| = 2x2 – 1x3 = 4 – 3 = 1

Here |A| ≠ 0, so the inverse of A is exists

adjA = [−12 −32 ]

−1 adjA
A =
¿ A∨¿ ¿

Therefore = A−1 = [
1 2 −3
1 −1 2
= ] [
2 −3
−1 2 ]
2. What is the inverse of the matrix A = [−31 20]
Solution :

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Given A = [ 1 2
−3 0 ]
Let us find the determinant of A.

|A| = 1x0 – (-3x2) = 0 +6 = 6

Here |A| ≠ 0, so the inverse of A is exists

adjA = [ 03 −21 ]
−1 adjA
A =
¿ A∨¿ ¿

[ ]
−1
0
−1
Therefore = A =
1 0 −3
6 3 1
=
1 [ ] 2
1
2 6

[ ]
2 4 −6
3. Calculate the inverse of the matrix A = 7 3 5
1 −2 4

[ ]
2 4 −6
Solution : The given matrix A = 7 3 5
1 −2 4

First find the determinant of matrix A

[ ]
2 4 −6
A= 7 3 5
1 −2 4

= 2(3 x 4) – (5 x -2) – 4(7 x 4) –(5 x 1) -6(7 x -2) –(3 x 1)

= 2(12 + 10) – 4( 28 – 5) – 6(-14 – 3)

= 2 x 22 – 4 x 23 -6(-17)

= 44 – 92 +102 = 146 – 92 = 54 ≠ 0

Thus the inverse matrix is exists

M 11 = det [−23 54] =3 x 4 – (-2 x 5) = 12 + 10 = 22

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M 12 = det [ ]
7 5
1 4
= 7 x 4 – (5 x 1) = 28 – 5 = 23

M 13 = det [ 71 −23 ] = 7 x(-2) – (1 x 3) =-14 – 3 = -17

M 21 = det [−24 −64 ] = 4 x 4 – (-6 x -2) = 16 – 12 = 4

M 22 = det [ 21 −64 ] = 2 x 4 – (-6 x 1) =8 + 6 = 14

M 23 = det [ 21 −24 ] = 2 x -2 – (4 x 1) = -4 – 4 = -8

M 31 = det [ 43 −65 ] = 4 x 5 – (-6 x 3) = 20 +18 = 38

M 32 = det [ 27 −65 ] = 2 x 5 – (-6 x 7) = 10 +42 = 52

M 33 = det [ 27 43] = 2 x 3 – (4 x 7) = 6 - 28 = -22

[ ]
22 23 −17
Thus the minor matrix of A = 4 14 −8
38 52 −22

[ ]
22 −23 −17
Coefficient of matrix of A = −4 14 8
38 −52 −22

[ ]
22 −4 38
adjA = AT = −23 14 −52
−17 8 −22

−1 adjA
A =
¿ A∨¿ ¿

11
 [ ]
11 −2 19
27 27 27

[ ]
22 −4 38
1 −23 7 −26
Therefore = A−1 = −23 14 −52 =
54 27 27 27
−17 8 −22
−1 7 4 −11
54 27 27

[ ]
11 −2 19
27 27 27
−1 −23 7 −26
A =¿
27 27 27
−1 7 4 −11
54 27 27

CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM

Statement : Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation

Problem based on Cayley Hamilton Theorem

8. Show that the matrix [ 1 −2

2 1 ]
satisfies its own characteristics equation.

Solution : Let A = [ 12 −21 ]

The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A – λI| = 0
2
i.e. λ – S 1 λ+ S 2=0.

Where S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements

= 1 + 1=2

S2=| A|=
[ 12 −21 ] =1+4=5

The Characteristics equation is λ 2 – 2 λ +5=0.

To prove A2 – 2 A+5 I =0.

2
[
1 −2 1 −2
][
1 x−4 −2−2 −3 −4
A = A A = 2 1 2 1 = 2+ 2 −4 +1 = 4 −3 ] [ ][ ]

12
 2
A – 2 A+5 I =¿ [ ] [ ] [ ]
−3 −4
4 −3
−2
1 −2
2 1
+5
1 0
0 1

= [−34 −4 ] +
[ −2 4
−3 −4 −2 0 5 ] +
[ 5 0
] [ 0 0]
0 0
=0.=

9. \If A = [ 10 50] write A 2

interms of A and I using Cayley Hamilton theorem

Solution : Cayley – Hamilton theorem states that every squre matrix satisfies its own
characteristic equation
The characteristic equation of A is |A – λI| = 0.
i.e. [ 1−λ0 0
5− λ ]=0
(1−λ ¿ (5−λ) = 0
5 – λ - 5λ + λ 2 = 0
i.e. λ 2 -6 λ +5 = 0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, we have
2
A - 6A + 5I= 0
2
A =¿ 6A - 5I

[ ]
1 0 3
10. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find A−1 when A = 2 1 −1
1 −1 1

3 2
Solution : λ −S 1 λ +S 2 λ - S3 = 0 where

S1=∑ of themain diagonal element s

= 1 + 2 + 1 = 4.

S2=∑ of theminors of its leading diagonal elements

= |−11 −11 | |11 31| |12 01|

+ +

= (1-1)+(1-3) +(1-0)

= 0 - 2 +1 = -1

[ ]
1 0 3
S3=| A|= 2 1 −1
1 −1 1

= (1 -1) +(1 -3) +(1 – 0)

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 = 0 – 0 +3(-3) = -9

The Characteristic equation is λ 3−3 λ2− λ + 9 = 0

By Cayley Hamilton theorem, every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation
3 2
A −3 A − A + 9I = 0

−1 2
A
−1
= [ A −3 A−1 ] …….(1)
9

[ ][ ]
1 0 3 1 0 3
2
A = 2 1 −1 2 1 −1
1 −1 1 1 −1 1

[ ][ ]
1+ 0+3 0+0−3 3+0+ 3 4 −3 6
= 2+2+1 0+1+1 6−1−1 = 3 2 4
1−2+1 0−1−1 3+ 1+ 1 0 −2 5

[ ]
−3 0 −9
3A = −6 −3 3
−3 3 −3

[ ][ ][ ]
4 −3 6 −3 0 −9 1 0 0
−1
(1) => A −1
= 3 2 4 + −6 −3 3 − 0 1 0
9
0 −2 5 −3 3 −3 0 0 1

[ ]
0 3 3
−1 −1
A = 3 2 −7
9
3 −1 −1

Question Bank

Part – A

1. Define Matrix. Give an example

2. Define Symmetric Matrix
3. How to add any two matrix? Give an example
4. Define Upper Triangular Matrix

[ ]
−1 1 1
5. Find the determinant of the matrix A = 1 −1 1
1 1 −1

14
 [ ]
−2 2
6
6. Two of Eigen values of −2 3 −1 are 2 and 8. Find the third Eigen value
2 −1 3

[]
54
7. If A = [ 1210
8 97 ]
6
and B = 4 3 then find A – B
21
8. Define Orthogonal Matrix
9. If the Eigen values of A are λ 1 , λ2 , λ3 , then the Eigen values of A−1
10. Define Cayley Hamilton theorem

Part – B

11. Explain the types of matrix with an example

12. Explain the various properties of the Matrix

13. How to multiply any two order of matrix? Give an example of 3 x 3 matrix

[ ]
−1 1 1
b) Find the sum and product of the Eigen values of the matrix 1 −1 1
1 1 −1

[ ]
2 4 −6
14.a) Calculate the inverse of the matrix A = 7 3 5 [10]
1 −2 4

b) Show that the matrix

2 1[
1 −2
]
satisfies its own characteristics equation [06]

[ ]
1 0 3
−1
15.a) Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find A when A = 2 1 −1 [10]
1 −1 1

b) \If A = [ 10 50] write A 2

interms of A and I using Cayley Hamilton theorem [06]

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