What is the difference between macroscopic and Macroscopic anatomy studies structures that can be

microscopic anatomy? seen without a microscope, while microscopic

anatomy studies cells, tissues, and organs that are
visible only with a microscope.

What does histology study? Histology studies cells, tissues, and organs that are
visible only with a microscope.

What does developmental anatomy study? Developmental anatomy studies the development of
an individual from the fertilized egg stage to
adulthood.

What is physiology? Physiology is the study of how the body functions.

What does cytology study? Cytology studies cells and their functions.

What does neurophysiology study? Neurophysiology studies the function of the nervous
system.

What does renal physiology study? Renal physiology studies the excretory system and
its functions.

What is the definition of neurophysiology? It is the study of nervous system function.

What does renal physiology study? It studies the excretory system and its functions.

What is the focus of reproductive physiology? It focuses on the study of reproductive organs and
methods of reproduction.

What are the levels of structural organization in the They are atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs,
human body? and organ systems.

What is the simplest level of organization in the It is represented by atoms, which are electron
human body? microscopic particles of matter.

What are some examples of molecules that result Water, sodium chloride, proteins, and lipids.
from the combination of atoms?

What is the fundamental unit of living organisms? It is the cell.

What are some subcellular structures that make up Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and lysosomes.
a cell?
What are some examples of cells in the human Nerve cells, muscle cells, and blood cells.
body?

Are all cells structurally identical? No, each type of cell is unique in its structure.

What are the four main types of tissue in the human The four main types of tissue in the human body are
body? epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.

What is an organ? An organ is a group of two or more different types of

tissues that work together to perform a specific
function.

What is the highest level of structural organization The highest level of structural organization in the
in the human body? human body is the organism.

What is the role of the integumentary system? The role of the integumentary system is to cover
and protect the body.

What are the major components of the The major components of the integumentary system
integumentary system? are the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.

What is the role of the muscular system? The role of the muscular system is to produce
movement and maintain posture.

What are the major components of the muscular The major components of the muscular system are
system? skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

What is the role of the nervous system? The role of the nervous system is to control and
coordinate body functions and respond to internal
and external stimuli.

What are the major components of the nervous The major components of the nervous system are
system? the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

What is the role of the connective tissue? The role of the connective tissue is to provide
support and connect different parts of the body.

What are the major components of the connective The major components of the connective tissue are
tissue? bone, cartilage, blood, and adipose tissue.
What are the major components of the Muscular The major components of the Muscular system are
system? striated muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac
muscles.

What is the role of the Digestive system? The role of the Digestive system is to digest food
and absorb soluble nutrients from the ingested food.

What is the function of the Respiratory system? The function of the Respiratory system is to collect
oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.

What is the purpose of the Circulatory system? The purpose of the Circulatory system is to
transport cells and substances throughout the body.

What is the Urinary system responsible for? The Urinary system is responsible for removing
metabolic waste from the blood.

What are the major components of the Nervous The major components of the Nervous system are
system? the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs.

What is the Endocrine system responsible for? The Endocrine system coordinates and integrates
the chemical activities of the body.

What is the role of the Skeletal system? The role of the Skeletal system is to protect the
body and provide support for movement and
locomotion.

What is the function of the Immune system? The function of the Immune system is to interact
with foreign agents.

What are the major components of the Endocrine The major components of the Endocrine system are
system? the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid, and
other glands.

What is metabolism? Metabolism is the total of all chemical processes

that occur in an organism.

What are the two subcategories of metabolism? The two subcategories of metabolism are
anabolism and catabolism.

What is anabolism? Anabolism is the process of synthesizing organic

matter, which generally consumes energy.
What is catabolism? Catabolism is the process of breaking down organic
matter, which generally produces energy.

What is the function of the urinary system? The urinary system removes metabolic waste from
the blood.

What is the function of the reproductive system? The reproductive system produces sex cells
necessary for reproduction.

What is movement? Movement is a function of the human body that

results from the contraction of muscle cells.

What are the two types of movement? The two types of movement are voluntary and
involuntary.

What is voluntary movement? Voluntary movement occurs in skeletal muscles and

is under conscious control.

What is involuntary movement? Involuntary movement occurs without conscious

control.

What are vital processes? Vital processes are processes such as digestion,
respiration, circulation, and excretion that provide
raw materials for metabolism and eliminate its
waste products.

What is excitability in living organisms? Excitability is the property of certain cells, such as
nerve and muscle cells, to respond to stimuli.

What is the difference between voluntary and Voluntary muscle contraction is under conscious
involuntary muscle contraction? control and occurs in skeletal muscles, while
involuntary muscle contraction occurs in the cardiac
muscle and is not under conscious control.

What is conductibility in living organisms? Conductibility is the property of certain cells, such
as nerve and muscle cells, to transmit stimuli from
one part of the body to another.

What is growth in living organisms? Growth is the function of increasing the size of the
body by receiving substances from the surrounding
environment and thus increasing its mass.
What is reproduction in living organisms? Reproduction is the function of producing new cells
for growth, repair, replacement, or the production of
a new individual.

In humans, reproduction is based on the production

of eggs and sperm, which unite to form a fertilized
egg that will later develop into a new individual
through sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction,
on the other hand, involves the division of a single
cell into two identical daughter cells and is used in
growth and repair processes.

What is excitability in living organisms? Excitability is a characteristic of living organisms

that refers to the response of the organism to an
internal or external stimulus.

What is excretion in living organisms? Excretion is the process of removing (eliminating)

the waste products of the organism's metabolism.

What is homeostasis? Homeostasis refers to all the processes involved in

maintaining the internal chemical and physical
environment of the organism within normal limits,
despite variations in the external environment.

What are the chemical and physical compounds The chemical compounds necessary for maintaining
necessary for maintaining homeostasis? homeostasis are water, oxygen, and nutrients.

When is an organism said to be in homeostasis? An organism is said to be in homeostasis when the

needs of its cells are met, and its functions are
carried out normally.

What happens to the internal environment of an When an organism is exposed to conditions of

organism when it is exposed to conditions of stress (such as disease, heat, pain, or lack of
stress? oxygen), its internal environment becomes
imbalanced.

What are the mechanisms of feedback in the body? Mechanisms of feedback are systems of
autoregulation that prevent extreme values of
internal conditions in the body.

What is negative feedback? Negative feedback is the primary means by which

the body maintains homeostasis.
What is an example of negative feedback? An example of negative feedback is the regulation
of blood glucose levels.

What is positive feedback? Positive feedback is a mechanism that amplifies the

response of the system, leading to an increase in
the deviation from the reference value.

What is an example of positive feedback? An example of positive feedback is the process of

childbirth.

What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal

environment in the body, despite changes in the
external environment or internal conditions.

It is achieved through various mechanisms of

feedback, which regulate the production of the
system to maintain a reference value.

What is the purpose of using directional terms in To indicate the position of certain parts of the body.
anatomy and physiology?

What is the reference position for all directional The anatomical position, which is a vertical position
terms in anatomy and physiology? with the eyes looking forward and the feet together.

What is an example of negative feedback in the After a meal, blood glucose levels increase, which
body? stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.

What is an example of positive feedback in the Mechanisms that function as part of a general
body? regulatory mechanism to determine a specific final
response (such as blood clotting or childbirth).

Such a mechanism amplifies the deviation from the

reference value until the desired response is
achieved, which can be the cessation of bleeding or
the expulsion of the fetus and placenta.

What is the position of the body in the anatomical The body is in a vertical position (orthostatism), with
position? the gaze forward, feet close together, and upper
limbs alongside the body, with palms facing
forward, and thumbs pointing outward.

What is another term for the anterior part of the Ventral.

body?
What is the meaning of the term superior in It refers to the direction towards the upper part of
anatomical terms? the body or towards the head (cephalic, cranial).

What is the opposite of the term superior in Inferior, which refers to the direction towards the
anatomical terms? opposite end of the head or towards the lower part
of the body.

What is the meaning of the term dorsal in It refers to the back part of the body.
anatomical terms?

What is an example of a structure that is located The sternum.

anterior (ventral) to the heart?

What is an example of a structure that is located The esophagus.

posterior (dorsal) to the trachea?